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ISSN 0374-7859
THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN
SINGAPORE
Volume 38
(1985)
A periodical reflecting the interests and
activities of the Botanic Gardens
Singapore
Published by the Botanic Gardens
Parks and Recreation Department
Ministry of National Development
Cluny Road, Singapore 1025.
Printed by Eurasia Press
CONTENTS
Volume 38
PART 1 — Ist June 1985 Pages
CORNER,.E.J.H:
waeettowny Gr seme Isicts Fast of Pahane afd JOROTE ooo. 5... 12. on 5 ence ce ewe sneecseesnbessenceenees 1-42
HOTTA, Mitsuru:
New Species of the Genus Homalomena (Araceae) from Sumatra with a Short Note on the
ieee PREMARIN © 2 PER SOM re eg al ol be ni sn eRe Wd ad PSD TET,“ GE ND, Fe AS 43-54
WILDE, W.J.J.O. DE:
A New Account of the Genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt 2 ..............c cece eee eee eee ee nes 55-144
PART 2 — Ist December 1985
HOLTTUM, R.E.:
Two New Species of Tectaria from Limestone in Peninsular Malaysia, with Comments
OO OS Se eee on RRORE SER 50 oe La or: | (need a ne 145-148
KENG, Hsuan:
Seen ee hE PERE E TANANS (ESM AROSE (0G) ) 25. ores oe cs detec Leela das. ed vagecacabeccees en 149-174
LIM-HO CuHEE LEN and LEE SING Kona:
Micropropagation of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. .............ecececececenenceceeeeeceneneeeeenees 175-184
WILDE, W.J.J.O. DE:
A New Account of the Genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt 3 .............. 0. ccc ececeeeeeeeeee ences 185-225
BIDIN, Aziz, and TREvoR WALKER:
Comparative Anatomy of the Stipe of the Fern Genus Adiantum L. ...................00000e0e0e02+. 227-233
gE GES ae at, pe te ee gt ge oe es 8 oc. 2 a 235-242
is
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>of? bb Ina
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\oe . FRET TE end
pe eer ass a me ~
INDEX
Volume 38
Basionyms and synonyms appear in italics. Page numbers in italics indicate the presence of illustra-
tions. ‘Vernacular Names’ is a new entry.
Acanthospermum australe 167 Artemisia lactiflora 168
brasilum 167 vulgaris 168
Acrostichum aureum 10 Arthrophyllum ovalifolium 17
Adenanthera pavonina 4, 9, 17 Aspidium 147
Adenosacme malayana 159 Asplenium glaucophyllum 25
Adenostemma lavenia 168 macrophyllum 25
viscosum 168 nidus-avis 12, 24
Adiantum see also under ‘Anatomical structure Atalantia 12, 14
< Atalantia forest 36
Adiantum stenochlamys 25 Atalantia monophylla 6, 9, 17, 35
Adina rubescens 150 Atalantia wood 6, 8, 9
Aganosma 9 Baeckia 16
marginata 10, 21 Barringtonia 39
Agathis forest 94, 106, 186 asiatica 17
Agathis-Casuarina forest 224 macrostachya 14, 17
Ageratum conyzoides 168 Bidens pilosa 168
Aidia cochinchinensis 162 Blechnum orientale 25
corymbosa 162 Blumea balsamifera 168
Allophyllus cobbe 8, /0, 14 lacera 168
var. glaber 14 Borreria alata 150
var. limosus 14, 17 articularis 150
var. marinus 11, 14, 17 hispida 150
var. velutinus 14, 17 laevicaulis 150
javanicus 14 latifolia 150
longipes 14 setidens 150
racemosus 14 Breynia coronata 14
ternatus 14 Bruguiera gymnorrhiza 4, 5
timorensis 14 Bucephalandra 43
Anatomical structure of stipes in ferns 227 Buchanania arborescens 17
in Adiantum 228 Bulbophyllum vaginatum 23
formosum 232 Caelospermum 151
species list 230, 231 Calamus burkillianus 15
stelar types 228 chibehensis 6, 7, 15, 21
xylem shape in: Callicarpa longifolia 11, 17
Adiantum capellis-veneris 232 Calophyllum-Ficus forest 67
A. Capellis-Veneris Group 232 Canavalia turgida 23
A Caudatum and Reniform Groups 228 Cansjera zizyphoides 23
A. formosum 232 Canthium confertum 150
A. hispidulum, cunninghamii, affine, dicoccum 150
whitianum, sylvaticum & pedatum 232 glabrum 150
A. lucidum and tetraphyllum 228 horridum 150
A. lunulatum 228 molle 150
A. macrophyllum & serratocristatum 232 Caprifoliaceae, key to genera 166
A. patens 232 Caryota mitis 6, 17
A. reniforme 232 Cassytha filiformis 22
A. tetraphyllum 232 Castanopsis forest 86, 94
illustrated 229 Castanopsis-dominated forest 67
Aneilema 3 Castanopsis-dominated ridge 111
Aneilema sp. 23 Castanopsis-Lithocarpus forest 134
Anisoptera-Hopea-dominated forest 111 Casuarina 3
Anisoptera-mixed forest 122 equisetifolia 14, 17
Antidesma cuspidatum 17 Cedrela 17
Aporosa? 15 Celastrus 15, 17
Ardisia crispa 17 Centipeda minima 168
elliptica 17 Cephaelis singaporensis 151
Aridarum 43 Cerbera manghas 17
235
236 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38 (1985)
Chassalia 151 Diplospora malaccensis 18, 152
chartacea 151 Dipterocarp forest 209, 217
curviflora 23, 151 Dischidia rafflesiana 24
pubescens 151 Dracaena maingayi 18
Chionanthus ramiflorus 17 Drynaria quercifolia 24
Chrysanthemum indicum 168 Dryobalanops forest 209
morifolium 168 Dryobalanops fusca-dominant forest 215
Chrysopogon 12 Dryopteris glabrior 148
fulvus 11, 15, 38 Eclipta alba 169
Cissampelos? 14 prostrata 169
Cissampelos sp. 4 Ehretia 22
Cissus repens 22 Ehretia sp. 15
Clerodendron inerme 4 Elaeocarpus floribundus 18
Cocculus ovalifolius 17 Elatostema 4
Coelorrachis glandulosa 23 Elatostema sp. 4
Coelospermum scandens 151 Elephantopus scaber 169
Coffea canephora var. 151 Eleutheranthera ruderalis 169
liberica 151 Emilia sonchifolia 169
robusta 151 Endocomia 75
Colubrina asiatica 4 macrocoma 106
Commersonia platyphylla 23 rufirachis 210
Compositae, key to genera 167 Enydra fluctuans 170
Connarus monospermus var. malayana 22 Erechtites hieracifolia 170
Coptosapelta flavescens 152 valerianifolia 170
griffith 151 Erigeron sumatrense 170
parviflora 151 Erioglossum rubiginosum 18
tomentosa 152 Erythrina indica 18
Cordia subcordata 18 Erythroxylon cuneatum 18
Coreopsis lanceolata 169 Eucalyptopsis-dominated forest 94
tinctoria 169 Eculina longiflora 162
Cosmos sulphureus 169 Eugenia claviflora 18
Crassocephalum crepidioides 169 glauca 18
Crepis japonica 174 grandis 2, 3,5, 6,6, 7,9, 11,12; ty Eee
Croton heterocarpus 18 Eugenia grandis forest 12
Ctenitopsis 146 Eugenia grandis zone 4
Cycas 2,4 longiflora 18
rumphii 18 palembanica 18
Cyclophorus adnascens 25 polita 18
Cymbidium finlaysonianum 24 subdecussata 18
Cynometra ramiflora 18 Eulalia ridleyi 23
Cyperus cyperinus 3, 23 Eupatorium odoratum 170
diffusus 23 Eurycoma longifolia 6, 18
dubius 3, 23 Excoecaria agallocha 18
javanicus 3, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 23 Fagraea auriculata 24
kyllingii 23 Ficus 15, 34
radians 23 caulocarpa 6, 6, 7, 18
Cystopteris 148 crassiramea 18
Dahlia pinnata 169 deltoidea 18
Davallia solida 24 drupacea 18
Decaspermum paniculatum 18 fistulosa 19
Dendrobium crumenatum 24 grossulariodes 19
serra 24 hispida 15, 19
Dentella repens 152 kurzii 6, 70, 11, 15, 19
Derris scandens 4, 22 microcarpa 6, 9, 10, 11, 15, 19
thyrsifolia 22 parietalis 22
uliginosa 9, 22 stricta 6, 15, 19
Desmodium umbellatum 18 sundaica var. beccariana 19
Dianella ensifolia 23 superba 6, 7, 8, 9; 10:10, 1,45) 19pnae
Digitaria ciliaris 23 tinctoria ssp. gibbosa 6, 6, 7, 19
Diodia ocymifolia 152 variegata 4, 7, 19
sarmentosa 152 Fimbristylis dichotoma 3, 25
Diospyros 14 Flacourtia 15
ferrea 6, 15, 18 Flagellaria indica 22
Diospyros-Premna scrub 6 Furtadoa 53
Index to Volume 38
Furtadoa cont.
mixtum comb. nov. 53
sumatrensis 53
Gaertneria acuminata 152
grisea 152
obesa 152
vaginans 152
viminea 153
Gaillardia pulchella 170
Garcinia hombroniana 19
nigrolineata 14, 19
angusta 153
carinata 153
florida 153
griffithii 153
jasminoides 153
tubifera 153
Gardeniopsis longifolia 153
Gelonium glomerulatum 19
Geophylla pilosa 153
Gerbera jamisonii 170
Glochidion littorale 19
Gnetum gnemon 6, 15, 19
latifolium var. funiculare 22
Grewia paniculata 19
Guettarda speciosa 19, 153
Guioa pleuropteris 19
Gymnacranthera 83
bancana 201, 207
paniculata var. zippeliana 83
Gynochthodes coricea 22, 154
sublanceolata 154
Gynura procumbens 170
sarmentosa 170
Hedyotis auricularia 154
biflora 154
capitellata 154
congesta 154
corymbosa 154
dichotoma 154
diffusa 154
herbacea 155
pinifolia 155
trinervia 155
verticillata 23
Helianthus angustifolium 170
annuus 171
tuberosus 171
Hemiscolopia trimera 14, 15
Heritiera littoralis 19
Hernandia nymphaeifolia 19
Heteroaridarum 43
Hibiscus tiliaceus 19
Homalomena 43
gadutensis sp. nov. 45. 46, 48, 48
gigantea 45
egriffithii 50
hastata sp. nov. 50. 5/
humilis 53
megalophylla sp. nov. 43. 44, 45, 47, 48
minutissima 53
mixta 53
padangensis sp. nov. 48, 49
paucinervia 53
237
pendula group 48, 48
rubescens 45
rusdii sp. nov. 50, 52
sagittifolia 47, 47, 48
var. sumatrana 48
Hopea-dominant forest 94
Horsfieldia 69, 71
affinis sp. nov. 210, 217, 219
amklaal 80
ampla 95, 97
ampliflormis sp. nov. 95, 96
amygdalina (Wall.) Warb. 188
angularis sp. nov. 64, 65, 78, 97, 119
angulata 110
ardisiifolia 72, 73, 78
aruana comb. nov. 100
atjehensis sp. nov. 186
australiana auct. 112
australiana S.T. Blake 87, 88
basifissa sp. nov. 64, 65, 98, 99, 109, 123
borneensis 206
brachiata var. sumatrana 75
bracteosa 188, 195
var. microcarya 191, 193, 225
carnosa 198, 222, 223
clavata sp. nov. 9/, 92, 95, 225
corrugata 130, /3/, 134
crassifolia 219, 220
crux-melitensis 90, 91, 97, 225
decalvata sp. nov. 125
erubescens (in sched.) 112
flocculosa 204, 207, 211,216, 219
fulva 198, 199, 209, 222
glabra (BI.) Warb. 64, 188, 198, 224
glauca 188
globularia var. minahasae 70
gracilis sp. nov. 211
grandis 203, 207, 208, 211, 213, 216, 219
hellwigii 87, 121, 136, 138, 740, 142, 144
hellwigii complex 137, 138
key to the varieties 141
hellwigii var. brachycarpa var. nov. 142
var. hellwigii 121, 137, 138, 141, 740, 143,
144
var. hellwigii hybrid 141
var. hellwigii X var. pulverulenta 137
var. lignosa var. nov. 142
var. novobritannica 121, 141
var. pulverulenta 141
inflexa sp. nov. 62, 63
iriana sp. nov. 99, 101, 110, 119
irya 55, 56, 78, 80, 102, 115, 121, 197, 198
iryaghedhi 87
laevigata 71, 97,99, 100, 101, 110, 112, 113,
115, 118, 121, 122, 123, 126, 133, 134, 138,
141
key to varieties 117
var. laevigata 117, 1/8, 120
var. novobritannica comb. nov. 110, 117,
118, 119, 120
lancifolia sp, nov. 123, 1/24
leptantha sp. nov. 137, 144
macrocoma var. rufirachis 210
macrocoma 75
238
Horsfieldia cont.
macrothyrsa 188
moluccana sp. nov. 65, 126
var. moluccana 63, 66, 78
var. petiolaris var. nov. 63, 67, 69
var. pubescens var. nov. 68
var. robusta var. nov 66, 68
motleyi 206, 209, 211, 213
novae-lauenburgiae 121
novo-guineensis Warb. pro lectotype 100,
101, 110
novo-guineensis Warb., p.p. 110
nunu 80
obscurinervia 71
olens sp. nov. 64, 80, 83
olivaeformis 66
pachycarpa 120, 130, 131, 133
palauensis 78, 79
pallidicaula sp. nov. 191, 225
key to varieties 192
var. macrocarya var. nov. 193
var. microcarya comb. nov. 193
var. pallidicaula 192, 193
parviflora (Roxb.) Sinclair 65, 67, 69, 71, 72,
74, 76, 78, 110, 115, 123, 125, 126
paucinervis 212
pilifera 101, 102, 110, 112, 118, 119, 121
polyantha Warb. 99, 100, 101, 110
praetermissa 132, 135
psilantha sp, nov. 112, 115
pulcherrima sp. nov. 202, 206
pulverulenta 135, 137, 138, 144, 197
punctatifolia 64
ralunensis 87, 141, 143
reticulata 213, 215, 216, 217, 218
ridleyana 197
rostrata 106
roxburghii 67
rufo-lanata 213, 216, 218
sabulosa 185, /87
salicifolia 87
Samarensis sp. nov. 76
schlechteri 95, 106, 107, 109
sect. Orthanthera 87
speikensis 64, 68, 81, 82
ser. Punctatae 64
sessilifolia sp. nov. 201
sinclairii sp. nov. 90, 110
smithi 74, 77, 80, 101, 102
sparsa sp, nov. 188, 194
spicata 59, 60, 66, 67, 74, 78, 80, 84, 101, 102,,
115, 119, 120, 121
var. sepikensis 64, 68, 69, 81
var. spicata 68, 123, 132, 135
splendida sp, nov. 202, 213, 217, 219, 213 2/4,
217
squamulosa sp. nov. 9/, 92, 93
sterilis sp. nov. 191, 192, 197, 224
subtilis 102, 196, 107, 109
key to varieties 103
var. aucta var. nov. 105, 106
var. calcarea var. nov. 104
var. rostrata 106
var. schlechteri 95, 104, 109
var. subtilis 103, 105, 106, 107
Gard. Bull. Sing. 38 (1985)
sucosa auct. 195
sucosa (King) Warb. 188, 192, 195, 225
key to varieties 189
subsp. bifissa subsp. nov. 190
var. microcarpa 191
var. sucosa 189, 190
superba 200, 202, 206, 207, 208
sylvestris 84, 85, 87, 202
var. villosa 87
talaudensis sp. nov. 75, 77
tomentosa 201, 213, 216, 219
triandra sp. nov. 195, 196
tristis sp. nov. 197
tuberculata 66, 68, 113, 115, 126, 127, 130,
129, 133, 134, 141
key to varieties 128
var. crassivalva var. nov. 130
var. tuberculata 128, 133, 134
wallichii 186, 204, 207
warburgiana 74
whitmorei 113, //6
Hottarum 43
Hoya diversifolia 11, 21
Hydnophytum formicarium 24, 155
Hypobathrum coniferum 155
Hypodematium 148
crenatum 148
glabrious comb. nov. 148
Ipomoea illustris 22
pes-caprae 23
Ischaemum muticum 23
Isotoma longiflora 166
Ixora chinensis 155
coccinea 155 —
congesta 19, 155
finlaysoniana 155
grandifolia 156
javanica 156
lobbii 156
pendula 156
Jackia ornata 156
Kleinhovia hospita 19
Knema globularia 6, 6, 9, 19
laevigata 110
malayana 20
Lactuca indica 171
sativa 171
Lasianthus appressus 156
attenuatus 156
chryseus 156
constricta 156
cyanocarpus 23, 157
densifolius 156
ellipticus 157
griffithii 157
maingayi 157
ridleyi 157
scabridus 157
singaporensis 157
stipularis 157
tomentosus 157
Lastrea syrmatica 147
Lastreopsis 148
Laurentia longiflora 166
Lecananthus erubescens 157
Index to Volume 38
Leea indica 20
Lepisanthes fruticosa 20
Litsea glutinosa 20
Lobelia affinis 166
zeylanica 166
Loeseneriella pauciflora 22
Lucinaea membranacea 158
morinda 158
Lumnitzera 3
Lygodium 7, 9
flexuosum 25
Macaranga javanica 20
Mallotus tiliaefolia 20
Manikara 12
kauki 6, 7, 15, 20
Medinilla hasseltii 24
Melampodium divaricatum 171
Melastoma sanguineum 20
Memecylon coerulum 6, 20
ovatum 20
myrsinoides 20
Messerschmidia (Tournefortia) 12
argentea 20
Micropropagation of Lagerstroemia species:
choice of nodal segments 177
growth response to MS salt, IAA & Kinetin
176, 177
effect on shoots 178
using nodal segments and shoot tips 180
effect on rooting
of IBA concentrations 177-179
effect on shoot induction
of BAP 117
of BAP and 2ip treatments 176, 177, 178
effect on rooting of excised shoots
in agar medium with IBA & MS salt 178
in sand medium with IBA & MS salt 179
Mikania cordata 171
micrantha 171
scandens 171
~ Morinda citrifolia 12, 13, 73, 20, 158
ridleyi 158
rigida 158
umbellata 22, 158
Mussaenda erythrophylla 158
flava 158
glabra 158
luteola 158
mutabilis 159
philippica 159
x Alicea, x Dona Aurora, x Dona Luz, 159
Mussaendopsis beccariana 159
Mycetia malayana 159
Myristica aruana 100, 101
guatteriifolia 6, 7, 16, 20
laevigata 120
nesophylla 101
tomentosa 211
Myrmecodia armata 159
tuberosa 159
Myrsine porteriana 20
Myrtaceae-Vatica-Camnosperma forest 81
Nauclea officinalis 159
subdita 159
Neolitsea zeylanica 20
Nephrolepsis 6
biserrata 11, 25
Ochrosia 4
oppositifolia 3, 16
Oldenlandia biflora 154
corymbosa 154
dichotoma 154
diffusa 154
paniculata 3, 23, 154
trinervia 155
Oncosperma filamentosa 20
Ophiorrhiza singaporensis 159
Oxyceros fragrantissima 162
longiflora 162
penangianus 162
scandens 162
Paederia foetida 160
scandens 160
verticillata 160
Pandanus 4
dubius 5, 6, 6, 7,9, 12, 16, 20
epiphyticus 16
odoratissimus 20
odoratissimus var. laevis 14
spurius 14
Panicum repens 23
Paramignya umbellata 22
Parinaria corymbosa 6, 6, 13, 13, 20, 41
Parsonia spiralis 22
Paspalum conjugatum 24
Pavetta indica 160
var. canescens 160
Pedicellarum 43.
Pemphis 3, 27
acidula 3, 14, 20
Pentaphragma x elliptica 167
Pentaphragma horsfieldii 166
ridleyi 167
scortechinii 166
Pentas carnea 160
lanceolata 160
Pertusadina eurhyncha 150
Petunga conifera 155
Phlebigonium impressum 147
Phoebe declinata 20
Phyllanthus? 16, 22
Phyllanthus sp 6, 22
Phymatarum 43
Piper retrofractum 4
Pisonia aculeata 22
excelsa 16
grandis 6, 9, /0, 11, 16, 20, 33
grandis forest 36
grandis wood 6, 8, 9
Pithecellobium contortum 20
ellipticum 20
Pittosporum ferrugineum 21
Planchonella firma 16, 21
linggensis 16
obovata 9, 21
Plocoglottis porphyphylla 24
Pluchea indica 171
Podocarpus 4
polystachyus 21
Polyalthia sclerophylla 16, 21
239
240
Polypodium scolopendria 13, 24
Pometia 86
Pometia-Intsia Forest 109
Pongamia pinnata 21
Porterandia anisophylla 161
Premna corymbosa 16
integrifolia 16
obtusifolia 6, 11, 16, 21
Prismatomeris malayana 160
tetrandra 160
Pseuderanthemum 7
crenulatum 24
Psidium 15
Psychotria angulata 160
cantleyi 160
griffith 160
helferiana 160
maingayi 161
malayana 161
obovata 161
ovoidea 161
penangensis 161
ridleyi 161
rostrata 161
sarmentosa 22, 161
stipulacea t61
Pteridium aquilinum 25
Pteridris acutissima 147
syrmatica 147
Pteris ensiformis 25
Randia anisophylla 161
auriculata 162
cochinchinensis 162
exaltata 4
fragrantissima 162
longiflora 162
macrantha 162
macrophylla 162
penangiana 162
scandens 162
schoemannii 4
Rhizophora 4, 5
conjugata 9
Rothmannia macrophylla 162
Rubiaceae, key to genera 149
Rudbeckia serotina 172
Sagenia 146
Salacia chinensis 22
Sambucus canadensis 166
javanica 166
Saprosma glomerulatum 163
Sarcocephalus junghuhnii 159
Sauropus albicans 22
Sauropus sp. 22
Scaevola 3, 6
frutescens 167
sericea 167
taccada 21, 167
Schefflera venulosa 11, 22
Schizachyrium sanguineum 14, 24
Scindapsus sp. 25
Scleria lithosperma 24
Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea 163
Sigesbeckia orientalis 172
Solidago altissima 172
Gard. Bull. Sing. 38 (1985)
Sparganophorus vaillantii 172
Sphaeranthus africanus 172
Spilanthes acmella 172
Spinfex littoreus 14, 24
Sporobolus virginicus 3, 24
Stenochlaena 7, /3
palustris 9, 13, 25, 36
Sterculia foetida 6, 12, 21
Stereospermum fimbriatum 21
Streblus ilicifolius 4
Stylidium tenellum 167
Stylocaryna adpressa 163
Styphelium 16
Syndrella nodiflora 172
Tacca leontopetaloides 5
Taeniophyllum serrula 24
Tagetes erecta 172
patula 172
Tarenna adpressa 163
fragrans 163
grandifolia 163
lancifolia 163
mollis 163
ridleyi 163
stellulata 163
Tectaria 146
key to species 147
brachiata 146, 146, 147
brachiata 146
cherasica 146
coadunata 145, 146, 147
crenatum 148
curtisil sp. nov. 145, 146
fulcipes 146
subtriphylla 147
translucens sp. nov. 145
variolosa 146, 146, 147
Timonius compressicaulis 163
finlaysonianus 163
flavescens 164
peduncularis 164
wallichianus 164
wrayi 164
Tithonia diversifolia 173
Tridax procumbens 173
Ucaria attenuata 164
cordata 164
gambir 164
glabrata 164
jasminiflora 164
longiflora 164
ovalifolia 165
pedicellata 164
pteropoda 174
roxburgiana 165
sclerophylla 165
Urophyllum glabrum 165
griffithianum 165
hirsutum 165
macrophyllum 165
streptopodium 165
trifurcum 165
VERNACULAR NAMES
Abuino’o 129
Index to Volume 38
Vernacular Names cont.
Aininiu, Ainynu 58, 129
Airawikoepata 104
Aitobi 104
Akar subiak 170
Ambuino’o, Ambuynor 129
Amklaal 58
Anunu magilioro 61
Apaap 139
Aragay 74
Asem-asem 205
Baa 134
Babijag 98
Baiwach 105
Bale bale 129
Bangera 83
Bendoei 104
Bepoes 98
Berambong 150
Betelohoi 98
Beterohooi 67
Boskomok 104
Bunga china, Bunga susu 153
Camarngur 139
Cengan 163
Cheem 108
Cheeweng 124
Dagoan 74
Duguan 72
Duria 225
Euoe 110
Fohja 139
Gaben 122
Gaigihab 111
Gefrah 122
Gosora 67
Guma 97, 108, 122, 139
Gumaga 136
Hafringee 105
Hamana 93, 111
Hota 139
Ibuumkwaraf 136
linapo 104
Ilis 110
Isasir 81
Jangkang paya 221
Jesasir, Jisasir 81
Kajoe darodong lomba 198
Kajoe haroeja 221
Kajoe penara 198
Kamojer 67, 119
Kamopi 64
Kamore, Kamorei 68, 69
Katumbi jantan 169
Kawok-kawoe 119
Kokotetepina 129
Kolantie 70
Krabo 172
Kuleman, Kuleman 61, 67
Kumpang balau 192, 218
Kumpang ensuliue 221
Kumpang sadara 221
Kumpang tembaga 202
Kumpang-perawan 186
Kumpung 204
Kupgne 134
La gele kuku, Lagele kuku 121, 139
Lagasi 74
Laran’a 75
Luhakon 119
Madak 64
Mag 104
Mamasoh 139
Mamgananieproi 122
Mangaifa 104
Ma-tak 81
Mbowak 67
Medak 69
Medal 108
Mengkudu 153
Merambong 173
Merampat 190
Mong-mong 134
Naufora 139
Ngai camphor 168
Niniwo 70
Njet 104
Numba 110
Nungan 121
Nunu 58
O’hénga 139
Oara 104
Onguaka 61
Oriomo 104
Pala hutan, Pala utan 67, 78
Patepa 136
Peh (begie) 104 ©
Peita 119
Penarahan 204
Pérédah bésar 190
Piangu, Pijangu 205
Pive’ar 129
Pohon lobi-lobi 78
Poi 136
Pokok beluntas 171
Pokok german 170
Posiposi 111
Rengkéferék 104
Rewwoh 104
Roman 104
Sabobo 136
Saksak 111
Samgoot 119
Satim 205
Sebohonggwa, Sebohongwa 67, 68
Sekukumailor 126
Selamae 81
Sémies 69
Serenai Laut 173
Sodowa 132
Simies 69
Soemarallah oeding 205
Soemarallah-falah 205
Sumbong Jantan 170
Sumbong 168
Suri 104
Ta’dara 221
Tabenoe benoe 125
241
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Vernonia arborea 173
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var. javanica 173 : - ) earn “it
chinensis 173 -0t domea
cineria 173 . . ott aiid aie
patula 173 Pore
Warszewiczia coccinea 165
Wedelia biflora 173
trilobata 173
Woodsia 148
Xanthium inequilaterum 173
strumarium auct. 173
Youngia japonica 174
Zinnia elegans 174
linearis 174
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LD ARBORETUM ISSN 0374-7859
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( THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN
, SINGAPORE
ee i ee
X VOL. 38 (Part 1) Ist June 1985
e CONTENTS
PAGES N
30) ey TSS Sap ES: eee
The Botany of Some Islets East of Pahang and Johore .............:2.--+ssseeeeeeereeeenneeetess 1-42
HOTTA, Mitsuru:
New Species of the Genus Homalomena (Araceae) from Sumatra with a Short Note on 43-54
the Genus Furtadoa
eee veka nea an en ia he sae be hee see ee pee ee oe OP PRN AEE eee ae Pas 2 Ch RRR Peco ses oe we
WILDE, W. J.J. O. DE:
A New Account of the Genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt 2 ............-seseeeeeee eee eeeee 55-144 Y,
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THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN
VOL. 38 (Part 1) Ist June 1985
CONTENTS
PAGES
CORNER, E. J. H.:
The Botany of Some Islets East of Pahang and Johore .................0. cece eee eee 1-42
HOTTA, Mitsuru:
New Species of the Genus Homalomena (Araceae) from Sumatra with a Short Note on 43-54
ie Genus uriadogs. 2:6. 62.0.8 2251.8. We AS RESET at LIK Pat Khare EP nL ak fda Sak ago
WAIRDE AW is JcOrpe:
A New Account of the Genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt 2 ..............0.. cece eee ee eee. 55-144
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The Botany of Some Islets East of Pahang and Johore
Ba fi. Comer
91 Hinton Way, Great Shelford
Cambridge CB2 5AH, England
Abstract
The appearance and vegetation of the islets Babi Tengah, Baru, Berhala, Chibeh, Duchong, Gup,
Labas, Pyah, Rengis, Sepoi, Setindan, Tokong Burong, and Tulai are compared with Tanjong Ruit in
Tiuman, as they were in 1932-1936. Their status as degenerate headlands in the Riouw Pocket is
considered. The islets belong to three geological formations. Remains of the giant clam, Tridacna, were
found on Pulau Tulai.
This is a historical account of the vegetation of the small islands to the west and
south of Pulau Tiuman (Tioman) and off the Mersing coast, as I found them fifty
years ago. In June 1932 and August 1935 I accompanied Mr William Birtwistle,
Officer-in-charge of Fisheries F.M.S., on his inspection of fishing boats and fishing
villages on the Pahang coast. We visited most of the islets on one or other day from
early morning till 1 p.m. The ocean swell would then rise and squalls descend, and
we would have to return in the rowing boat to the launch, either the Sri Gala in
1932 or the Sri Pekan in 1935; generally, the shore was too rocky for safe approach
except in calm sea. The first trip was exploratory, for no one could tell me what the
islands looked like or what vegetation they had; the second was more thorough.
There was usually time to investigate fully in the one morning the vegetation of one
islet. Collections were made of plants that I could not identify for certain and they
have been deposited in the Singapore herbarium. Uncertainty of names has de-
layed publication but, now, with many revisions in the Flora Malesiana, edited by
Professor C.G.G.J. van Steenis, most problems have been resolved. I have fol-
lowed that botanical nomenclature and have, accordingly, omitted the burden of
citation of authors.
On the second trip I realised that most of these islands corresponded with granite
headlands of Tiuman in various degrees of disintegration. I have used, therefore,
the headland of Tanjong (Tanjung) Ruit at the north end of Juara Bay, on the east
side of Tiuman, as the standard for comparison.
At the end of this article I have given notes, mainly geographical, on some of the
more characteristic plants. The whole region is the northern part of the Riouw
(Riau) Pocket (Corner 1978); the plants are vestiges of its history. If their ex-
traneous distribution is plotted, not as circular or elliptical areas but as outline
tracks, more in the manner of Croizat’s Panbiogeography, it will be seen that they
enter the region from all points of the compass, as if they were comets orbiting
about it.
Tanjong Ruit, Juara Bay, Pulau Tiuman
Figure 1, plates 1 & 2
Tanjong Ruit ends in a low rocky point, about 30 ft high, of granite boulders. It is
connected with the main island by a neck or isthmus, about 50 yards long, com-
Editorial Note. Current spellings of place names, if different, are inserted in parentheses following the
old spelling on first mention in the main text.
Be
:
= die oe
3
Pp
R = 19 Ta
Fig. 1. Map of the islands about Pulau Tiuman: scale, 1.5 in = 10 miles. B, P. Berhala; Ba, Baru Rock;
Be, Bebar; C, P. Chibeh; D, P. Duchong; E, Endau; G, P. Gup; J, Juara Bay; L, P. Labas; P,
P. Pyah; R, Rompin; S, P. Sepoi; Sr, P. Sribuat; T, P. Tulai; TB, P. Tokong Burong.
posed of small water-worn granite boulders just above high tide level, but probably
awash at the highest tides and in storms. The island here descends into a steep
granite face plunging into the sea. It leads westwards for about a third of a mile to
meet the sandy bay where it turns, as it were, inland. I explored the forest that
bordered on to this steep face, the isthmus, and the rocky point.
The bare granite face varied 12-35 ft high between the high tide level and the
edge of the forest. It consisted of steeply sloping blocks of granite, broken up in
places into irregular ledges and, where the face was breaking up, there were big
boulders piled precariously on one another. At the foot of the face there was a talus
of water-worn boulders exposed at low tide; a few big isolated boulders stood as
rocks in the sea. Above the face the forest stretched inland on the steep hillside,
with a moderately thick layer of earth and humus. The granite face, itself, swept by
waves during the north-east monsoon, was bereft of vegetation except for some
ledges and rock hollows in its upper part, and they supported small grasses, sedges,
and other herbs. This bare granite face was a feature of most of the granite islets
which plunged into the sea, its depth ranging from 17 fathoms off P. Sepoi to 20
fathoms off Tg Ruit. I limited my exploration to the Terminalia-zone which was the
front of the forest at the top of the granite face, and to the zone of Eugenia grandis
immediately behind. There was no time to explore further inland.
The Terminalia-zone was a broken and almost single file of trees and climbers
with some shrubs and herbs, typical of the Terminalia-Barringtonia formation on
the rocky east coast of Malaya. Here and there, in sheltered places, there were
intrusions of the inland forest. The seeds and fruits of many of these plants are
water-borne and, presumably, are splashed up the granite face by waves. The list of
plants in this zone is given in Table 1. It will be seen that there were no Cycas,
2
Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets 3
Lumnitzera, Peltophorum, Scaevola, or Casuarina, which belong to the sandy or
less boisterous coasts.
A striking feature of this Terminalia-zone, as on other rocky parts of the east
coast, was the great abundance, often thick masses, of such epiphytes as orchids,
aroids, and ferns growing on the rocks. Conditions of insolation, drainage, and
intermittent rain seem comparable with those of the limbs of trees, and the epiphytes
which can stand the sea-spray become truly saxicolous. Climbers, also, where they
could root into a crevice between the exposed boulders, spread thickly over them in
a mat or carpet that hid the boulders, curtained the sides, and could be lifted off.
Similarly, several species of strangling fig, normally beginning as epiphytes, car-
peted the exposed rocks without developing erect branches; such carpets were
mostly sterile and it was not till many years later that I managed to identify the
species more or less satisfactorily.
Another feature of the granite face was a special habitat for small herbs where
some humus and rain-water could collect in crevices and small hollows, especially
where shaded by trees. Some of the hollows were merely little basins in the rock
from which the plants could be scooped, as if from a pot. Such plants were
Aneilema (SFN 29794), Cyperus cyperinus, C. dubius, C. javanicus, Fimbristylis
dichotoma, Oldenlandia paniculata, Sporobolus virginicus, and Vandellia hirsuta.
This habitat was noticeably absent from the granite islets around Tiuman; the
granite face might have been too wave-swept or have been unable to accumulate
enough soil or rain. .
Immediately behind the Terminalia-zone there was that of Eugenia grandis,
mostly 1-2 trees deep. The trees did not actually front the coastal forest but
occurred where there was shade enough for their roots. The seeds of E. grandis
germinate in the open or in shade but seem unable to establish themselves in high
forest or in the shade of their own kind. Thus, the trees start in the open and come
slowly to overshadow the Terminalia-zone. However, this coastal fringe of forest
was retreating, as witnessed by the fallen boulders, and the interaction between E.
grandis and the Terminalia-zone was by no means clear. The inland forest intruded
with seedlings and saplings into the zone of E. grandis. The coastal forest at Tg Ruit
was thinned to a strip and, on the islets around, it was variously disrupted as they
were disintegrated. The headland had two special features.
The point itself carried the Terminalia-Barringtonia formation which stopped
abruptly at the isthmus of water-worn boulders. These were mixed with coral debris
and sandy detritus, heaped together by the waves as a low barrier. It carried an
almost pure stand of Pemphis acidula, which did not occur elsewhere at the
headland. It formed twiggy gnarled bushes, up to 12 ft high, the leaning and twisted
trunks rooting in the debris. This sort of junction of a headland with a spit of talus
seems to be a favourite habitat of Pemphis. On the rocky mainland coast of east
Johore, with haematite quartzite shale, Pemphis forms prostrate sprawling mats,
scarcely a foot high, and rooted in the crevices, but I did not see it in this manner on
the granite boulders of the Tiuman complex.
Then at the landward end of the isthmus, where the granite face rose steeply.
there was a little wood of Ochrosia oppositifolia, about 50 yards long and 30 yards
wide, between the Terminalia-zone and that of E. grandis. The trees, up to 50 ft
tall, were thickly placed, rather slender, and together with many of their seedlings
and saplings formed an almost pure stand. The ground was a mixture of small
boulders and sand at the foot of the cliff. It was difficult to see why such a stand
should have developed. The species did not occur in the Terminalia-zone on the
granite face; on the east coast of Johore it frequented sandy shores. It seemed to be
the result of a freak current or storm which had washed up the fruits on this part of
the beach at a time when it was bare of vegetation, and that the colony had
persisted while the Terminalia-zone took over the frontage.
Pulau Tulai
Figure 1
This is the largest of the small islands off Tiuman and lies about 3 miles WNW. of
its north end. In 1935 it was largely covered with inland forest. I was able to explore
in detail only the NW. coast and the bay on the west of the island. The whole coast,
except for this bay, is rocky and composed of granite blocks c. 20 ft high in situ and
others tumbled on top of them, and on the NW. side, at least, there was the talus of
water-worn boulders plunging into the sea without foreshore. The coastal flora was
essentially the same as at Tg Ruit but without Ochrosia; there was the fringing
Terminalia-zone along the top of the granite face with an interrupted zone of E.
grandis connecting with the inland forest. There were, however, the following
additions:—
Adenanthera pavonina (strangely none seen at Tg Ruit),
Cissampelos sp.,
Clerodendron inerme,
Colubrina asiatica,
Derris scandens,
Elatostema sp. (on rocks in the shade),
Ficus variegata (in E. grandis zone),
Hemiscolopia trimera (common on rocks in the Terminalia-zone),
Piper retrofractum (on shaded rocks with Elatostema, often in thick carpets
sweeping up vertical sides of rocks),
Randia schoemannii (R. exaltata),
Streblus ilicifolius (not on exposed rocks),
Xylocarpus (Carapa) moluccensis (a frequent spreading tree).
Hydnocarpus ilicifolia was abundant as a small tree to 30 ft high both in the
coastal fringe and in the inland forest. There were no Cycas, Pandanus, or Podo-
carpus.
The main bay, as a bight on the west side of P. Tulai, had a mangrove forest of
considerable extent. Here the granite face receded inland and, at the SE. corner of
the bay, a small sluggish stream flowed over a shallow flat of coral detritus, exposed
at low water, before emptying into the bay. The shallow flat was roughly semicircu-
lar and about 200 yards in diameter. Here was the mangrove forest composed of
Rhizophora conjugata, R. mucronata, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, on clean firm
ground without the usual mud and slime. There were many coral fragments mixed
with the sand and in places lumps of dead coral more or less buried in situ. R.
mucronata was by far the commonest, occupying most of the flat and all the
seaward front, but scarcer inland. R. conjugata occurred sparingly on the landward
side. B. gymnorrhiza was scattered in the central part of the flat and abundant on
its landward side, even in places to the exclusion of Rhizophora. Some trees of B.
Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets 5
gymnorrhiza stood 60-70 ft high, those of R. mucronata being somewhat smaller.
Pneumatophores were present in great abundance and, at low water, it could be
seen that a tangle of Rhizophora roots flanked the stream; at high water a prahu
could float down it. The mangrove was advancing into the bay which was sheltered
from the NE. monsoon and from the SE. tenggara*. How old this mangrove was, I
could not determine, but it was growing on a fringing reef that must have been
raised in fairly recent times.
Immediately behind the mangrove flat, there was a sandbank 4-5 ft high,
stretching inland, and evidently a former beach. It was largely planted with coco-
nuts but had clearly been covered originally with the Terminalia-Barringtonia
formation and that of E. grandis; there were many plants of Tacca leontopetaloides.
The sandbank led to the granite slope with inland forest.
Just north of the mangrove flat, by some large rocks at high tide level, there were
several large shells of the giant clam Tridacna, 2-3 ft across, in situ and upright but
almost completely buried in sand; the wavy outline of the valves was more or less
visible. Out in the bay we saw through its clear water smaller living clams about a
foot wide at depths of 8-10 ft; we also met them in our early diving efforts with
helmet and air-pump in this bay. They lived close to the rocks, neither in the sand
of the bay nor in the living coral. Here was further evidence that P. Tulai had been
raised or tilted, perhaps some 20-30 ft, to uplift and expose the giant clams.
Previously there could have been no mangrove there, and where the stream flowed
there might have been a narrow strait separating the SW. part of the island from the
rest. As this part was raised, so the bay silted up to give the sandy padang with
coconuts. In other words, the age of the mangrove must be connected with the
raising or tilting of the island.
No one lived on P. Tulai but it was frequented by fishermen and, doubtless, the
owner of the coconuts. There was a well, supplying fresh water, on the south side of
the mangrove. From the general appearance of the forest, it seemed that the island
had never been inhabited.
The broad-leafed and tree-like Pandanus dubius was abundant on the west side
of P. Tulai. It grew on the sandy shore of the bay in the Terminalia-zone and in the
hillside forest somewhat inland, but not on the rocky coast. The biggest plants had
stems up to 25 ft high and were not so large as those on P. Chibeh (Cibeh). I saw it
at the north end of Tiuman and on the south side of Juara Bay, but not at Tg Ruit,
and I did not see it on the south and west of Tiuman. | found no flower or fruit
anywhere in August 1935, but its seedlings were abundant.
Pulau Chibeh
Figures 1 & 2, plates 3-6
This small island, about 250 ft high, lies a mile or so north of P. Tulai. It consists
of immense granite blocks more or less in situ, immense fallen boulders, a bare
granite face above tide level, and more or less of a submerged talus of boulders and
pebbles. It resembled a disintegrated headland of Tiuman and its vegetation was
that of Tg Ruit on a diminished scale, but without regular formation (Table 1). I
visited it on 19 August 1935 from 7 a.m. till 1 p.m. when the swell forced me to
*Tenggara”’ means south-east but as used by the fishermen of the East Coast, the use is transferred
from the direction to the afternoon wind itself on which they sailed home. Ed.
6 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1)(1985)
return to the launch. I explored most of the island but did not cover the whole of
the exposed east side where the immense boulders made passage very difficult.
However, they were largely bare of vegetation and I did not miss any plant of
importance.
The north and south ends of the island were steep with the boulders exposed and
hot, but on some of them there were mats of saxicolous strangling figs with tufts of
~ Cyperus javanicus and Nephrolepis in crevices, as the only vegetation. The speci-
mens which I collected resolved into F. kurzii, F. stricta, and F. tinctoria ssp.
gibbosa, not F. microcarpa as I had supposed; all occur, together with F. microcar-
pa, on rocky parts of the east coast of Malaya and they show no obvious ecological
preferences. Higher up on the north end of the island there were scrubby patches of
Diospyros ferrea, Memecylon coeruleum, and Premna obtusifolia. Then, in shel-
tered nooks on the north and west sides, near to the sea-level, there were a few
bushes of Scaevola.
Fig. 2. Sketch map of the main vegetation on P. Chibeh (left) and P. Sepoi (right). A, Atalantia wood;
EP, Eugenia grandis and Pandanus dubius; Fc, Ficus caulocarpa; Fs, Ficus superba; Ft, Ficus
tinctoria ssp. gibbosa; f, Diospyros-Premna scrub; Ma, Manilkara kauki; My, Myristica guatter-
iifolia; Pa, wood of Parinari corymbosa; Pi, Pisonia grandis wood; R, Calamus chibehensis; Y.
Phyllanthus sp., SFN 29848; +, Knema globularia.
On the east side, above the bare granite face, there was a rather open wood of
Eugenia grandis with other trees of the Terminalia-zone and abundant Pandanus
dubius. On the west side, which was sheltered and not so steep, this kind of
woodland with trees up to 50 ft high was better developed and had a frontage of
Pisonia grandis, the white branches of which were conspicuous from out at sea. The
woodland extended over the centre of the island and consisted mainly of tall trees
of E. grandis, Parinari corymbosa, Sterculia foetida, Vitex pubescens, and Ficus
caulocarpa with F. stricta; the smaller trees were Atalantia monophylla, Caryota
mitis, Eurycoma longifolia, Gnetum gnemon, Hydnocarpus ilicifolia, Knema globu-
Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets 7
laria, and Pandanus dubius (up to 40 ft high with stilt-roots up to 12 ft high).
Surprisingly, the herb Pseuderanthemum was very abundant in this woodland.
There were three plants of special interest in the upper part of the island. At the
north end there were two trees of Manilkara kauki, up to 30 ft high, standing apart
from the woodland. In the woodland in the centre of the island there were one or
two trees of Myristica guatteriifolia. Then, in the north-west corner of the woodland
and in the south part, there were two clumps of the rotan which C.X. Furtado
called Calamus chibehensis. Beside the northern clump of rotan there stood two
big trees of Ficus tinctoria ssp. gibbosa and one of F. caulocarpa which had a nest of
the sea eagle. Another big tree of F. caulocarpa stood on the outside of the
southern clump of rotan. I noted two trees of Ficus variegata in the woodland. It
was an extraordinary association of forest relics.
The trunks of the strangling fig-trees stood directly on the boulders over which
their roots spread and entered into crevices, possibly down to the water-table (?
brackish) in the centre of the island. The roots were so numerous and strong that
they undoubtedly helped to basket the loosening boulders and hold them up. How
the fig-trees had started was not evident. If they had begun as epiphytes, which
their trunks suggested, there was no trace of the host-tree. I did not meet Man-
ilkara anywhere else on the islets off Tiuman; it was not likely to have been
overlooked because of its appearance like a chiku tree with dark fissured bark and
white undersides to the stiff shiny leaves. At the time of my visit in August, the
trees of F. caulocarpa and Pisonia were getting new leaves.
The climbers and ferns mostly formed carpets on the boulders, both in the open
and in the lighter shade of the woodland. Their variety added to the peculiar
composition of the flora.
I concluded that P. Chibeh had a woodland made largely of plants of the E.
grandis forest of rocky coasts, with a few relics of inland forest, as shown by
Manilkara, Myristica, and F. variegata.
I noted that ants were very abundant, especially the red keringga with fiery bite.
There were several large ant-hills or mounds up to 3 ft high.
Pulau Sepoi
Figures 1-4, plates 7-13
This is a single rounded hill-top, 230 ft high, three miles due west of P. Tulai, and
the sea-depth around is given as 17 fathoms. It is a mass of granite blocks and
boulders similar to P. Chibeh and rather smaller. Its vegetation was also similar but
with still fewer species (Table 1). I visited it in June 1932 and on 20 August 1935. It
was tenanted by many terns which nested on the higher rocks where the vegetation
began; they laid their eggs, apparently one to a nest, on bare ground under a
projection of the rock without any sticks or leaves. There were numerous rocky
caves round the foot of the island, as on P. Pyah (Paya), but which I did not note on
P. Chibeh. The upper part of the island was covered with a low wood, 30-40 ft high,
from which some large fig-trees projected, notably Ficus superba. The top con-
sisted of large and small boulders with very little, if any, soil. The trees were well
spaced, mostly on the boulders, with little or no undergrowth so that it was easy to
walk among them. The granite face between the sea and the vegetation had
scattered tufts of Cyperus javanicus and some sprawling patches of Lygodium and
Stenochlaena.
\ :
Fig. 3. Sketch of a transect from west (left) to east across P. Sepoi. A, Atalantia wood; C, mats of
climbers on the rocks; Fs, Ficus superba; Pi, Pisonia grandis wood; V, Vitex pubescens.
i
Fig. 4. Sketch of a transect from south (left) to north across P. Sepoi. Letters as in Fig. 3; Ac,
Allophylus cobbe.
Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets 9
The woodland had two very different parts. That covering the upper part of the
island I called the Atalantia wood because of the abundance of A. monophylla. The
other was the Pisonia wood on the west and south-east parts of the island, on the
lower slopes where there was some shelter from the NE. monsoon and the slopes
were less steep. The Atalantia wood had also abundant Hydnocarpus ilicifolia,
Planchonella obovata, and Ficus superba, the many roots of which clasped the
rocks and descended into the depths of the granite. The fluted trunks of A.
monophylla, set with thorny twigs, were easily recognisable. Near the top, in the
Atalantia wood, there were numerous trees of Knema globularia. At its outskirts in
the south-west, Derris uliginosa formed close mats on the rocks. Several large trees
of Vitex pubescens, up to 50 ft high, occurred on the east side of the wood where
there was the one patch of the small climber Phyllanthus? (SFN 29848). In contrast,
the Pisonia woods were almost pure stands of P. grandis with an undergrowth of
Stenochlaena palustris and a few trees of Adenanthera pavonina, Ficus microcarpa
(with many aerial roots from the branches), and some stray Atalantia. The smooth
grey trunks of Pisonia were seated on the rocks, with roots spreading over them in
the manner of fig-roots. All the Pisonia trees were, in August, getting new leaves
and beginning to flower, as on P. Chibeh; their white branches rendered them
conspicuous. The trees of F. superba were also getting new leaves.
In many places there appeared to have been landslips or, at least, the fall of
boulders which had destroyed parts of the Atalantia wood, and masses of creepers
were covering the fallen rocks. Remarkably, there were no Eugenia grandis, palms
of any kind, Pandanus dubius, Terminalia catappa, Apocynaceous climber Aganos-
ma, or epiphytes. In fact, there was no vestige of either the formation of E.
grandis or of Terminalia.
In August 1935, many of the trees showed signs of wilting. What little soil there
was between the boulders was dry; fallen leaves crackled under foot. Patches of
Lygodium and Stenochlaena in the open were brittle. The leaves of many smaller
trees and their saplings were drooping, wilting or dried out. At first, I thought that
this might be due to a landslip upsetting and breaking roots, but there was no actual
indication of a recent fall. Then, I thought that the wilting might have been caused
by the abundance of guano round the nests of the terns, but I could discover no
relation between the nests and the wilting trees. The only cause seemed to be,
simply, the lack of rain. The roots of the fig-trees, of Pisonia, and of Vitex
pubescens penetrated deeply into the mass of boulders and their leaves showed no
signs of wilting.
There were many old and rotting trees, standing and fallen, in both the Atalantia
and the Pisonia woods, where there were also plenty of seedlings and saplings.
Hence I concluded that the vegetation of the island must have been of long
standing. Landslips, boulder-falls, and periods of excessive drought evidently killed
some of the trees and enabled a new generation to arise. Pigeons and fruit-bats,
even the large hornbills, visiting the island from Tiuman or P. Tulai, might carry
seeds to re-stock, but all the evidence that I could gather pointed to the conclusion
that P. Sepoi was a degenerating headland of ancient coastal forest. Indeed, this
cluster of islets about P. Tulai probably made long ago one hill or mountain which,
in its turn, may have been part of Tiuman itself. I was thinking of subaerial
denudation. Lowering of the sea-level during glaciations would have exposed the
base of the hills without necessarily a connection.
10 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
Pulau Labas
Figure |
This is the fourth and smallest island of the P. Tulai group. It lies about two miles
SW. of P. Tulai and about one mile SE. of P. Sepoi. I visited it also on 20 August
1935. It is a collection of large and enormous granite boulders raised about 30 ft
above the sea-level. There were scattered trees of Ficus superba, mats of F.
microcarpa and Aganosma marginata on some rocks, and scattered clumps of
Cyperus javanicus and the mangrove fern Acrostichum aureum. Otherwise, the
only other ‘higher plant’ on the island was a tall fruiting coconut palm, evidently
planted, with several seedlings around it. The island seemed to represent the stump
of a headland to which, in time, P. Sepoi would be reduced. However, the presence
of Acrostichum brought in another factor to suggest that P. Labas might be the
remains of a small granite headland, such as at Tg Ruit, beside a mangrove forest
such as on P. Tulai. Indeed, this mangrove at P. Tulai was probably the vestige of a
much more extensive mangrove forest when all four islands were joined in periods
of glaciation.
All four islands were, and should be allowed to remain, historical sanctuaries.
: me
~as—0 a ye te
Fig. 5. Sketch of a transect of P. Rengis. Ac, Allophylus cobbe; C, climbers on the rocks; Fk, Ficus
kurzii; Fs, Ficus superba; Pi, Pisonia grandis; V, Vitex pubescens.
Pulau Rengis and P. Pyah
Figure |
The very small island P. Rengis (Renjis), about 80 yards, across lies about a third
of a mile from the west coast of Tiuman in Telok (Teluk) Tasek. I visited it on 16
August 1935. It was a mass of granite boulders piled on top of one another as P.
Labas, and with water-worn boulders strewn at the base. The island was tenanted
by frigate birds, not nearly so numerous as the terns on other islets, and the guano
was not so persistent; nevertheless, many trees were white with guano. The flora
Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets 11
was very limited to 11 species. There was no Terminalia-zone or Eugenia grandis,
and I saw no herbs, grass, or sedge. It consisted of:—
Allophylus cobbe var. marinus, common by the shore,
Callicarpa longifolia, as a few scattered bushes,
Ficus kurzii, as a few small spreading trees at the south end, with copious aerial
roots, starting as a bush on the rocks; (easily mistaken for F. microcarpa),
Ficus superba, as frequent big trees in the centre of the island, never as a
prostrate mat,
Hoya diversifolia, very common on trees and rocks,
Nephrolepis biserrata, a single clump,
Pisonia grandis, as the commonest tree by the shore,
Premna obtusifolia, as a scraggy subscandent bush,
Schefflera venulosa, abundant on trees and rocks, all its leaves white with guano,
Trema amboinensis, as a few scraggy treelets,
Vitex pubescens, as a single tree SO ft high.
On 11 June 1932, when we had anchored for the night in Ayer (Air) Batang bay,
I visited the islet P. Pyah, just off the south headland of the bay, but I failed to
make an inventory of its flora. It was, as P. Rengis, a cluster of granite boulders on
which the chief tree was Ficus superba. There were many caves round the foot
where I spent most time looking for algae, but with little success.
Pulau Tokong Burong, Baru Rock, and P. Gup
Figure 1, plates 14 & 15
A cluster of three steep islets of haematite shale or laterite-looking rock, about
10 miles SW. of P. Sepoi and some 17 miles from Tg Penyabong on the mainland,
make the group of Tokong (Tukong) Burong. I visited them on 16 August 1935.
The largest rises to 160 ft high and the base, strewn with large boulders, reminded
me of Tg Sedili. There was no forest. The islands were tenanted by thousands of
terns which nested under tussocks of the grass Chrysopogon fulvus, as the only
vascular plant on the islands. It grew from high tide level on the south face on
terraces or niches in the rock, and right over the summit. There was no sward
because the runways of the terns kept the tussocks more or less apart. There were
no seedlings of other plants, stumps, or traces of others, from which it seemed that
the islands, as they now stand, might never have been forested. The top of the large
island had the appearance of having been burnt but, if so, the effect had merely
halted the grass temporarily.
Baru Rock, or P. Baru, and P. Gup are islets of roughly the same size, compara-
ble with the largest of the Tokong Burong group. Baru Rock, 190 ft high, lies about
11 miles south of Tokong Burong. P. Gup, 140 ft high, lies to the east in the same
latitude and about 4 miles south of Tiuman. I was never able to visit either of them
but, on a voyage to Kemaman in October 1935 in S.S. Mahidol of the Danish East
Asiatic Company, I persuaded the captain to pass as close as possible to the islands
so that I could have a look at them. He enjoyed the manoeuvre and handed me his
telescope. The difference between the islands was as astounding as that between
Tokong Burong and Sepoi. Baru Rock was a firm consolidated mass of rock,
probably the haematite shale, with precipitous sides, serving as a ternery, and rising
straight from the sea with few or no boulders at the foot. The upper two-thirds were
covered with a tussock grass, presumably the same as on Tokong Burong. At the
12 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
north end, half-way up the island, there were a few small stunted trees with rather
large leaves, which could have been Morinda citrifolia. Thus Baru Rock may have
been less degraded than Tokong Burong. Perhaps both were originally forest-clad
like P. Duchong (Ducong).
In complete contrast, P. Gup was a mass of granite boulders with the upper part
rather closely wooded, very similar to P. Sepoi. I could not distinguish any floristic
details but looked unsuccessfully for the white branches of Pisonia.
Pulau Duchong
Figure 1, plate 16
Two small islands lie near the mainland just south of Pontian. The larger, P.
Duchong Darat, 80 ft high, is about a mile off the coast. The smaller, P. Duchong
Laut, is about half a mile SE. of the larger. I visited Duchong Darat on 22 August
1935, but had no time to visit the smaller, which did not appear to differ floristical-
ly. They are steep craggy masses of haematite shale, similar to P. Setindan off
Mersing and to Tg Sedili. The flora was that of the Terminalia-Barringtonia zone
and of Eugenia grandis forest with some additions as relics, perhaps, of inland
forest. Thus, in a general way, it resembled the coastal flora of Tiuman but several
conspicuous plants were missing, namely the trees Atalantia, the strangling figs,
Hydnocarpus ilicifolia, Manilkara, Pandanus dubius, Pisonia, and Sterculia foetida,
the climber Aganosma, and the sedge Cyperus javanicus. The floristic list is given in
Fable 1.
Round the foot of the island there was the Terminalia-zone. The rest was covered
with rocky forest with trees up to 60 ft high, though those of the upper part were
merely 15-20 ft. Exposed rocks were covered with masses of sprawling climbers and
epiphytes among which Asplenium nidus-avis was conspicuous. There was no
evidence that the forest had been cut over. Various herbs and grasses of the sandy
shore of the mainland occurred in small sandy places among the lower rocks. The
Chrysopogon of Tokong Burong did not occur.
Pulau Setindan
I visited this island off Mersing on 15 August 1935 and on 30 January 1937.
Geologically and floristically it was similar to the headlands of the east coast of
Johore and to P. Duchong. There were the formations of Terminalia-Barringtonia
and of Eugenia grandis, but where there had been inland forest, I found mostly
scrub; at some time the island had been extensively cut over. The plants which I
found are given in Table 1, for comparison with P. Duchong. The islands were
generally similar but Setindan is larger and more representative; yet, there were
unaccountable differencees. Certainly, Setindan relates more with the flora of the
Riouw Pocket, as shown by the abundance of the southerly Tristania obovata. The
lists in Table 1 largely repeat what I have written about the Sedili coast, but I
decided to include it as a record what deforestation is likely to obliterate. It
reminds one of what might be expected.
Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets 13
Pulau Berhala
Figures 1 & 6, plates 17-21
This islet lies north-west of Tiuman and about 20 miles north-east from Bebar on
the Pahang coast. It is a flat granite platform, roughly circular, about 400 ft wide,
raised a foot or more above sea-level and, probably, awash at highest tides or in
storms. The platform is dissected radially by deep gullies plunging into the sea
(12-13 fathoms deep). In the centre there was a sandstone mass, about 80 ft high,
shaped like the crown of a hat to which the granite platform was the brim. It was
neither the mass of granite boulders of the Tiuman islets nor the compact haematite
of the coastal islets. The sandstone was fairly hard and distinctly, though not
deeply, undercut round the granite platform. The islet clearly belonged with
another geological formation and recalled Gunong Panti in east Johore.
The vegetation was confined to the upper half of the sandstone hillock where it
was rather evenly dense, but the granite platform was destitute of any plants
except, perhaps, some lichens and microscopic algae. The flora consisted of merely
5 species, thus:
Stenochlaena palustris and Polypodium scolopendria in a low tangle, with tufts of
Cyperus javanicus, forming the lowest fringe of vegetation;
Morinda citrifolia as bushes up to 10 ft high, mostly higher up the hillock from
the fern tangle;
Parinari corymbosa as a cluster of several much branched trees up to 20 ft high,
at the top beside the Survey Beacon.
I remember, but have failed to note, rather numerous large and metallic green
‘rose-beetles’ buzzing about on the summit as if they were bees. On the west side of
the summit, which was actually a slight ridge running north and south, there was a
large nest of the sea-eagle, surrounded by fish-bones and the skeletons of sea-
snakes.
Half a mile north of P. Berhala, roughly in line with its slight ridge, there was a
skerry of granite rocks just breaking the surface of the sea, about 40 yards across,
and devoid both of sandstone and vegetation. It indicated another such islet worn
down to the granite platform that was itself disintegrating.
bE. ye stelle
ee ae ee
——
Fig. 6. Sketch of a transect across P. Berhala, with granite platform and sandstone hill. M, Morinda
citrifolia; Pa, Parinari corymbosa; S, Stenochlaena.
14 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
Pulau Babi Tengah
I visited this island off the Johore coast on 10 June 1932, 27 September 1936 and
29 October 1936. It is a granite island with an accumulation of granite boulders on
the points with sandy bays between them. It had been largely deforested but
retained on the north and east shores a Terminalia-zone with its backing of Eugenia
grandis, typical of the east coast of Johore. Coconut palms had been planted over
most of the island. At the north-east end the small headlands or spits of granite
boulders were connected with the main island by necks of small water-worn
boulders and coral detritus on which Pemphis acidula formed elfin woods, almost
pure stands, as at Tg Ruit. Between these spits, the sandy bays had small stands of
mangrove as at P. Tulai. A sandy spit at the north-west end had a natural growth of
Casuarina equisetifolia and some tufts of Spinifex littoreus on the growing front.
It will be seen from the list in Table 1 that none of the plants characteristic of the
granite islets of Tiuman occurred, unless the rather ubiquitous Atalantia and
Diospyros. \ failed to record the ferns and coastal aroids and orchids. Hence there
are many apparent absentees in Table 1, which account for its low total of species.
It could have been that, before deforestation, the island had much of the flora of
the granite islets off Tiuman.
I make the following observations on a few of the plants:- Atalantia was very
abundant. Barringtonia macrostachya and Garcinia nigrolineata were common
inland. Pandanus odoratissimus var. laevis (P. spurius, as the thornless variety)
grew under the coconut palms and might have been planted. The record of
Schizachyrium sanguineum is the only one for the Malay Peninsula according to
Gilliland. The shrub Timonius compressicaulis was common on rocky headlands on
the north-east side of the island. Concerning Messerschmidia (Tournefortia) one
would like to know its distribution in the Peninsula.
Notes on special plants
Allophylus cobbe — I made several varieties for this species in the Malay
Peninsula (Corner 1939a). They have been recognised by Leenhouts (1967) who
equates them as follows:—
var. glaber as A. javanicus and A. longipes,
var. limosus as near to A. ternatus,
var. marinus as A. timorensis,
var. velutinus as A. racemosus,
var. villosus as A. villosus
but he agrees with me that there is, practically, only one species. It would be
interesting to pursue this problem experimentally, by raising seed of the varieties
and by hybridisation.
Breynia coronata ?, SFN 29853. — This was a straggling climber on P. Duchong,
22 August 1935, common on rocks near the top of the island. The leaves were
glaucous beneath. All the plants were sterile.
Cissampelos ?, Corner s.n., P. Tulai, 18 August 1935; common climber in the
Terminalia-zone, with yellowish leaves.
Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets 15
Calamus chibehensis, SFN 29842. — Furtado (1956) attributed this collection to
M.R. Henderson, which is an error. I saw what I took to be the same plant also at
P. Tulai and Juara Bay. It is probably no other than a variety of C. burkillianus
which occurs on Tiuman.
Celastrus ? SFN 29829, P. Chibeh, 19 August 1935. — This was a frequent small
tree on rocks at the top of the island and on the west slope. It resembled the
guava-tree (Psidium) in shape, leaf, and pale brown, slightly papery-flaky, bark. I
collected it as Aporosa ?, but it was referred to Celastrus by M.R. Henderson. It is
not listed by Ding Hou (1965).
Chrysopogon fulvus. — This tussock grass occurs in Africa, India, and Thailand,
but in Malaya it is known only from Kedah (Bukit Wang) and P. Tokong Burong
(Gilliland 1971). It would seem to be carried somehow by terns, but that would not
explain its strange distribution.
Diospyros ferrea. — Concerning the variation in this very widespread species
there is the article by Fosberg (1939). Recently, however, doubt has been thrown
on the use of this name (Smith 1981).
Ehretia sp., SFN 29827, P. Chibeh, 19 August 1935; SFN 29845, P. Sepoi, 20
August 1935; straggling climber on more or less exposed rocks; berries small, dull
orange.
Ficus. — When I visited the islets, the identification of the strangling figs was in a
state of confusion. I believe, now, that I mistook several records which I made on
the spot as F. microcarpa. Certainly some, for which I made specimens, have
turned out to be F. kurzii and F. stricta. Careful study of the venation of the dried
leaves is necessary to identify these sterile saxicolous fig-plants. I note that F.
hispida, abundant in the northern half of the Peninsula, was absent from the
southerly islands, just as from the south of the Peninsula.
Gnetum gnemon. — There are notes on the wild occurrence of this tree in Malaya
(Corner 1939b).
Hemiscolopia trimera. — The strange distribution of this small tree, resembling
the rukam (Flacourtia), is given by Sleumer (1954), to whose account must be
added his later records from Malacca and Ulu Sedili. It suggests a north-south line
from Indo-China to the Sunda Straits. On P. Tulai it must be a relic. It may have
had the wider distribution of Hydnocarpus ilicifolia in the northern part of the
Peninsula from Langkawi across Kedah to Pahang. The tragedy is that with such
intensive deforestation the Peninsula has lost much of its botanical history.
Hydnocarpus ilicifolia, SFN 25762, P. Sepoi, 13 June 1932; SFN 29826, P.
Chibeh, 19 August 1935. — Tree - 30 ft high; trunk cylindric or slightly fluted
downwards; bark light brown to greyish brown, slightly flaky with thin angular
pieces but appearing smooth, becoming shortly and finely fissured, not pustulate or
rugose; inner bark pallid white, greenish below the outer bark; fruits 3-5 cm wide,
subglobose, velvety black; seeds with thin oily sweet pulp round them.
Manilkara kauki. — This tree, widely spread from Burma and Indo-China to
north Australia, occurs in the Malay Peninsula only ‘on rocky headlands and
16 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
islands off the east coast of Johore and Pahang’ (Ng 1972). I found it only on P.
Chibeh. Like Hydnocarpus ilicifolia, it seems to be a relic of the monsoon climate
at the north of the Riouw Pocket (Corner 1978).
Myristica guattertifolia. — The remarkable and almost coastal distribution of this
‘very distinct species’ is given by Sinclair (1958, 1968). It is surely connected with
the northerly shore-line of the Riouw Pocket as it impinged on the China Sea and
extended along the east coast of Malaya to Sumatra and Java; in fact, it circums-
cribes the Riouw Pocket. In Malaya it is known from P. Tenggol (Dungun), P.
Tiuman, P. Chibeh, P. Setindan, and the coast of Johore from Mersing to the Sedili
rivers (Corner 1978).
Pandanus dubius. — As | have noted (Corner 1978), this tree-like species with
stout stilt-roots and broad leaves reaches its western limit of distribution on P.
Tenggol (Dungun), P. Tiuman and some of its islets, and Tanjong Sedili Kechil
(Kecil). It is another indication of the northern limit of the Riouw Pocket. It is
common on the rocks at Bako National Park in Sarawak where it is accompanied by
the saxicolous state of Pandanus epiphyticus. That species occurs in the south-east
of Malaya and indicates the more central part of the Riouw Pocket. Strangely, it
seems never to occur on coastal rocks in the Peninsula (Corner 1978).
Phyllanthus ?, SFN 29848, P. Sepoi, 20 August 1935; sprawling climber on rocks
half-way up the island and at the south end; leaves subglaucous beneath; berries
pinkish purple, small.
Pisonia grandis. — This seashore tree, which I used to call P. excelsa, is widely
distributed on rocky coasts in the west Pacific but, in Malaya, only on the granite
islets about Tiuman and at Kuala Trengganu. Its sticky fruits adhere to the feathers
of birds which distribute it, and it is thought to succeed only in soil enriched with
guano. It appears, like Pandanus dubius, to have come westwards; yet, unlike that
pandan, it has not been recorded from the China Sea coast of Borneo. There is a
photo of it, which I took on P. Sepoi, in the Flora Malesiana (Stemmerik 1964).
Concerning the general occurrence of Pisonia forest and its competition with
Ochrosia oppositifolia, there is the article by Fosberg (1976).
Planchonella firma. — This is said to be a tree of mossy mountain forest in
Malaya, with P. Setindan as the only lowland record (Ng 1972). There are other
plants, such as Baeckia, Styphelium, and Vaccinium bracteatum, which move from
mountain to lowland, but none of these occurred in the islets around Tiuman. It
may be a relic of the mountain flora of P. Aor and P. Tinggi, and it should be
looked for on Gunong Panti. See, also, the following note.
Planchonella linggensis. — This species is distributed throughout Malesia to
Australia and the Pacific islands, but in the Malay Peninsula it appears to be
restricted to the rocky sea-coast of Penang, Pahang, and east Johore, except for
records from Penang Hill and Mt Ophir (Ng 1972). I found it on P. Chibeh, P.
Tulai, and P. Duchong. It is a remarkable relict occurrence.
Polyalthia sclerophylla. — Concerning the identity of the collection from P.
Duchong, I have already published a note (Corner 1978).
Premna obtusifolia. — This name supplants those of P. corymbosa and P.
integrifolia, which have been widely used for this common plant (Fosberg 1953).
Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets 17
Tristania obovata — Tanjong Penyabong and P. Setindan appear to be the
northern limits, on the east coast of Malaya, of this species of the Riouw
Archipelago.
Table 1. List of flowering plants and ferns at Tanjong Ruit (R), Pulau Chibeh (C).
P. Sepoi (S), P. Duchong (D), P. Setindan (St), and P. Babi Tengah (B).
(+ means present; — means absent or not found)
BR mGalc§ns Dri Sou.B
TREES. SHRUBS. PALMS. PANDANS
Adenanthera pavonina ee ee ee, ee
Allophylus cobbe v. limosus 25. SPs yolhss wicetoin¥
V. marinus +. (ee SASS Hee Oo
v. velutinus en ene Se
Antidesma cuspidatum nai MATER ier Sols
Ardisia crispa 6 See ee ee
Ardisia elliptica oo a ee ee on ee
Callicarpa longifolia eth A? egtion gage
Caryota mitis Ee San Se ee
Casuarina equisetifolia Ses ofclianit apes el
Cedrela ? fe ae ee
Cerbera manghas - = =eeeietes iis
Chionanthus ramiflorus — so epighaatn ides 3
Cocculus ovalifolius eS
18
Trees, etc., cont.
Cordia subcordata
Croton heterocarpus
Cycas rumphi
Cynometra ramiflora
Decaspermum paniculatum
Desmodium umbellatum
Diospyros ferrea
Diplospora malaccensis
Dracaena maingayl
Elaeocarpus floribundus
Erioglossum rubiginosum
Erythrina indica
Erythroxylon cuneatum
Eugenia claviflora
Eugenia glauca
Eugenia grandis
Eugenia longiflora
Eugenia palembanica
Eugenia polita
Eugenia subdecussata
Eurycoma longifolia
Excoecaria agallocha
Ficus caulocarpa
Ficus crassiramea
Ficus deltoidea
Ficus drupacea
Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
- =~ = +
._ a
- = = +
in fact ee
- + + +4
- = = +
yer re
=, th~ .e
Seyuey 1978}.-
=. aaah olla eee
- - + = +
+ = + $+ =
Lie aah Ulpetanaai
2 vena Ay ee
+ = + + +
en
meeer ee te
x. eheiuely ene a
1. «nda
wee
L appa
Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets
Trees, etc., cont.
Ficus fistulosa
Ficus grossularioides
Ficus hispida
Ficus kurzii
Ficus microcarpa
Ficus stricta
F. sundaica v. beccariana
Ficus superba
F. tinctoria ssp. gibbosa
Ficus variegata
Garcinia hombroniana
Garcinia nigrolineata
Gelonium glomerulatum
Glochidion littorale
Gnetum gnemon
Grewia paniculata
Guettarda speciosa
Guioa pleuropteris
Heritiera littoralis
Hernandia nymphaeifolia
Hibiscus tiliaceus
Hydnocarpus ilicifolia
Ixora congesta
Kleinhovia hospita
Knema globularia
St
19
20
Trees, etc., cont.
Knema malayana
Leea indica
Lepisanthes fruticosa
Litsea glutinosa
Macaranga javanica
Mallotus tiliaefolia
Manilkara kauki
Melastoma sanguineum
Memecylon coeruleum
Memecylon myrsinoides
Memecylon ovatum
Messerschmidia argentea
Morinda citrifolia
Myristica guatteriifolia
Myrsine porteriana
Neolitsea zeylanica
Ochrosia oppositifolia
Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985) |
Oncosperma filamentosa
Pandanus dubius
Pandanus odoratissimus
Parinari corymbosa
Pemphis acidula
Phoebe declinata
Pisonia grandis
Pithecellobium contortum
Pithecellobium ellipticum
= Jyh
ashivitn hee
= 2 yyeeee
—
= + ,obneae
=. Syn
+ + + =
= —?wieseaueane
nonoleseee
- = = +
- + + +
a\3 weil wel
= ete eee
= yin
yo ee
- + + +
4: yabaiihaeotel
- = = +
= yriopmepete
so\iqaed eet
~ vinokerdolaantins
ao.
Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets
Trees, etc., cont.
Pittosporum ferrugineum
Planchonella firma
Planchonella linggensis
Planchonella obovata
Podocarpus polystachyus
Polyalthia sclerophylla
Pongamia pinnata
Premna obtusifolia
Scaevola taccada
Sterculia foetida
Stereospermum fimbriatum
Terminalia catappa
Thespesia populnea
Timonius compressicaulis
Trema amboinensis
Trigonopleura ?
Tristania obovata
Vitex pubescens
Wendlandia ternifolia
CLIMBERS
Aganosma marginata
Caesalpinia bondhuc
Caesalpinia crista
Calamus chibehensis
Calamus perakensis
Canthium confertum
St
21
2?
Climbers cont.
Cassytha filiformis
Cissus repenns
Comsants monospermus Vv. malayanus
Derris scandens
Derris thyrsiflora
Derris uliginosa
Ehretia SFN 29827, 29845
Ficus parietalis
Flagellaria indica
Gnetum latifolium v. funiculare
Gynochthodes coriacea
Hoya diversifolia
Ipomoea illustris
Loeseneriella pauciflora
Morinda umbellata
Paramignya andamanica
Parsonsia spiralis
Phyllanthus ?:‘SFN 29848
Pisonia aculeata
Psychotria sarmentosa
Salacia chinensis
Sauropus albicans
Sauropus sp. (s.n.)
Schefflera venulosa
Tetracera assa
Tristellateia australasica
Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
- - = +
eo
xy vodey oleae
von ig Se
+ + + =
+ xeon eee
i\ cipal
2” oka ei
_- 2s eee
Aout) ate
- + + +
a. yell aa
oi 7 pral cee
See
tj ee
4. cynical
a a
aside lean
+ £f + =
<viiveieacee
- + + +
Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets
Climbers cont.
Vitis japonica
Yellow, cordate-leafed climber
HERBS, SEDGES, GRASSES
Aneilema sp. SFN 29794
Bulbophyllum vaginatum
Canavalia turgida
Cansjera zizyphoides
Chasalia curviflora
Coelorrachis glandulosa
Commersonia platyphylla
Cyperus cyperinus
Cyperus diffusus
Cyperus dubius
Cyperus javanicus
Cyperus kyllingii
Cyperus radians
Dianella ensifolia
Digitaria ciliaris
Eulalia ridleyi
Fimbristylis dichotoma
Hedyotis verticillata
Ipomoea pes-caprae
Ischaemum muticum
Lasianthus cyanocarpus
Oldenlandia paniculata
Panicum repens
St
23
24
Herbs, etc., cont.
Paspalum conjugatum
Plocoglottis porphyrophylla
Pseuderanthemum crenulatum
Schizachyrium sanguineum
Scleria lithosperma
Spinifex littoreus
Sporobolus virginicus
Taeniophyllum serrula
Themeda villosa
’ Vandellia crustacea
Vandellia hirsuta
Vigna marina
Wedelia biflora
Zoysia matrella
EPIPHYTES ON EXPOSED ROCKS
Asplenium nidus-avis
Cymbidium finlaysonianum
Davallia solida
Dendrobium crumenatum
Dendrobium serra
Dischidia rafflesiana
Drynaria quercifolia
Fagraea auriculata
Hydnophytum formicarium
Medinilla hasseltii
Polypodium scolopendria
Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
= -b <= =
—— = 4 2
- = = +
- = = +
—_ oe = a
ws — =< =
= oe = =
- + + +
che 2s + =
- + + +
- + + +
as — + ag
- = + +
— = + —
aed <= 4 =
as + = =
+ + + =
Botany of eastern Pahang and Johore islets 25
Epiphytes cont. RovoC S DH Seni B
Scindapsus sp. eee, Seer se a
SFN 29816 : eee era ae
FERNS (OTHER THAN EPIPHYTES)
Adiantum stenochlamys Bue) Re aC tigen
Asplenium glaucophyllum 2B eee eae = a
Asplenium macrophyllum ED 30, SER ee 2 Se a
Blechnum orientale ES ees oe ee
Cyclophorus adnascens Ss ee i
Lygodium flexuosum Ppa 2 C2. a/R i a
~ Nephrolepis biserrata 2 Ur: are Rens Set dee
Pteridium aquilinum aS gine by aes Came © VC as ee
Pteris ensiformis EE pee + nee oe
Stenochlaena palustris ts Ay ee 5 me tag et ale
Vittaria elongata SSA Sears a en
Reem et ee Ge. 65 83-94 40
References
Corner, E.J.H. (1939a). Notes on the systematy and distribution of Malayan
phanerogams, I. Gdns’ Bull, Singapore 10: 1-55.
. (1939b). Notes on the systematy and distribution of Malayan phanero-
gams, III. Gdns’ Bull. Singapore 10: 239-329.
. (1978). The Freshwater Swamp-forest of South Johore and Singapore.
Gdns’ Bull. Singapore, Suppl. n. 1.
Ding Hou (1965). Celastraceae. Identification List 24. Flora Malesiana Foundation,
Leiden.
Fosberg, F.R. (1939). Diospyros ferrea (Ebenaceae) in Hawaii. Occas. Papers
Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Hawaii, 15 n. 10: 119-131.
. (1953). Nomenclature of Premna obtusifolia R. Br. Taxon 2: 88-89.
. (1976). Coral island vegetation. Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs vol.
III, Biology 2: 256-277. Academic Press Inc.: New York, London.
%6 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
Gilliland, H.B. (1971). Grasses of Malaya. Revised Flora of Malaya vol. III.
Singapore Botanic Gardens.
Leenhouts, P.W. (1967). A conspectus of the genus Allophylus (Sapindaceae).
Blumea 15: 301-358.
Ng, F.S.P. (1972). Sapotaceae. Tree Flora of Malaya vol. I. Longman Group Ltd.
London.
Sinclair, J. (1958). A revision of the Malayan Myristicaceae. Gdns’ Bull. Singapore
16: 205-472.
. (1968). Florae Malesianae Praecursores — XLII. The genus Myristica in
Malesia and outside Malesia. Gdns’ Bull. Singapore 23: 1-540.
Smith, A.C. (1981)). Flora Vitiensis Nova vol. 2. Pacific Tropical Botanical Gar-
den: Kawai, Hawaii.
Stemmerik, J.F. (1964). Nyctaginaceae. Flora Malesiana ser. 1, 6: 464.
‘Ol 94] UO DIUadNT pure VIPVUIUAA] JO \SIIOJ [PISPOD
oy) pur ‘osjuso oy) Ul srydudag YW SNUY)SI AYSOI OY) “JYSII OY) UO SI puR[pRoY YIPUIWAA | OUT
‘TEH] Ul SuPUNTy Neng ‘ying dsuoluey “| eI “
‘CEOL
‘uRWINIT “dg ‘NY 3] JO snumyjst AYO dy} UO BjNpiIv siydwag
C Meld
28
Plate 3. Pulau Chibeh from the south-west, 1935.
Plate 4. P. Chibeh, north end, 1935.
ME hee
Plate 5. P. Chibeh from the north-east, 1935.
Plate 6. P. Chibeh, rocks at the south end, with the plant-collector Kiah bin Mohd. Salleh; 1935.
30
‘TEST “You ay Wor 1odag neing “/ a1eIg
31
Pi Measksncmipamastcmce
Weare
oe eae e
ope
Plate 8. P. Sepoi from the east, 1932.
%
Plate 9. P. Sepoi at the north-west end, 1935.
32
“SOYOURIG “IIL JSOWR “ITYM YIM SIPUDAS DIUOSI JO SId1 J.
‘SE6l ‘Pud Jsvd-YINOS dYI Iv IOdI|Sg “g
‘OT eld
co
or
“SyYUNI}-991] pue SIOp[nog dy} SuIdseyd s}OOI-sIJ Jo ajsue} dU].
“SGI “ISA10} ay} UI 1odag “gq
‘TT Id
34
35:
de the forest, 19
1 1nsl
P. Sepo
Plate 12.
oe)
Oy
The fluted trunks of Atalantia monophylla. among the fig-roots (mainly of Ficus superba).
The plant-collector Kiah bin Mohd Salleh in the middle distance to the right.
36
a,
®
naige
1933:
Mohd Salleh
in
ith undergrowth of Stenochlaena palustris and the
is W
ant-collector Kiah b
isonia grandi.
the pl
.
|
P. Sepoi in the forest of P
Atalantia-forest behind
Plate 13.
[SI URL SY} JO JUWUWINS 9Y} WOIJ UDIS se spUP]sI []eUIS OM) OUT,
uoINg SUOYO] Neng ‘pl Meld
“SC6l ‘SuoINng
SUOYOL “d JO puvjsi urew sy) Jo doy ayi uo snaynf uoSodosduyD sse13 dy) JO sydossnq ay]. “ST eld
‘VJO] 94) 0} ‘pue
‘SC6l “DIUO]sUlDg
DIYUIUAIT JO IBLIUOIJ JY} BUIMOYS ‘jsed 94} WOIJ ne] BuOyoONG Neng
‘OL Id
39
oe,
‘ZEST SONSIMUIG “AA “YB ay) UO andy
pods SY} {90UR}SIP 94} UI eTRD LS youne] sy} YIM ‘WOH ed o}1UeIs oY} SuIMOYs ‘eTeYyIIg “dq
“LI Id
40
‘TET -3eY 94) UO
IPPYOOI P SE BUIMOYS DSOqUIA10) LIDULAD JO SUMOID JY} YIM ‘YOU dy) Wo E[RYIOG Neng ‘RT WeId
Plate 19.
‘The rocks to the north
of P. Berhala; 1932.
Plate 20.
P. Berhala, the
granite platform
with the base of the
right, and in the
distance the low
rocky island to the
north; 1932.
Plate:21; |
P. Berhala, showing:
the granite platform
from the summit of
the hill; 1932.
New Species of the Genus Homalomena (Araceae) from Sumatra with
a Short Note on the Genus Furtadoa
Mitsuru HOTTA
Biological Laboratory, Yoshida College
Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan
EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 31 AUG. 1985
Abstract
Five new species of the genus Homalomena (Araceae) from Sumatra are described and their
relationships and chromosome numbers briefly discussed. Among them, Homalomena rusdii sp. nov.
stands out by its free ligule at the petiole base and by its (usual) basal placentation of ovules.
Homalomena mixta is transferred to the genus Furtadoa on the basis of the floral characters.
From 1980 to 1984, I had several opportunities to visit West Sumatra as a
member of the Sumatra Nature Study (SNS) Project, cooperating in field studies of
Andalas University (Indonesia) and Kyoto University (Japan). Members of the
Botany Group of the Project had been gathering many herbarium specimens
including a rich and good aroid collection (Hotta, 1984), and during those travels I
had opportunities to work on the taxonomy of Sumatran flora at the Herbarium
Bogoriense and the Singapore Botanic Gardens’ Herbarium.
The aroid flora of Sumatra is characterized by a slightly poorer diversity than that
of Borneo, especially among those elements that have a limited distribution in the
wet tropical region of Malesia. Borneo has 6 endemic genera of Araceae: Arid-
arum, Bucephalandra, Heteroaridarum, Hottarum, Pedicellar'um and Phymatarum
but Sumatra does not have endemics since Furtadoa once believed to be endemic to
Sumatra, has now been found in Malaya (see end of article). On the other hand,
in Sumatra, the genus Homalomena is rich in species and shows much variation. In
this paper, new and interesting species from our Sumatran material of Homa-
lomena are described.
Homalomena megalophylla M. Hotta, sp. nov. (sect. Homalomena) Fig. 1,2 &4A
Herba maxima caudiculo erecto 0.5-1.5 m longo, 8-15 cm crasso. Foliorum petiolus crassiuscule quam
lamina 2-plo longior, 1-1.6 m longus, ad 13-4, longitudinis vaginatus, lamina subcoriacea, supra obscure
viridis, subtus pallide viridis, ovato cordata, 50-80 cm longa, 35-50 cm lata, lobis posticis rotundato-
oblongis usque 20 cm longis, lobo antico ovato, acuminato, nervis lateralibus I. utrinque cire. 3
basalibus, 5-6 costalibus adscendentibus prope marginem sursum curvis. Pedunculi plures usque 25-30
cm longi. Spathae pars inferior oblongo-ovoidea (4)5-6.5 cm longa, 1.5-2.5 cm ampla, pars superior
convoluta 7-10 cm longa. Spadicis stipite 3-5 mm suffulti inflorescentia feminea (2.5)3.5-4(4.8) cm
longa, 1.5(-2) em crassa, mascula 6.5-8 cm longa. Flores masculi 4-5(-6) andri. Pistilla oblongo-
obovoidea virescentia, stigmate discoideo instracta; ovaria inferne trilocularia, placentis 3 in quoque
loculo a centro prominentibus, superne unilocularia, placentis parietalibus, ovulis numerosis alfixa.
Staminodia claviformia. Baccae obovoidea 7 mm longa; semina ellipsoidea 1.5 mm longa.
WEST SUMATRA: Airsirah pass, 850-900 m, July 28, 1984, M. Hotta, H. Okada & T. Kohyama 8
(KYO); between Sungai Dareh and Sijunjung, steep-rocky cliff off the road side, alt. 100-200 m, Aug.
20, 1981, M. Hotta, H. Okada & R. Tamin 104 (Holotypus in KYO, isotypus in BO); Harau,
Pajakumbuh, rocky open place at the foot of the hill, alt. 600 m, Aug. 27, 1983, M. Hotta & R. Tamin
299 (KYO).
43
M.Umebayash
Fig. 1. Homalomena megalophylla M. Hotta
Leaf, X *%; and habit, x Mo.
44
Fig. 2. Homalomena megalophylla M. Hotta
A: spathe (right) and fruiting spadix (left), x 12; B: fruit (right) and its longitudinal section
(left), X 5; C: cross-sections of upper (above) and lower (below) parts of ovary, x 5; D:
close-ups of two male flowers, front view (right) and a stamen, side view (left), x 10; E: seed, x
10.
This new species is one of the largest plants found among the species of the genus
Homalomena. It seems to be related to H. rubescens (Roxb.) Kunth, the rela-
tionship being indicated by the male flower, which has large ovoid pollen sacs
attached directly to the surface of the spadix axis (cf. Engler 1912: p. 64, fig. 39, D
& E). However, my new species is distinctively different in that it has a constricted
spathe and is an extremely large plant. In the latter respect it is like H. gigantea
Engler but differs from that by the shape of the stamen and that of the spathe.
H. megalophylla is a common and conspicuous aroid on open, wet, rocky slopes
in West Sumatra. It is therefore strange that specimens are not found in the Bogor
or Singapore herbaria. The chromosome number of this species is 2n=40 (based on
counts in Airsirah clones made by H. Okada, unpublished).
Homalomena gadutensis M. Hotta, sp. nov. (sect. Homalomena). Fig. 3,4D
Herba majuscula caudiculo erecto 10-40 cm longo, 1.5-2 cm crasso. Foliorum petiolus quam lamina
1.5-2-plo longior, 30-50 cm longus, ad 13-2 longitudinis vaginatus, lamina supra viridis, subtus pallide
viridis, ovato cordata, 13-25 cm longa, 10-15 cm lata, lobis posticis ovato-triangularis usque 5 cm longis,
lobo antico ovato, acuminato, nervis lateralibus I. utrinque circ. 3 basalibus, 5-6 costalibus adscendenti-
45
Fig. 3.
46
Homalomena gadutensis M. Hotta
A. habit, x 2; B: spathe (left) and spadix (right), x */4; C: close-up of female part of spadix, x
7; D: close-up of male part of spadix, x 7; E: female flower (/eft) and staminode (right), « 9; F:
longitudinal section of ovary, X 9; G: cross-section of ovary, X 15; H: ovule, x 40; J: side view
(above) and longitudinal section of male flower (below), x 10.
Homalomena and Furtadoa 47
bus prope marginem sursum curvis. Peduncli plures usque 8-15 cm longi. Spathae pars inferior oblongo-
ovoidea 2.5-3.8 cm longa, 1.2-1.5 cm ampla, pars superior naviculiformia, 5-7.5 cm longa. Spadicis
stipite 10 mm suffulti inflorescentia feminea 2-2.5 cm longa, 0.5-0.6 cm crassa, mascula 4.5-6 cm longa.
Flores masculi (3-)4(-5) andri. Pistilla oblongo-obovoidea virescentia, stigmate discoideo instracta;
ovaria inferne trilocularia, placentis 3 in quoque parietalibus, ovulis numerosis affixa. Staminodia
superne obconica, inferne filiformia.
WEST SUMATRA: Ulu Gadut, in forest floor near hill ridge, alt. 500 m, Nov. 29, 1980, M. Hotta
25091 (KYO, BO), alt. 550 m, Nov. 29, 1980, H. Hotta 25105 (Holotypus in KYO, isotypus in BO);
Pinang Pinang, Ulu Gadut, common on forest floor, alt. 400-800 m, Dec. 17, 1982, M. Hotta, H. Okada
& M. Ito 88 (KYO); G. Kambot, alt. 400-650 m, Jan. 23, 1981, M. Hotta & R. Tamin 255 (KYO), 262-b
(KYO), 270 (KYO); Gajabuih, common on forest floor, alt. 400-650 m, Jan. 5, 1981, M. Hotta 25830
(KYO, chromosome number 2n=38, cited by Dr. H. Okada, 1984 as Homalomena sp. nov. 1), 450-700
m, July 31, 1984, M. Hotta, H. Okada & T. Kohyama 101 (KYO); Batu Bajolang, forest floor near
ridge, alt. 400-600 m, M. Hotta, H. Okada & M. Ito 1132 (KYO, BO, AND%).
Fig. 4. Leaf shape variation of allied species of Homalomena in Mt. Gadut area
A: H. megalophylla; B: H. sagittifolia; C: H. pendula; D: H. gadutensis.
H. gadutensis is closely related to H. sagittifolia, one of the very variable species
in Malesia. Collections of the latter related species in the same group (H. pendula
group, H. megalophylla and H. gadutensis) from Mt. Gadut area vary a great deal
in shape and size of the leaves (Fig. 4), and in the spathe (Fig. 5). Precise
identification of each species in the group could not have been achieved without
examining the characters of the spathe and the male flower. The leaf size shows a
tendency to decrease as the elevation increases. This tendency is illustrated by
measurements of the largest leaf of each collection, after classification using spathe
*AND = Herbarium of Andalas University, Ulu Gadut, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia.
G. Kambot
Nn
6 5
B 4
a
Oe
o4
a.
S
oO
2
foe)
g Ulu Gadut
ie)
& 5
n 4
= 3
2
as) 1
oO
oO.
Nn
Lol
)
7 Karang Puteh
© 6
= 5
34
Z 3
2
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Ratio of spathe-lamina length to total spathe length
Fig. 5. Variation of spathes of four Homalomena taxa in Mt. Gadut area
Ratio of the length of spathe lamina to the total length of spathe (horizontal axis), and number
of specimens from three local populations (vertical axis); ratio 0 = H. pendula group (spathe
without constriction and undifferentiated into the basal (=tube) part and apical lamina),
02-0.6 = H. sagittifolia, and over 0.6 = H. gadutensis.
characters (see Fig. 5), i.e., (a) spathe unconstricted — H. pendula species group,
(b) spathe constricted and separable into the spathe tube and the lamina. Group (b)
is subdivided into (1) ratio of lamina/total length of spathe 0.2-0.6 — H. sagittifolia,
and (2) ratio of lamina/total length of spathe 0.6 or more — H. gadutensis. From
the analysis, it is seen that H. gadutensis also has smaller leaves and is a compara-
tively smaller plant. Besides, the lamina of its spathe is white and boat-shaped,
spreading open widely at the time of flowering. The chromosome counts for H.
pendula group, H. megalophylla and H. sagittifolia of Mt. Gadut area are in all
cases 2n=40 or 80, but is 2n=38 for H. gadutensis, a number peculiar for the genus
(H. Okada 1984 & unpublished).
A variety, H. sagittifolia var. sumatrana v. Ard. v. Rosen., may at first seem to
be H. gadutensis on account of the smaller size of the entire plant and its occurrence
in a locality at a higher altitude (Talu, Ophir, 950 m, Biinnemeijer 1299, lectotype
in BO), but this specimen, to my mind, represents a mountain ecotype of H.
sagittifolia with a spathe-lamina which is rather short; and furthermore, H. sagittifo-
lia occasionally does occur on mountains above 1000 m in West Sumatra. This
mountain ecotype usually has a tetraploid chromosome complement, 2n=80, cited
by Dr. H. Okada (unpublished).
Homalomena padangensis M. Hotta, sp. nov. (sect. Chamaecladon) Fig. 6
Herba majuscula rhizomate obliquo 3-8 cm longo, 1-1.5 cm crasso, pauce (2-4) foliato. Foliorum
petiolus quam lamina 1.5-2-plo longior, 30-40 cm longus, ad % longitudinis vaginatus, lamina sub-
coriacea, supra vertinus nitida, viridis, subtus pallide viridis, cordata, paullum inaequilatera, 15-25 cm
longa, 10-15 cm lata, apice breviter acuminata, nervis lateralibus I. utrinque 5-8 adscendentibus leviter
arcuatis, nervis secundariis inter primarios numerosis interjectis. Pedunculi usque 3-4 cm longi. Spathae
oblonga breviter apiculata, viridis, 2 cm longa, 6-8 mm ampla. Spadicis sessilis oblongi inflorescentia
feminea 4 mm longa, quam mascula 4-plo brevior. Flores masculi (1-)3 andri. Pistilla ovoidea virescen-
tia, stigmate discoideo coronata; ovaria bilocularia, ovulis medio affixis. Staminodia crassa claviformia
quam ovaria duplo brevior.
48
Fig. 6 Homalomena padangensis M. Hotta
A: habit, x 42; B: spathes x 1; C: spadix, x 1; D: male flower, front (below) and side views
(above) X 12; E: cross-section (lower left) and longitudinal (lower right) sections of female
flower with staminode (above), x 8.
49
50 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
WEST SUMATRA: Karang Puteh, on wet and open limestone cliff, alt. 150-300 m, Feb. 16, 1981, M.
Hotta & H. Okada 344 (KYO, chromosome number 2n=40, cited by H. Okada 1984 as Homalomena
sp. nov. 2), alt. 100-200 m, Aug. 14, 1981, M. Hotta & H. Okada 476 (Holotypus in KYO, isotypus in
BOD, AND, SING & L).
H. padangensis seems to be related to H. griffithii, a common and widely
distributed species in western Malesia, but distinctly differs from the latter by its
coriaceous leaf with a velvet-like gloss, cordate leaf base, and the decumbent stem
with many strong roots growing out from the nodes.. H. padangensis is characte-
rized by the very short filament of the stamen of the male flower (the pollen sac
being attached directly to the spadix axis), and the relatively fewer female flowers
in the lower part of the inflorescence. This species occurs in a limited area on the
limestone hill of Karang Puteh and needs careful protection.
Homalomena hastata M. Hotta, sp. nov. (sect. Chamaecladon) Fig. 7
Herba majuscula caudiculo obliquo 3-5 cm longo, 1 cm crasso, 1-2 foliato. Foliorum petiolus laminae
subaequilongus vel ea 2-plo longior, 40-60 cm longus, vagina 4-5 cm longa instructus, lamina supra
opaca viridis, subtus pallide viridis, triangulari-oblonga inaequilatera, leviter curvata, basi hastata, apice
acuminata, 25-35 cm longa, 10-15 cm lata, lobis posticis triangularis usque 5-8 cm longis, nervis
lateralibus I. utrinque circ. 2 basalibus, 4-5 costalibus adscendentibus. Pedunculi usque 5-6 cm longi.
Spathae ovoidea 2 cm longa, 0.8 cm ampla, apice cuspidata. Spadicis sessilis inflorescentia feminea 0.7
cm longa, 0.4 cm crassa, mascula 0.8 cm longa. Flores masculi 3 andri. Pistilla oblongo-obovoidea
virescentia, stilo cylindrici et stigmate discoideo instracta; ovaria inferne trilocularia, placentis 3 in
quoque locullo a centro prominentibus, superne unilocularia, placentis parietalibus, ovulis numerosis
affixa. Staminodia elongato claviformia inferne filiformia, pistilla aequantia.
WEST SUMATRA: Along road between Lubuksikaping and Bondjor, Lurah Berangin Nature
Reserve, 400-500 m, Sept. 21, 1984, M. Hotta 30231 (KYO); Pinang Pinang plot, Ulu Gadut, in dense
forest floor of limestone area, alt. 500 m, Aug. 25, 1981, M. Hotta & H. Okada 624 (KYO), Aug. 27,
1981, M. Hotta & H. Okada 689 (KYO), Sept. 2, 1981, M. Hotta 26670 (Holotypus in KYO, isotypus in
BO),, Feb. 6, 1983, M. Hotta, H. Okada & M. Ito 1082 (KYO, BO); upper part of Pinang Pinang ridge,
700 m, Aug. 1, 1984, M. Hotta, H. Okada & T. Kohyama 221 (KYO); G. Kambot, alt. 400-600 m, Jan.
23, 1981, M. Hotta & R. Tamin 269 & 291 (KYO).
In general H. hastata can be regarded as a plant well adapted to the habitat on
the forest-floor. There are few leaves (usually 1 to 2) with thin and dark green
lamina. The petiole is slender and very shortly sheathed at the base. The stem is
somewhat decumbent and branches underground. The hastate leaf blade and the
long filament of the male flower, both distinctive characters for the section Cha-
maecladon, are also found in this species. The chromosome number of this species
is 2n=40 based on a clone of Pinang Pinang ridge (H. Okada, unpublished).
This new species occurs commonly in and around the Pinang Pinang Plot (one of
our study sites for forest ecology on the gentle ridge of Pinang Pinang Hill), and we
also found it in a few other places of the Mt. Gadut area and once in northern W.
Sumatra (Lurah Berangin). It seems to have a limited distribution in and around
the limestone areas of West Sumatra.
Homalomena rusdii M. Hotta, sp. nov. (sect. Chamaecladon) Fig. 8
Herba parvula, rhizomate repente, 3-10 cm longo, 1-1.5 cm crasso, dense foliato. Foliorum petiolus
quam lamina 1.5-plo longior vel ei aequilongus, 8-13 cm longus, basi late vaginatus, vagina ovato-
triangulare (2.5-3 cm) liguliformi-producta, lamina coriacea, supra nitida viridis, subtus pallidior,
lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata, 8-11 cm longa, 2-3.5 cm lata, apiculo 2 mm longo cylindriformi,
nervis lateralibus I. utrinque 3-4 angulo acuto adscendentibus leviter arcuatis. Pedunculi tenui usque 4-5
cm longi. Spathae oblonga breviter apiculata, viridis, 1.5-2 cm longa, 6-8 mm ampla. Spadicis sessilis
Fig. 7.
Homalomena hastata M. Hotta
A: habit, x 2 (Hotta, Okada & Ito 1082); B: spathe (left) and spadix (right), 1%; C: fruiting
inflorescences, X 2 (Hotta & Tamin 291); D: close-up of female part of spadix, x 10; E:
close-up of male part of spadix, x 10; F: female flower with staminode, x 15; G: staminode
from base of spadix, x 15; H: longitudinal section of ovary (left), cross section of style (right),
x 15; J: cross-sections of ovary at upper (left) and lower (right) parts, x 15; J: ovule (right) and
seed, X 40 (left); K: male flower (side view), x 15; L: stamen, x 15.
51
Fig. 8.
52
Homalomena rusdii M. Hotta
A: habit, x 2; B: leaf apices, x 4; C: petiole bases with free ligule, x 112; D: inflorescences, x
2; E: spathe (left) and spadix (right), x 1; F: female part of spadix, x 8; G: longitudinal
sections of 3 ovaries, X 13; H: ovule, x 40; J: stamens (front view), J: stamen (side view), X 40;
and K: male flower (front view), x 40.
Homalomena and Furtadoa 53
oblongi inflorescentia feminea 2 mm longa, quam mascula 5-plo brevior. Flores masculi (1-)3 andri.
Pistilla late ovoidea virescentia, in stilum brevissimum stigmate discoideo instructa; ovarium unilocu-
lare, placentis 1, ovulis hemianatropis medio vel basi-affixis. Staminodia claviformia quam ovaria duplo
breviora.
WEST SUMATRA: Fort de Kock, Harau, Aug. 5, 1931, Frey Wyssling 154 (BO); Arau (Harau)
Nature Reserve, Pajakumbuh, on wet rock near waterfall, 600 m, Aug. 27, 1983, M. Hotta & R. Tamin
300 (Holotypus in KYO, isotypus in BO & L).
H. rusdii has the distinct characters of the genus Homalomena, such as the free
ligule of the petiole-sheath, and a uniloculate ovary with parietal-basal placenta-
tion. It is undoubtedly also closely related to H. paucinervia by the coriaceous,
lanceolate leaf blade with a few primary lateral veins (usually 3-4 on each side). H.
paucinervia is a typical rheophytic aroid which is widely distributed in West Malesia
(Borneo, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra), and two Sarawak collections (Hirano &
Hotta 1284, and Hotta 15380) and one from southern Thailand (collection of Dr. T.
Yahara and cultivated in the green-house of Kyoto University) have uniloculate
ovaries with basal placentation. This type of unicarpellate ovary in Homalomena
with parietal or basal placentation, has been reported on in H. minutissima (Hotta
1967), closely related to H. humilis that has no direct relationship with the present
species. The peculiar character of the uniloculate ovary in Homalomena might have
been evolved in a parallel way within two groups. On the other hand, the genus
Furtadoa of the subtribe Homalomeninae has a uniloculate ovary with basal pla-
centation, but this genus differs from the genus Homalomena by the sterile pistil in
the male portion of spadix, i.e., a male flower formed by a stamen and a sterile
pistil. This interesting floral character is found in Homalomena mixta col-
lected from the Malay Peninsula, the second species now assigned to the genus
Furtadoa.
Furtadoa mixtum (Ridley) M. Hotta, comb. nov.
Homalomena mixta Ridley in Jour. Bot. 40: 36 (1902); Engler in Pflanzenr. ITV. 23 Da: 80 (1912);
Furtado in Gard. Bull. Str. Settl. 10: 209 (1939).
MALAYA. PAHANG: Tahan woods, 1891, Ridley s.n. (SING, holotype of H. mixta Ridley).
This species has elliptic and wider leaf lamina than Furtadoa sumatrensis and
seems to be a forest-floor aroid.
Acknowledgments
It is a pleasure to record my thanks to the many persons who helped me in my
work. I am grateful to Dr. Kuswata Kartawinata of Herbarium Bogoriense and Dr.
Chang Kiaw Lan of the Singapore Herbarium for the use of facilities under their
care and for kindly helping with my herbarium work; Dr. Amsir Bakar, Head of
Indonesian counterparts of SNS, Andalas University, and Dr. S. Kawamura,
Leader of the SNS project, Kyoto University for their encouragement. Mr. Rusjdi
Tamin and students of Andalas University kindly co-operated during my recurrent
field work in West Sumatra. Dr. H. Okada has carefully made chromosome counts
of the new species of Homalomena.
References
Engler, A. (1912). Araceae-Philodendroideae-Homalomeninae und Schismato-
glottidinae. Engler’s Pflanzenr. IV. 23 Da: 1-82.
54 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
Furtado, C. X. (1939). Araceae Malesicae II: Notes on some Indo-Malaysian
Homalomena species. Gard. Bull. Str. Settl. 10: 183-238.
Hotta, M. (1967). Notes on Bornean plants, Il. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 22: 153-
162.
(1984). Check list of Araceae in Sumatra. Hotta (ed.): Forest Ecology and
Flora of G. Gadut, West Sumatra, 91-114. Kyoto Univ., Kyoto.
Okada, H. (1984). Chromosome counts of some plants collected from W. Sumatra.
Hotta (ed.): Forest Ecology and Flora of G. Gadut, West Sumatra, 89-90. Kyoto
Univ., Kyoto.
A New Account of the Genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt 2*
W.J.J.O. de WILDE
Rijksherbarium, Leiden, The Netherlands
EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 31 AUG. 1985
Contents
Enumeration and description-of the species 6-45 .....................2..0ceseccsecncceeceteceeceescnscescceess page 55
6. Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb. Fig. 1A(6); 2 II; 6
Myristica irya Gaertn., Fruct. 1 (1788) 195, tab. 41; Hook.f. & Thoms., Fl. Ind. (1855) 159; A. DC.,
Prod. 14 (1856) 202 (excl. M. exaltata, p.p., see under Endocomia, Blumea 30 (1984) 173; King, Ann.
Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 308, pl. 141, 141-bis. — H. irya (Gaertn.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897)
317 (incl. vars. or forms ceylanica, javanica, malayana, wallichii, moluccana, siamensis), t. 22 fig. 1-4;
Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 382, fig. 33, Pl. IX-A; 28 (1975) 61; Back. & Bakh. van den
Brink, Fl. Java 1 (1963) 138. — Type: Gaertner’s drawing.
M. javanica B1., Bijdr. (1825) 576; Rumphia 1 (1835) 190, t. 62. — Type: authentic Blume’s specimens
not found in L; tab. 62 (C fl., fr.).
M. spherocarpa Wall., Pl. As. Rar. (1830) 79, t. 89. — M. irya var. wallichii King, Ann. Roy. Bot.
Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 309, pl. 141-bis, 3-5. — Type: Wallich Cat. 6796 (K-W).
M. micrantha Wall., Cat. 6807 (1832), nom. nud. — Type: Wallich 6807 (K).
M. lemanniana A. DC., Ann. Sci. Nat. Sér. 4, 4 (1855) 31, t. 4; Prod. 14, 1 (1856) 203. — H. lemanniana
(DC.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 326. — Type: Lemann s.n. (G, n.v.).
M. subglobosa Migq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 1 (1861) 383. — M. globularia Bl. var. subglobosa (Miq.)
Miq., Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. 1 (1864) 206 — H. subglobosa (Miq.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 328
(for the original syntype only) — Type: Sumatra, Diepenhorst Hb. 2148 (U), Teysmann Hb. 3189 (VU).
M. vrieseana Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. — Bat. 2 (1865) 49. — M. irya var. longifolia King, Ann.
Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 309, pl. 141-bis, 1-2. — Type: de Vriese s.n. (L).
H. labillardieri Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 283, t. 21 f. 1-2. — M. labillardieri (Warb.) Boerl., Hand.
Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 85. — Type: Java, Hb. — Labillardiere s.n., male flowers (B, +; iso; FI, see
note by Sinclair p. 89).
H. acuminata Merr., Phil. J. Sc. 17, 1920 (1921) 253; En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 181. — Type: de Mesa FB
27507 (PNH, n.v., probably destroyed).
H. nunu Kanehira, Trop. Woods 29, 5 (1932) nom. nud.; Bot. Mag. Tokyo 46 (1932) 451; Fl. Micr.
(1933) fig. 32; Enum. Micron. Plants, in J. Dept. Kyushu Imp. Univ. 4, 6 (1935) 319. — Type:
Kanehira 1303, 1304 (n.v.).
H. amklaal Kanehira, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 47 (1933) 670; Fl. Micr. (1933) 109, fig. 31, pl. 16. — Type:
_Kanehira 1944 (FU, n.v.), 1978 (FU, n.v.), 2058 (FU, n.v., iso: K & P), 2059 (FU, n.v.).
H. congestiflora A.C. Smith, J. Arn. Arb. 22 (1941) 64. — Type: Brass 8010 (A, n.v.; iso: BM & L).
Tree 10-25(-40). Twigs terete or often drying flattened towards apex, usually
thinly ridged, (2-)3-10(-30) mm diam., glabrescent, tomentum minute to conspi-
*Continued from Gdns’ Bull. Sing. 37(2): 179.
55
56
Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.) Warb.
a, leafy twig apex, note whitish blotched leaves, x 1%; b, twig portion with male inflorescence,
note ridged twig, X 42; c, mature male flower bud, lateral view, x 12; d, male flower,
longitudinal section, showing androecium, X 25; e, androecium, longitudinal section, schema-
tic, X 25; f, twig portion with female inflorescence, X 12; g, mature female flower, x 6; h,
ditto, opened, showing glabrous ovary with minute 2-lipped stigma, X 12; i, twig portion with
infructescence, note spherical fruits. — a & b from NGF 22319; c-e from Kostermans 24385; f-i
from FRI 3044.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 . SF
cuous (New Guinea and Pacific Isls.), grey to rusty, of mixed dendroid hairs
0.1-0.5(-1.0) mm; bark often coarsely striate, often + blackish, when older not
flaking; lenticels usually conspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, abaxially often + curved
especially towards the tip, membranous, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, 10-30(-35)
x 3-7(-9) cm, base rounded to attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface
drying dull greenish-brown to blackish-brown, usually finely pustulate with paler
stipples and almost always with larger irregular whitish marks of unknown origin,
lower surface early glabrescent to glabrous, without dark dots; midrib slender
above, flattish; nerves 10-20 pairs, very thin and flattish above, inconspicuous, the
marginal arches usually not distinct; tertiary venation forming a lax network, faint
above, thin though distinct beneath; petiole 7-16 x 1.5-3(-4) mm; leaf bud c.
10(-15) x 2-3 mm, pubescent with hairs c. 0.1-0.5(-1.0) mm. Inflorescences densely
tomentose with hairs 0.1-0.5(-1.0) mm long, persistent or glabrescent, in GC: 3-4
times ramified, many-flowered, c. 4-18 x 3-7(-10) cm; in Q: c. 2-6(-8) cm long,
2(-3) times ramified; common peduncle 0.5-4.5 cm long; bracts acutish, 1.5-4 mm
long, caducous. Flowers in CO in clusters of 3-10, in 9 usually solitary or a few
together, perianth glabrous or at base glabrescent, perianth 2-valved; pedicel
pubescent or glabrescent, at base not articulated. Male perianth subglobose or +
transversely ellipsoid, somewhat laterally compressed or not, c. 1.0-1.3(-1.5) x
(1.0-)1.2-1.5(-2.0, Indo-China) mm, apical part broadly rounded, at base rounded
or short-tapering; pedicel slender, (0-)0.1-1(-1.5) mm, inarticulate at base; perianth
at anthesis cleft to c. 42-7, valves c. 0.2 mm thick. Androecium broadly obovoid, +
broadened transversely, c. 0.8-1.2 xX 1.0-1.5 mm; anthers 6-9(-10), Indo-China),
not closely touching, c. 0.5-0.8(-1.0) mm long, towards apex incurved and free for
c. 0.2-0.3 mm, dorsally attached to the broadly concave, often + saucer- or
cup-shaped androphore c. 0.4-0.5 x (0.5-)0.6-1.0 mm, tapered towards the base.
Female perianth obovoid or ellipsoid, c. 1.5-2.3 x 1.3-2.0 mm, at anthesis cleft to c.
4-13, valves c. 0.3 mm thick, pedicel 1-4 mm long; ovary broadly obovoid,
glabrous c. 1.2-1.5 X 1.0-1.3 mm, stigma minute, c. 0.05 xX 0.1 mm. Fruits 2-8 per
infructescence, globose, 1.5-2.2 cm diam., glabrous, with the surface finely granu-
lar, without larger tubercles or lenticels, drying dark brown to blackish, dry
pericarp c. 1-2 mm thick; stalk 5-10 mm long, perianth not persisting.
Distribution. From Ceylon through Malesia to the Solomon Isls.: Ceylon, Bur-
ma, Andaman Isls., Nicobar Isl., S. Indo-China (Cochin-China), Cambodia, Thai-
land, Malaya, Singapore, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Moluccas, C.(?) & S.
Philippines, New Guinea, Caroline Isls., Solomon Isls.; no collections seen from
the Lesser Sunda Isl. and N. Philippines.
CEYLON: Davidse & Sumithraarachi 8119; Gardner (Hb. Hooker) 748; King’s Coll. (1884); Koster-
mans 24385, 27202; Thwaites C.P. 221, 2620; Walker s.n.; Wall., Cat. 6804 (C’, part of the material of
M. exaltata, not the lectotype); Waas 1272; Worthington 487, 517, 576, 686, 1848, 6351.
ANDAMAN Isls.: Balakrishnan & Bhargava 3622; Kurz s.n.; Parkinson 1050.
NICOBAR Isl.: Nair 3512.
BURMA: Wallich 6804 C (Moulmein, C fls.; part of the original material of M. exaltata, not the
lectotype).
THAILAND: Kerr 4108 (A, B, C), 11419, 13883, 14252, 18599, 18907, 19036; Lakshnakara 615;
Larsen c.s. FHB. 31253; Marcan 232, 720, 971, 1978; Maxwell 75-61; 75-1026; Put 623, 1580; Rabil 218,
273; Smith 348; see further Sinclair’s list (1975, p. 62).
CAMBODIA: Poilane Ch. 158.
58 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
VIETNAM (SOUTH): Miiller 1020; Pierre 5745; Poilane 769, Thorel 1186 (p.p., other specimens of
the same number are the type of H. thorelii).
MALAYA: Griffith 4357; Kep. FN 94710; Ridley 4957; Wallich 6807 — Kedah: Wyatt-Smith KFN
71179 — Perak: FRI 3044; King’s coll. 7447; Ridley 3043; SFN. 33240 — Kelantan: Ridley 7206; Shah &
Kadim MS 550 — Trengganu: SFN 40739. — Pahang: Evans s.n. — Selangor: SFN 34145. — Malacca:
Kep. FN 94710; Maingay 1292, 2944, 3075. — Johore: Corner 25856, 25964, 28493; Maxwell 80-142;
Ridley 897, 11328. — Penang (etc.): Curtis 936; Kep. FN 80999; Ridley s.n.
SINGAPORE: Ridley 4814, 8957; SFN 339448, 40202; Sinclair s.n. (1953).
SUMATRA: Ashton 15361; b.b. E. 868, 5208, 21463, 28460; Buwalda 6804; Forbes 3197; Grashoff
1088; Horsfield s.n.; Praetorius s.n.; Rahmat si Toroes 3961 — Simeulué Isl.: Achmad 60, 362, 830, 1732
— Mentawai Isls. (Sipora): [boet 487, Ridley 14760 — Riau: b.b. 20382.
JAVA (W, C & E): Backer 27971; b.b. 1177, Boerlage s.n.; Buwalda 3001A, 3076 (= FRI. Ja. 4214);
Coert 1489; Hoogerwerg a 1954; Junghuhn s.n., 33, 49, 875; Koorders 5211 fB, 5213 8, 5215 8, 5224 f,
5265 f, 12274 B, 13493 B, 15521 8, 24784 B, 25392 B, 27479 B, 28353 B, 38882 8; Kostermans (Unesco) 52,
19281; Soepadmo 279; Van Steenis 5274; Nengah Wirawan 429.
BORNEO. Sarawak: Haviland & Hose 3305, 3305B; S. 16805, 18120, 18864, 34153, 36084 — Brunei:
(Ashton) BRUN 5553 — Sabah: Amdjah 1, 94, 846; Elmer 20013, 21032; Rajuyap A 463; SAN. 31,
18726, 21768, 30297, 34497, 47151, 75131, 84575, 90864 — W. Kalimantan: Hallier 1021, 1043;
Teysmann 8676, 8680, 8683 — C. Kalimantan: Veldkamp 8256 — S. Kalimantan: Korthals s.n. —E. &
SE. Kalimantan: b.b. 2114, 19042, 25129, 29415, 34244; Kostermans 4006, 5047, 21226, 21456.
CELEBES: b.b. 22986; Forster (?) 329; Koorders 18157 8; Meijer 10139; Noerkas 305; Prawiroat-
modjo & Soewoko 1777; Teysmann (11897).
MOLUCCAS: Aupjé 33, 50; de Vogel 3807; de Vriese s.n., s.n. (87).
PHILIPPINES. Palawan: Elmer 12682, 12684; Merrill 9208 — (Luzon, Mindanao): Cenabre FB
29146, 29176; Cruz FB 23887; Natividad FB 25751; (Ramos & Edano) BS 36770, 41198; Vidal 3567;
Wenzel 3023.
NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya (West New Guinea): Zippel s.n.; b.b. 22530, (Kostermans 127) 33354;
BW 393, 873, 3288, 4436, 5165, 5348, 5838, 5840, (Schram BW) 6082 (in K), 6563, 6595, 7258, 10827,
11870; van Royen 4675, 5101 — Papua New Guinea: Brass 8010; Craven & Schodde 776; Hartley (TGH)
9738; Hollrung 657 (in P, not in K); Hoogland 4213, 4650; LAE 74298; NGF 16320, 22319, 25577,
35309, 37574, 47300.
CAROLINE Isls.: Kanehira 1303, 2058; Masahiko Takamatsu 392; St. John 21446; Stone 1901.
SOLOMON Isls.: BSIP 39, 909, 910, 1663, 1664, 2014, 3668, 4743, 5286, 5788, 5855, 6037, 6119,
6948, 10614, 13211, 15441, 15806, 17057, 17275; Comins 355; Kajewski s.n., 2444.
Ecology. A tall tree in primary and (old) secondary forest. Most frequent coastal
or riverine, on alluvial (sandy, loamy, or clayey) soils, but also found more inland;
0-450 m. Mentioned mostly from wet or marshy localities at low altitudes, e.g.,
coastal swamp forest, sandy alluvium behind the beach, open, low marshy ground
(with sago-palms), swamp forest, river banks below tidal limits, seasonal swamps,
periodically inundated forest, coastal shrubberies (on limestone), river flood-plains
with mud soil, etc., but also recorded from undulating country, and well-drained
soils (e.g., in Ceylon and Solomon Isls.). From Ceylon recorded from the “dry
zone’. In Thailand in riverine evergreen forest. Flowers and fruits apparently
throughout the year, but this is likely correlated with regional and local climatic .
conditions.
Vernacular names. Amklaal, Nunu (Palau Isls.); Aininiu, Ainynu (Kwara’ae
lang., Solomon Isls.); more vernacular names will be published in Flora Malesiana.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 59
Uses. Rare in record that fruits are edible; fruits recorded as eaten by monkeys in
Ceylon.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. A tall tree with straight bole; crown described as with several big
limbs each monopodially branched, or narrow and with slender drooping branches
near the top; bole often recorded as fluted, or with prop roots, or, usually, with
buttresses up to 3 m high, 2 m out, and up to c. 10 cm thick, but also recorded as
without buttresses. Bark sometimes noted as smooth, often as fissured or cracked,
or mostly as flaking or peeling off in small pieces; inner bark cream or whitish, to c.
7 mm thick; sapwood cream or whitish, ochreish, straw-coloured, or pinkish;
heartwood absent or only slightly darker, pale brown; wood rather soft. Flowers
yellow, dark yellow, or orange-yellow, once recorded as reddish; strongly sweet-
scented, once recorded as unscented. Fruit yellowish, greenish orange, to orange-
red, or red; the aril usually orange or orange-red, rarely recorded as red. Fresh fruit
recorded as large, up to c. 2*%4 cm diam. The seed is reported to contain an air
chamber, facilitating dispersal by floating.
2. Variability. H. irya is a homogeneous species, well characterized by its small
subglobose male flowers of c. 1 mm diam. (in Indo-China up to 1.6 mm diam.),
with typical broad and deeply concave androecium with tapered, distinct (i-e.,
relatively large) androphore. The fruits (and seeds) are perfectly spherical, glab-
rous (ovary glabrous). The twigs are usually thinly ridged from petiole to petiole.
Very characteristic are irregular whitish marks of unknown origin, almost always
present on the older leaves. The leaves have a lax reticulation. Variation abounds
in the tomentum: short-haired; sometimes seemingly glabrous specimens are pre-
dominant in Ceylon, SE. Asia, and W. Malesia and the Moluccas; in New Guinea
and the Solomon Isls. most specimens have a conspicuous, often wooly, tomentum
of hairs to c. 1 mm long on the twig apex, leaf bud, and inflorescences.
7. Horsfieldia spicata (Roxb.) Sinclair Fig. 1A(7); 7
Myristica spicata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3 (1832) 847; (ed. 1874) 744; Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 271 in obs.
sub H. smithii Warb. — H. spicata (Roxb.) Sinclair var. spicata, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 112, 113,
p.p. — Type: Roxburgh’s description.
M. canariformis B\., Rumphia 1 (1837) 190 — H. canariformis (Bl.) Merr., Interpret. Rumph. (1917)
230 — Based on: Palala quarta, P. canariformis, P. dentaria Rumph., Hb. Amb. 2, 10 (1741) 27 t. 8;
see Sinclair, 1975, 162-165.
H. batjanica Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 275, tab. 21, 1-4 — M. batjanica (Warb.) Boerl., Hand. FI.
Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 85 — Type: Introduced by Teysmann in hortus Bogor. (B, lost; iso: FI, n.v.;
original tree still cultivated in Bogor, and collected sub Kostermans 11186, Rastini (220), Sinclair
10035).
H. roxburghii Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 277, tab. 21, 1-2. — M. roxburgii (Warb.) Boerl., Handl. Fl.
Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 85 — Type: Smith in Hb. Roxburgh (BM; B, BR, n.v.; Q fl., orig. Ternate);
Culta in hortus Bog. (C fl., orig. Ambon) (B, FI, n.v.; lecto: P, tree still in cultivation in Bogor sub
no. IV. G. 90, collected under Sinclair 10037).
H. parviflora auct. non (Roxb.) Sinclair: Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 82, p.p.
Tree 2.5-20 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards the apex 2-4 mm diam.,
tomentum greyish, with hairs c. 0.1 mm or less, early glabrescent; bark striate, pale
brown to whitish brown, usually contrasting with the blackish colour of dried
Fig. 7.
Horsfieldia spicata (Roxb.) Sinclair
a, leafy twig with male inflorescences, x 12; b, mature male flower, lateral view, X 6; c, male
flower, opened, showing androecium, x 6; d, male perianth, inner side, showing impression of
androecium, X 6; e, androecium, longitudinal section, schematic, x 6; f, twig portion with
female inflorescence, X 12; g, mature female flower, lateral view, < 6; h, ditto, opened,
showing glabrous ovary and 2-lipped stigma, 6; i, twig portion with infructescence, x 2. —
a-d from Beguin 1407; e from Teysmann s.n. (Ambon); f-h from Kostermans s.n. (Hort. Bog.
sub IV.H. 13); i from de Vogel 3206.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 61
petioles and inflorescences, when older not flaking, usually with few coarse len-
ticels. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous, elliptic-oblong to oblong, 8-30 x 2.5-10 cm,
base attenuate, top acute-acuminate, often densely speckled by paler irregular
pustules of unknown origin, especially beneath; upper surface drying dull greenish
brown to brown, lower surface with very minute scales as on the leaf bud, very
early glabrescent, i.e., glabrous; without larger blackish dots, but often with dense,
very minute, blackish dots; midrib flattish above; nerves 11-17 pairs, thin and
flattish above, tertiary veins very thin, distinct or not on both surfaces; petiole
10-20 x 1.5-3 mm, drying blackish; leaf bud slender, c. 10 xX 1.5-2 mm, densely
pubescent with grey-brown hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less. Inflorescences drying
blackish, usually slender, spike-like, early glabrescent, not ramified or the lateral
branches only up to c. 2(-5) mm, common peduncle c. 1-3 cm, not many-flowered,
in CO: 4-10 X c. 1 cm, in Q: c. 2-3 cm long; bracts bluntish, 0.5-1 mm, caducous.
Flowers solitary or 2 together in 9, up to 3 together in ©’, very early glabrescent;
perianths 2-valved; pedicel glabrous (glabrescent), at base inarticulate. Male
perianth + obovoid or short-pear shaped, in lateral view the upper part subcircular
to reniform, laterally rather compressed, about as long as broad or slightly broader
than long, 2.3-3 x 3-3.5 mm, the upper part broadly rounded, base + tapering into
the much tapered pedicel 1.5-3 mm long; perianth at anthesis split to or nearly to
the base, valves c. 0.2 mm thick. Androecium reniform, rather well compressed,
upper part broadly rounded, at base broadly attached, 1.5-1.8 x 2.5 mm,
androphore + absent; anthers (12-)16-22, closely set, + septate only in young state,
free apices 0.1-0.4 mm, little to strongly incurved into the apical cavity which
reaches to c. %4-'4(-%4, see notes). Female perianth subglobose, 2-2.5 x 2.2-2.8
mm, at base passing into the somewhat tapered pedicel 1.5-2.5 mm, at anthesis split
to c. 2-%, valves 0.4-0.5 mm thick; ovary broadly ovoid, glabrous, c. 1.5 x 1.5
mm, stigma minute, faintly 2-lobed, c. 0.1 mm high. Fruits 1-5 per infructescence,
short-ellipsoid, apex and base rounded, 1.5-2.0 xX 1.2-1.8 cm, glabrous, drying
blackish, without pustules, pericarp c. 1.5 mm thick; stalk 4-10 mm long; perianth
not persisting.
Distribution. Moluccas: Morotai, Halmahera, Ternate, Bacan Isl., Ambon.
Cultivated (origin Bacan Isl., Ambon): Kostermans 11186; Rastini (220); Sinclair 10035, 10037; Hb.
Hasskarl s.n. (Teysmann s.n., 1868, orig. “E. Java’’).
MOROTAI: Kostermans 1014, 1157, 1218, 1256; Lam 3499.
HALMAHERA: Pleyte 409, p.p.; de Vogel 3206, 3289, 3334, 3367, 3434, 3490, 3496, 4391, 4467.
TERNATE: Beguin 1407.
BACAN: b.b. 32787; Hb. Hance s.n.; de Vogel 3529, 3531, 3748.
AMBON: Buwalda 6141; Robinson 240, 1885; Teysmann s.n. (1867).
Ecology. Alluvial soils, deep clay, soil rich in humus, and porous volcanic soil
over schists; 0-1000 m. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.
Vernacular names. Anunu magilioro (Halmahera), Onguaka (Tobaro lang.,
Halmahera).
Uses. According to the label of de Vogel 3206, the outer bark, mixed with
“Kuleman” (a different species of Horsfieldia), is used for curing hepatitis.
Fig. 8.
62
Horsfieldia inflexa de Wilde
a, twig portion with male inflorescences, note lined twig, X 12; b, mature male flower, opened,
showing androecium, X 12; c, androecium, longitudinal section, schematic, x 12; d, twig
portion with female inflorescences axillary to fallen leaves, x 1%; e, mature female flower,
lateral view, X 12; f, ditto, opened, showing glabrous ovary with broad-lipped stigma, x 12; g,
twig portion with infructescences, X 12; h, portion of lower leaf surface with scattered
dark-coloured non-traumatic cork warts as blackish dots, X 12. — a-c from LAE 52866, type;
d-f from van Royen 3166; g & h from LAE 52862.
:/ he
New account of Horsfieldia 2 63
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Flowers greenish-yellow or ochreish yellow. Mature fruit orange;
aril bright red. Bark often recorded as unfissured, peeling off. Exudate watery, not
or only slightly reddish coloured. Sapwood usually creamish, gradually passing into
the darker coloured heartwood. Buttresses recorded as present and up to 50 cm out
and high, or as absent.
2. This species is clearly recognizable at first glance by its spike-like infloresc-
ences drying blackish, and by the pale twigs rather contrasting with the blackish
colour of the dried petioles and the inflorescences. As presently circumscribed by
me this species is used in a much narrower sense than accepted by Sinclair, who
included also specimens from Celebes, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls., and Banda
and Aru Isls., now referred by me to various different species.
3. Possibly its most closely related species is H. moluccana. Apart from the
characters as used in the key, and pointed out in note 2, H. spicata differs from H.
moluccana by its more membranous leaves. See also note 4.
4. Intermediate specimen. Teysmann s.n. (in L), from Ambon, is intermediate
between H. spicata and the related H. moluccana. It has the diagnostic conspi-
cuously pale twigs, contrasting with the blackish petioles and inflorescences, but
these latter structures are rather ramified, not spicate, with ramifications at the
base c. 6 mm long. The androecium of the flowers of this specimen are hollow for
c. ¥4 and the anthers at one side of the androecium curve into this apical cavity.
Possibly the specimen is a hybrid.
5. Sinclair (1975, p. 122) discussed elaborately the typification of Roxburgh’s
name which is accepted here.
8. Horsfieldia inflexa de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1A(8); 8
Horsfieldia species perianthiis masculis usque ad basin 2-valvibus atque antheris inflexis, ex affinitate
gregis H. sepikensem et H. moluccanam amplectens, sed differt virgis valde porcatis atque foliis subtus
punctatis. — Typus: Streimann & Martin LAE 52866 (L).
Tree 10-21 m. Twigs distinctly ridged from petiole to petiole and distinctly
angular especially in the apical portion, 2-5(-7) mm diam., early glabrescent,
tomentum grey-brown, of hairs up to 0.1 mm; bark indistinctly striate, when older
not flaking, lenticels abundantly present but usually not very conspicuous. Leaves
in 2 rows, thinly chartaceous, elliptic-oblong to oblong, broadest at about or +
above the middle, 8-20 x 2.5-7.5 cm, base attenuate, tip bluntish to acute-
acuminate; upper surface drying olivaceous to blackish brown, not or indistinctly
pale-pustulate, lower surface early glabrescent and with + regularly scattered dark
brownish dots (lens X 10!); midrib above slender, flattish or slightly raised; nerves
8-13 pairs, above thin and flat, indistinct, beneath with the marginal arches fairly
regular but indistinct; tertiary venation forming a rather lax network indistinct on
both surfaces; petiole 14-30 x 1.5-2.5 mm; leaf bud 10-14 x 1.5-2 mm, with
tomentum, hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less. Inflorescences glabrescent or with scat-
tered minute scale-like hairs less than 0.1 mm; in CG: 2(-3) times ramified, the
primary branches rather spike-like, c. 3-10 x 1.5-4.5 cm, in 9: 3-5 cm long;
common peduncle 1-12 mm long; bracts elliptic, 1-3 mm long, with fimbriate
margin, caducous. Flowers solitary or up to 4 together, glabrous; perianth 2-valved;
pedicel glabrous, at base inarticulated. Male perianth subglobose, generally slightly
64 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
broader than long, not or but little laterally compressed, sometimes (together with
the pedicel) slightly pear-shaped, c. 2.2-2.5 x 2.5-3 mm, upper part broadly
rounded, lower part rounded or slightly tapering; pedicel 1-2 mm long, glabrous;
perianth at anthesis split to almost reaching the base (c. 10), valves 0.2-0.5 mm
thick, not collapsing on drying. Androecium bluntly quadrangular in outline,
sometimes broader than long, broadly rounded above, laterally compressed, c. 1.5
x 1.5-2.0 mm; anthers 10-12(-14?), septate when young, c. 1.5-2 mm long, free
apices c. 0.7-1.0 mm (i.e., anthers upper half free), at one side of the androecium
strongly incurved into the hollow almost reaching the base; androphore 0-0.1 mm
long. Female perianths ovoid-ellipsoid, c. 2.0-2.5 x 2 mm, cleft at anthesis to c. %,
valves c. 0.5 mm thick; pedicel 1-1.5 mm long; ovary ovoid, c. 1.5 x 1.2 mm,
glabrous, stigma sessile, minutely 2-lobed, c. 0.2 mm broad. Fruits solitary or up to
6 per infructescence, ellipsoid, top rounded to subacute, base + rounded, c. 2.0 x
1.4-1.5 cm, glabrous, drying dark brown, without or with small tubercles or
lenticels only; dry valves c. 1.5 mm thick; stalk 2-6 mm long; perianth not per-
sisting.
Distribution. Northern part of New Guinea. Irian Jaya: Vogelkop, Geelvink
Bay, Jayapura; Northern Papua New Guinea: West Sepik.
NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya (northern) (incl. Vogelkop, Japen Isl., Meos Noem): Aet & Idjan (exp.
van Dijk) 389; b.b. 21812, 25724, 30376, 30617, 30945; BW (Schram) 6046, (Iwanggin) 10021, (Moll)
11672; Pleyte 736; van Royen 3166. — Papua New Guinea (northern), West Sepik: (Streimann &
Martin) LAE 52862; 52866.
Ecology. Primary and old secondary forest on alluvial soils, e.g., sandy clay, also
in hilly forest, swamp forest; 0-400 m alt. Flowers throughout the year, fruits from
September to November.
Vernacular names. Kamopi (Roberbai, Japen Isl.), Madak (Mooi lang., Vogel-
kop), Teenjak (Tehid lang., Vogelkop).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Slender tree, buttresses absent. Bark shallowly longitudinally
fissured, not or slightly peeling off; slash reddish brown, sapwood whitish red or
cream, heartwood not differentiated. Flowers green, turning yellow, fragrant.
Fruits yellowish-orange.
2. Besides a few species like H. glabra and H. punctatifolia from Western Malesia
this is the only other Horsfieldia but the only one in New Guinea with specifically
typical largish blackish dots on the lower leaf surface. These dots are apparently of
the same nature as those in series Punctatae of the genus Knema, and have been
identified as cork warts of non-traumatic origin.
3. Specimens of the present new species were included by Sinclair in his H.
spicata var. sepikensis (Mkgf.) Sinclair, a taxon which is presently regarded as
representing several distinct species, among which H. sepikensis, H. moluccana
(var. petiolaris) and H. olens.
4. H. inflexa is obviously closely allied with H. moluccana, and can also be
confused with the closely related species H. angularis and H. basifissa.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 65
H. moluccana has generally rather pear-shaped male flowers (incl. pedicel), which
may also be the case in certain specimens of our present H. inflexa, e.g., BW 6046
from Vogelkop; H. moluccana differs, however, by its terete or only faintly lined
twigs, and its non-punctate leaves. H. inflexa may resemble H. moluccana very
much in the general shape and texture of the leaves, including the relatively long
petioles. H. angularis differs by its non-punctate leaves, hairy flowers, the
androecium with a central narrow crevice and its straight anthers. H. basifissa has,
in contrast, terete or only faintly ridged twigs, differing further by various charac-
ters of the male flower including the androecium.
5. The specrments BW 10021 and b.b. 30617 from Japen Isl. resemble H.
parviflora in their rather unbranched spike-like inflorescences; H. parviflora has
more pronounced pear-shaped flowers and twigs which are paler and not angular.
In most of the specimens of H. inflexa, the male inflorescences are distinctly
ramified whereas the lateral branches are almost unbranched and are spike-like.
9. Horsfieldia moluccana de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1A(9)
Horsfieldia olivaeformis Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 352, t. 23 fig. 1-2; Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2
(1935) 152, p.p. — Myristica olivaeformis (Warb.) Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 87 —
Type: Irian Jaya, Sorong (Vogelkop), Beccari 17] (FI, n.v., identity not sure, see notes).
Horsfieldia species perianthiis masculis 2-valvibus pyriformibus atque antheris inflexis, eis H.
spicatae similibus, ab eo differt virgis in sicco dense brunnescentibus atque inflorescentiis valde ramosis
non spicatis. — Typus: Kostermans 673 a (L).
Tree, 8-20(-30) m. Twigs terete, not ridged, or sometimes slightly angular,
towards the apex 2-5 mm diam., early glabrescent; tomentum with hairs 0.1-0.3
mm; bark striate, when older not flaking, lenticels conspicuous to inconspicuous.
Leaves in 2 rows, thinly chartaceous, elliptic-oblong to oblong, (6-)8-25 x
2.5-8.5 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface drying olivaceous
to brown, usually minutely pale-pustulate, lower surface early glabrescent, without
dark brown dots; midrib slender above, flat; nerves 6-15 pairs, above thin, flat,
indistinct, beneath with the marginal arches indistinct; tertiary venation + fine,
indistinct on both surfaces; petiole 10-26 x 1-2 mm; leaf bud 6-12 x 1-2 mm, with
hairs 0.1-0.3 mm. Inflorescences sparsely pubescent, hairs stellate, c. 0.1 mm or
less, in CG: (1-)2-3 times ramified (sometimes not or hardly ramified, i.e., spike-
like, see notes), 5-11 x 2-5 cm, in 9 up to 5 cm long; common peduncle 5-20 mm;
bracts + oblong, 1.5-4 mm long, thinly pubescent, caducous. Flowers from solitary
to 4 together, glabrous; perianths 2-valved; pedicels glabrous, inarticulate at base.
Male perianth (incl. pedicel) pear-shaped, laterally much to little compressed,
about as broad as long to slightly broader than long, 1.5-2.5(-3) « 2.2-3.8 mm,
upper part broadly rounded, the lower 3 tapering into the tapered pedicel 2-3(-
3.5) mm; perianth at anthesis split to c. 74-5, valves 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium
laterally compressed, broadly transversely ellipsoid or kidney-shaped in outline,
broadly rounded above, c. 1.1-1.5 1.4-2.8 mm; anthers (7-) 10-18, not septate, c.
1.5-2.0 mm long, free apices 0.1-0.5 mm, only at one side of the androecium
strongly incurved; androecium hollow for at least 73; androphore 0-0.1 mm long.
Female perianths broadly ovoid-ellipsoid, 1.8-2.2 x 2.0-2.2 mm, cleft at anthesis to
Y2-¥5, valves c. 0.3 mm thick; pedicel 2-2.5 mm long; ovary ovoid, glabrous, c. 1-1.5
x 1 mm, stigma sessile, minutely 2-lobed, c. 0.1 mm high. Fruits solitary or 2-6 per
infructescence, ellipsoid, top rounded to subacute, 1.3-2.8 x 1.1-1.7 cm, glabrous,
drying brown or blackish, without or with sparse tubercles; dry valves 1-2 mm
thick; stalk 2-5 mm long; perianth not persisting.
66 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
Distribution. Northern Moluccas, West New Guinea.
NOTES
1. A variable species with 4 varieties, closely related to H. spicata and H.
tuberculata. With H. spicata there occur a few specimens intermediate to var.
moluccana discussed in the notes. H. spicata has the generally deeply asymmetrical-
ly incurved anthers in common with H. moluccana, but the former differs in the
pale twigs and the (almost) spike-like male inflorescences. H. tuberculata has
largely a solid staminal column, hollowed at the apex only for the upper 5-4. See
further notes under the varieties.
2. Unfortunately I have not seen the type of H. olivaeformis. If it turns out to be
identical with the present new species, it would then have priority. Sinclair lumped
this name in his large concept of H. spicata, from which the present new species is
segregated.
The type of H. olivaeformis, Beccari 171, has been described as having a glabrous
ovary, the fruits rather narrow, c. 2.3 cm long and its pericarp thin, the leaf blades
10-15 cm and petioles almost 10-15 cm long. In fruit size it agrees with var. robusta,
known from the same area, but the petioles in that are distinctly longer than those
described for H. olivaeformis.
KEY TO THE VARIETIES
la. Hairs of leaf bud rather woolly-rust pubescent, hairs 0.2-0.3 mm long. Vogelkop: Fak-Fak
Sim H Paphagin dy bint «ed amin guia dp a hile s Wbediad ee ao bpeatebae vaerad REECE idk etcetera d. var. pubescens
b.’ Hairs of leaf bud up-toc. 0. Bina oi as 02S 500, con apne gore toned eae er eae oe 2
2a. Petioles 10-15 mm long. Male perianth 2.5-3 mm wide. Morotai, Obi Isls. .......... a. var. moluccana
b. Petioles (10-) 15-25 mm long, generally longer in proportion to the smaller blade. New Guinea .... 3
3a. Leaf blades 7-15 cm long. Fruits 1.3-1.8 cm long. Male perianth 2-2.5 mm wide ..... b. var. petiolaris
b. Leaf blades 13-23 cm long. Fruits 2.2-3.0 cm long. Male perianth 3.5-3.8 mm wide ... ¢. var. robusta
a. var. moluccana Fig. 1A(9)
Leaf blades 9-22 x 4-8 cm; petioles (8-)10-20 mm. Tomentum of leaf bud
composed of hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less. Male perianths 2.0-3.0 x 2.7-3.3 mm,
pedicel 2-3 mm long. Fruits c. 1.5 cm long.
Distribution. Northern Moluccas: Morotai, Obi Isls.
MOLUCCAS (Northern). Morotai: Tankilisan (exp. Kostermans) 250 (= b.b. 33920); Kostermans
673a, 899, 1513, 7888; Lam 3459, 3510. — Obi Isls.: de Vogel 4099, 4105, 4111, 4121, 4137, 4193, 4240,
4253, 4298, 4303.
Ecology. Well-drained forests on clayey soil, volcanic soil, alluvial soil rich in
humus, also flat land just behind the mangrove; recorded from over limestone, or
at base of serpentine-rock, or on very porous nickel-containing soil; 0-600 m alt.
Flowers and fruits throughout the year.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 67
Vernacular names. Gosora (Ternate lang.), Kuleman (Morotai), Pala hutan
(Malay lang.).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Recorded as a straight tall tree, to 30 m. Bark peeling off or not.
Once reported to have prop roots up to 1.5 m. Exudate from bark watery, turning
pink, later turning brownish. Flowers yellow, once recorded as red.
2. Sinclair included a large part of the present taxon in his concept of H.
parviflora. In the present revision H. parviflora is accepted in a narrower sense,
and is mainly characterised by more roundish (not pear-shaped) male perianths,
and by shorter petioles. H. spicata is closely related but differs in the paler colour of
the dried twigs, the generally spike-like male inflorescences and the more membra-
nous leaves. See also note 3.
3. Specimens intermediate to H. spicata. The male inflorescences of de Vogel
4253, from Obi Isls at sea level, are spike-like. In all other aspects, including
chartaceous leaves, short and robust male perianths and brown twigs, it is identical
with other material from there. De Vogel 4193, also from the same source, has the
inflorescences almost spike-like and are thus reminiscent of those in H. spicata. Its
leaves are membranous and it may be a hybrid; it was collected from a secondary
regrowth at c. 200 m. alt. One should note that the lectotype of H. roxburghii
Warb. (in this treatment, a synonym of H. spicata) is from a tree cultivated in
Bogor Botanic Gardens, with Ambon as its provenance; it has inflorescences which
are rather branched, not strictly spike-like and thus it looks intermediate between
H. moluccana and H. spicata.
b. var. petiolaris de Wilde, var. nov.
Gemmae indumentum brevissimum, maxime c. 0.1 mm longum, petiolo proportione longo, 1-2 cm
longo, foliorum pagina c. 7-15 cm longa, perianthiis masculis 2-2.5 mm latis, fructibus c. 1.5 cm longis.
— Typus: van Royen 5388 (L).
Leaf blades 6-15(-19) x 2.5-6.5(-7) cm; petioles proportionally long, 10-20 mm.
Tomentum of leaf bud composed of hairs up to 0.1 mm long. Male perianth 1.5-2.2
x 2.2-2.4 mm and pedicel 2-3.5 mm long. Fruits 1.5-1.8 cm long.
Distribution. Irian Jaya: Vogelkop; Islands in Geelvink Bay (Noemfoer, Meos
Waar, Japen Isl.); Waigeo Isl.
IRIAN JAYA: b.b. 30587, 32987; (Koster) BW 1018, 1201, 1283; BW 1295; (Kalkman) BW 6255;
(Koster) BW 13535; van Royen 5388, 5396.
Ecology. Locally common in forests on sandy or stony-clayey soils; Calophyllum-
Ficus forest; 0-100 m. alt. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.
Vernacular names. Beterohooi (Manikiong lang.), Kamojer (Noemfoer lang.),
Mbowak (Tehid lang.), Sebohongwa (Manikiong lang. ).
Uses. Fruits once reported as edible and sour.
68 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Bark flaking. Flowers greenish. Fruits yellow or orange-yellow,
seed aril red.
2. Sinclair included the specimens of var. petiolaris in his H. spicata var.
sepikensis (Mkgf.) Sinclair; here I have, however, kept H. sepikensis as a separate
species, characterized by a 3-valved perianth.
c. var. robusta de Wilde, var. nov.
Gemmae indumentum c. 0.1 mm longum, petiolis c. 1.5-2.5 cm longis, foliorum pagina 13-23 cm
longa, perianthiis masculus c. 3.5 mm latis, fructibus c. 2.5 cm longis. — Typus: van Royen & Sleumer
6682 (L).
Leaf blades 12-22(-25) x 3.5-8(-9) cm; petioles 12-26 mm. Tomentum of leaf bud
consisting of hairs c. 0.1 mm long. Male perianths 2.5-3 xX 3.5-3.8 mm, pedicel c. 3
mm. Fruits 2.2-3.0 cm long.
Distribution. Irian Jaya: Vogelkop Penins.; Batanta Isl.
IRIAN JAYA: (Moll) BW 9775; van Royen 3548; van Royen & Sleumer 6682.
Ecology. Secondary and coastal forest, on limestone; 0-15 m. Flowers and fruits
throughout the year.
Vernacular name. Kamore (Biak dial.).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Bark flaking. Flowers yellow, fragrant. Fruits yellow.
2. Sinclair included the present variety in his H. spicata var. spicata. He has
annotated on the type sheet (van Royen and Sleumer 6682) that it looked to him
intermediate to H. sepikensis (in Sinclair’s sense).
3. Var. robusta is a form similar to var. petiolaris but is coarser in all aspects: the
leaves, flowers and fruits are all larger. It superficially resembles H. tuberculata,
which differs in the generally shorter petioles, the androecium — the anthers not
strongly inflexed into the cavity — as is the case in the present var. robusta.
d. var. pubescens de Wilde, var. nov.
Gemma lanata, e pilis c. 0.3 mm longis composita. — Typus: Vink BW 15370 (L; iso: K).
Leaf blades (6-)8-14 x (2.5-)3-5 cm; petioles (9-)11-18 mm long. Tomentum of
leaf bud + woolly, composed of hairs 0.2-0.3 mm long. Flowers not seen. Fruits c.
1.3 cm long.
Distribution. Irian Jaya: Vogelkop Penins.
IRIAN JAYA. Vogelkop Penins.: BW (Iwanggin) 5640, (Schram) 6153, (Iwanggin) 10153, (Vink)
15370. |
New account of Horsfieldia 2 69
Ecology. Common in primary and secondary forest on clayey soil or sandy clay
over limestone; 50-300 m. alt. Fruits in March and May.
Vernacular names. Kamorei (Biak lang.), Medak (Mooi lang.), Sémies, Simies
(Maibrat lang.).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Tree to 16 m; buttresses up to 1 m high, 0.5 m wide; bark strongly
peeling. Inner bark reported as with much red and clear exudate. Wood white.
Fruits light green. Most collections are from limestone.
2. This variety appears to be almost identical with the var. petiolaris, except for
the more woolly tomentum. In Horsfieldia, usually the nature of the tomentum has
appeared to be of taxonomic significance. Flowers are not known.
3. The bark of the older wood in the Kew duplicate of BW 15370 is one that
flakes strongly; that in the Leiden specimen and some other collections, of older
twigs behind the leaves, is one that does not or flakes minimally.
4. Sinclair included the specimens of the present variety in his H. spicata var.
sepikensis (Mkgf.) Sinclair, as those of the preceding variety.
10. Horsfieldia parviflora (Roxb.) Sinclair Fig. 1A(10)
Myristica microcarpa Willd. in Roem. & Usteri, Bot. Mag. 3, 9 (1790) 27; Sp. Pl. 4, 4, 2 (1806) 871 (excl.
var. 8 = 7. H. spicata, incl. var. Y ). — Based on Palala ‘‘kitjil”, P. minima Rumph.; var. Y based on
P. globularia Rumph.; identity doubtful, see Sinclair 1975, p. 168-170.
M. parviflora Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3 (1832) 847; (ed. 1874) 744; Icones 2574. — H. parviflora (Roxb.)
Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 82. — Type: Roxburgh’s description and figure.
M. tingens Bl., Rumph. 1 (1837) 190 — Horsfieldia sp. Merr., Int. Rumph. (1917) 231 — Based on
Palala minima, P. tertia, P. tingens Rumph., Herb. Amb. 2, 10 (1741) 27, t. 7 f. A-B; see Sinclair
1975, p. 161.
M. globularia B\., Rumphia 1 (1837) 191, t. 64, fig. 2 (non Lamk.) — Pyrrhosa globularia (B1.) Hassk..
Cat. Pl. Hort. Bog. (1844) 174 — H. globularia (B|.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 288, t. 21 (1-4). —
Palala globularia (= P. quinta) Rumph., Herb. Amb. 2, 10 (1741) 28, t. 9 f. a-b (see Sinclair 1975, p.
165-167). — Type: Blume’s figure, and Zippel s.n. (Ambon, ‘“‘mas’’), a sterile specimen.
M. bivalvis Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 (1886) 107; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 307, pl. 139.
— H. bivalvis (Hook.f.) Merr., Phil. J. Sc. Bot. 2 (1916) (issued Jan. 1917) 271; Sinclair, Gard. Bull.
Sing. 16 (1958) 379, fig. 32, pl. VIII B. — Type: Murton 149 (K).
H. globularia var. minahassae Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 617. — H. minahassae (Warb.) Koord., FI.
N.O. Cel. (1898) 70 — Type: Koorders 18123 8 (BO), 18124 6 (BO), 18146 8 (BO, L), 18164 6 (BO:
L, lecto).
Tree 10-20 m. Twigs in apical portion somewhat flattened but not angular, lower
down terete, not ridged, 2-5(-10) mm diam., glabrescent from a minute tomentum
composed of hairs c. 0.1 mm; bark finely striate, brown when older not flaking,
lenticels smallish, abundant, not very conspicuous. Leaves in two rows, membra-
nous, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, broadest at or slightly above the middle,
8-23 x 2.5-7.5 cm, base attenuate, top acute-acuminate; upper surface drying
olivaceous to dark brown, dull, faintly finely paler punctate-pustulate or not (rarely
with pale, irregularly shaped marks as in H. irya), lower surface early glabrescent,
70 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
without blackish dots; midrib flat above; nerves 10-15 pairs, flattish and inconspi-
cuous above, marginal arches not distinct; tertiary venation indistinct, forming a
rather fine network; petiole 6-16 X 1.5-2.5 mm; leaf bud slender, c. 6-13 x 1-2 mm,
with hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less. Inflorescences with sparse to dense tomentum of
hairs 0.1-0.3 mm; in both CO and Q 3-4 times ramified, many flowered, (4-)6-10 x
4-8 cm, common peduncle 1-2 cm long; bracts pubescent, elliptic to oblong, 2-5 mm
long, caducous. Flowers in loose clusters of 2-4 each, perianths 2-valved, glabrous
or in sometimes minutely pubescent at base, pedicels sparsely pubescent with the
hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less, at base inarticulate. Male perianth + obtriangular to
transversely ellipsoid, somewhat laterally compressed, 2.2-3.0 x 2.5-4 mm, upper
part broadly rounded, at base short-attenuate, rather firm, on drying not collaps-
ing, often bright brown or with a grey-blue tinge; pedicel slender, 1-2 mm long.
Perianth at anthesis cleft to c. /2-way, valves (0.1-)0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium
transversely ellipsoid or + obtriangular, only slightly or not laterally compressed,
largely hollow, (1.0-)1.6-2.2 x 1.6-3.0 mm; anthers (18-)20-25, mutually complete-
ly connate, forming a thin-walled cup, the anthers (sometimes only of one side of
the androecium) completely inflexed from their middle and reaching nearly to the
bottom of the cup; free apices of anthers 0-0.1 mm; androphore rather narrow,
(O-)0.1-0.3 mm long. Female perianth ellipsoid, c. (2.5-)3-3.5 x 2.5 mm, at anthesis
cleft to c. 4%, valves c. 0.3 mm thick, pedicel 1-2 mm, thinly pubescent with the
hairs c. 0.1 mm; ovary ovoid-ellipsoid, c. 2-2.3 x 1.5 mm, glabrous, style and
stigma minute, 2(-3)-lobed, 0.1-0.2 mm long. Fruits 2-10 per infructescence, ellip-
soid to nearly globose, 1.1-1.6 x 1.0-1.3 cm, glabrous, finely granulate, not or
hardly tuberculate, drying brown; dry valves 1-1.5 mm thick; stalk 2-4 mm;
perianth not persisting.
Distribution. Celebes (incl. Kabaéna Isl.); Moluccas: Ceram, Ambon; running
wild in the Gardens Jungle of the Botanic Garden, Singapore.
Cultivated. Java (Bot. Garden Bogor): Forbes 1184a; Rastini 105, (206), (223); Woerjantoro 99. —
Singapore (Bot. Garden): Ding Hou 134; Murton 149; Ridley s.n., 393; Furtado SFN 34818; Sinclair
7493.
CELEBES: b.b. 5432, 8459, 13748, 20754; Elbert 3457; Koorders 18146 fB, 18164 B; Meijer 11286.
CERAM: Kuswata & Soepadmo 86, 236.
AMBON: Kuswata & Soepadmo 292; de Vriese & Teysmann s.n.; de Vriese s.n.; Zippel s.n. (“‘mas’’).
Ecology. Forests; once recorded from sandy loam; 0-600 m alt. Flowers and
fruits throughout the year.
Vernacular names. Kolantie, Niniwo (Celebes).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Tree without buttresses. Bark smooth or fissured. Wood whitish.
Flowers yellow, fragrant; anthers yellowish-white. Fruits ramiflorous, yellow to
light brown. Aril bright red, once recorded as yellow (unripe?).
2. Variation. The male flowers of Koorders 18146 f (syntype of H. globularia var.
minahasae), and those of e.g., Ding Hou 134 (Bot. Garden Singapore) are
relatively large, the perianths being as wide as c. 4 mm.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 at
The androecium of b.b. 13748 (N. Celebes) is relatively short, measuring c. 1 Xx
2.5 mm; its flower are small, c 3 mm in width.
Kuswata & Soepadmo 236, W. Ceram, has comparatively small fruits, c. 1.1 x
1.0 cm.
Elbert 3457 (Kabaéna Isl., limestone; S. Celebes) has rather large fruits, c. 1.6
cm long, with a distinct pseudo-stalk 1.5-2 mm long.
3. H. parviflora is easily distinguished by the smooth and rather inflated male
perianths, which do not collapse on drying, are + obtriangular to transversely
ellipsoid in lateral view, and usually dry to a bluish or reddish-brown tinge. The
androecium is largely hollow, inflated, cupshaped, composed of anthers connate
along the whole length; the distal end from approximately 12-way curved into the
androecium, almost reaching the bottom.
4. In Sinclair’s sense, H. parviflora has a much wider circumscription than is
accepted here. The material he included is here referred to various different species
such as H. obscurinervia and the variable H. laevigata.
5. Typification. H. parviflora was described on a female specimen cultivated in
the Botanic Gardens at Calcutta, and apparently no authentic material is pre-
served. Sinclair (p. 88, 122) discussed elaborately the identity of Roxburgh’s
descriptions.
Although named ‘parviflora’ because of the female flowers, our present species
has male perianths of 2.5-4 mm wide, which is among the largest in Horsfieldia.
11. Horsfieldia obscurinervia Merr. Fig. 1A(11)
H. obscurinervia Merr., Phil. J. Sc. C. Bot. 12, 5 (1917) 265; En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 182. — Type: de
Mesa & Magistrado FB 26503 (iso: K).
Hi. ramosii Merr., Phil. J. Sc. 17, 3 (Sept. 1920) (1921) 254; En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 182. — Type:
Ramos BS 35047 (PNH, n.v. (iso: K).
Tree c. 11 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, 1.5-4 mm diam., glabrescent from a
minute tomentum of greyish hairs less than 0.1 mm long; bark finely striate, when
older not flaking; lenticels present, rather distinct. Leaves in two rows, char-
taceous, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 5-14 x 2-4 cm, broadest at or slightly
above the middle, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface drying
olivaceous to brown, + glossy, lower surface early glabrescent, without larger dark
dots; midrib flat above to slightly raised; nerves 7-15 pairs, slender, very inconspi-
cuous on both surfaces, marginal arches very inconspicuous; tertiary venation
hardly visible; petiole 6-15 x 1-1.5 mm; leafbud c. 6-10 x 1.5-2 mm, with hairs 0.1
mm long or less. Inflorescences sparingly pubescent or subglabrous with hairs c.
0.1-0.3 mm long; in GC: 2-3 times ramified, rather few-flowered, c. 3-4 x 2-3 cm,
common peduncle 5-10 mm; bracts and bracteoles not seen, caducous; 9 infloresc-
ences not seen. Flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together, perianths 2-valved, glabrous;
pedicel glabrous, at base inarticulate. Male perianth subobtriangular, broadly
rounded above, + cuneate at base, c. 2 X 2.2 mm, rather firm, on drying not
collapsing, bright brown, pedicel slender, c. 1 mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to
c. ¥2-way, valves 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium + obtriangular or obovoid,
72 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
narrowed to the base, only slightly laterally compressed, thickish, c. 1.5 X 1.2 mm,
largely hollow; anthers 11 or. 12 (1.e., 11 or 12 thecae on each side), almost
completely connate, forming a firm thick-walled cup reaching to c. % of the
androecium, the anthers at one side deeply inflexed into and almost completely
filling the cup; free apices of anthers 0-0.1 mm; androphore narrow, short, c. 0.1
mm long. Female perianths not seen. Fruits 2-5 on once or twice ramified stalk,
infructescences 2-3 cm long; fruits short-ellipsoid, 1.1-1.3 x 0.9-1.1 cm, almost
glabrescent but with minute dendroid hairs at base (hence ovary pubescent), finely
granulate, not tuberculate, drying (reddish) brown; dry valves 1-1.5 mm thick; stalk
2-5 mm; perianth not persisting.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon.
PHILIPPINES: de Mesa & Magistrado FB 26503; Ramos & Edano BS 33693; Ramos BS 35047.
Ecology. On low hills at c. 20 m. Flowers in July, fruits November and De-
cember.
Vernacular name. Duguan.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Small tree; flowers yellow.
2. Related to H. parviflora from the Moluccas on account of the a!most similar
flower structure; H. parviflora differs by its larger membranous leaves, larger male
perianths of 2.5-4 mm width, more (18-25) anthers, thinner-walled and deeper
androecium-cup, with the anthers usually inflexed at both sides of the androecium,
and the glabrous ovary and fruit.
3. Sinclair (p. 83, 90) treated H. obscurinervia as a synonym of H. parviflora.
12. Horsfieldia ardisiifolia (DC.) Warb. Fig. 1A(12); 9
Myristica ardisiifolia A. DC., Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 4, 4 (1855) 31, t. 4; Prodr. 14, 1 (1856) 203
(ardisiaefolia). — H. ardisiifolia (DC.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 274; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28
(1975) 3. — Type: Cuming 1702 (iso: L).
H. warburgiana Elmer, Leafl. Phil. Bot. 3 (1911) 1061; Merr., En. Phil. Fl. Pl. 2 (1923) 183. — Type:
Elmer 12297 (iso: K & L, only the fruits, see the notes).
H. gigantifolia Elmer, Leafl. Phil. Bot. 9, 123 (1925) 3120, 3129; 10, 136 (1939) 3763, nom. nud. —
Type: Elmer 17220 (iso: L).
Tree 5-10 m. Twigs flattened in the apical part, 2-angular, lower down terete with
two distinct ridges from petiole to petiole, 3-6(-13) mm diam., early glabrescent
from the bright rusty tomentum composed of hairs 0.3-0.5(-0.8) mm long; bark
rather smooth to striate, distinctly lenticellate; not flaking when older. Leaves in 2
rows, membranous, elliptic-oblong to oblong, 20-40 x 5.5-15 cm, base nearly
rounded to attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface drying olivaceous to
blackish-brown, finely minutely paler pustulate or not, lower surface early glabres-
cent except for some tomentum remaining on the midrib, consisting of rather
coarse hairs 0.3-0.5 mm; larger dark dots absent; midrib fairly broad, flattish
above; nerves 18-28 pairs, slender above, flattish, the marginal arches rather
Fig. 9.
Horsfieldia ardisiifolia (A. DC.) Warb.
a, leafy twig apex, note ridged twig, x 2; b, twig portion with male inflorescence in axil of
fallen leaf, x %; c, mature male flower, lateral view, X 6; d, ditto, opened, showing
androecium, X 6; e, androecium, longitudinal section, schematic, X 12; f, mature female
flower, lateral view, X 6; g, ditto, opened, showing glabrous ovary with minute stigmas, X 6; h,
twig portion with infructescence with ripe fruits. — a, Ramos BS 39770; b, Sulit PNH 6236; c-e,
Elmer 12337; f & g, Elmer 17220; h, Conklin PNH 17461.
73
74 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
regular and distinct beneath; tertiary venation forming an inconspicuous lax net-
work; petiole 13-16 x 3-4.5 mm. Leaf bud 10-20 x 3-4 mm, pubescent with hairs
0.3-0.8 mm long. Inflorescences thinly pubescent with stellate-dendroid hairs c. 0.3
mm; in ©: 3-4 times ramified, rather many-flowered, broadly pyramidal, c. 7-16 x
6-14 cm, common peduncle 5-10(-20) mm; in @: 4-8 cm long. Bracts broadly ovate,
pubescent, c. 3-4 mm long, caducous. Flowers solitary or 2-4 together, perianths
2-valved, glabrous, pedicels glabrous or glabrescent from sparse hairs, slender, at
base inarticulate. Male perianth transversely ellipsoid or reniform, moderately
laterally compressed, drying dull, + collapsed on drying or not, 2.5-3 x 4-4.5 mm,
above broadly rounded, below broadly rounded to sometimes with a basal sinus;
pedicel 1-2(-4) mm, glabrous or with few scattered hairs 0.2-0.3 mm; perianth at
anthesis cleft to c. Y5-%, valves c. 0.2(-0.3) mm thick. Androecium broadly trans-
versely ellipsoid, slightly laterally flattened, hollow, c. 1.5 x 3-3.5 mm, anthers
(18-)20-24, for c. '2-way connate and forming a cup in which the anthers from one
side are deeply inflexed, the anthers from the other side for a large part overarching
the former; anthers sometimes slightly sagged at base, hiding the rather narrow
androphore c. 0.2-0.3 mm long. Female perianth subglobose-ovoid, c. 2.5 mm
diam., at anthesis cleft to c. /2-way, valves c. 0.3 mm thick, pedicel c. 2(-2.5) mm
long, (sub)glabrous; ovary broadly ovoid-subglobose, 1.5-1.7 mm diam., glabrous,
stigmas sessile, as 2 minute lobes c. 0.1-0.2 mm. Fruits 2-6 per infructescence,
broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, 20-25 x 17-20 mm, glabrous (or possibly with few
minute hairs at base), finely rugulose, without marked tubercles, drying (reddish-
)brown; dry valves 1.5-2 mm thick; stalk 3-6 mm long; perianth not persisting.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon, Mindoro, Sibuyan, Samar, Leyte.
PHILIPPINES: Brass 1220; BS (Bermejos) 1518, (Ramos) 39770, 40823, 46414; Cuming 1702; Elmer
7094, 12067, 12297, 12337, 17220; For. Bur. (Parras & Aduviso) 28297; Gaudichaud s.n.; PNH
(Celestino & Castro) 1925, (Sulit) 6236; (Conklin) 17461.
Ecology. Lowland forest in moist valleys. Flowers and fruits throughout the year;
0- c. 400 m.
Vernacular names. Aragay (Mangalang, Mindoro), Dagoan (C. Biscuay), Tapol
(Tagbilaran), Lagasi (Biscuay Isl.).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Flowers reported as yellow or lemon yellow, fragrant. Fruits
orange-red.
2. According to Sinclair (p. 5) this species is closely related to H. spicata.
Sinclair’s idea of H. spicata embodied several taxa, which are presently regarded as
different species because of differences in the androecium. As can be seen from the
present key to the species it is now considered as being close to species like H.
parviflora and H. smithii from the Moluccas, i.e., of the group with anthers strongly
incurved or inflexed into the androecium-cup. H. ardisiifolia is quite distinct by its
stout habit, with thick twigs which are winged or ridged, large leaves, coarse
tomentum on the leaf bud, large male perianths (4-4.5 mm wide), broad
androecium with the anthers deeply incurved and clasping each other.
3. Of the type of H. warburgiana, Elmer 12297, | have seen only two isotypes, in
K and L. They are conspecific and consist of a leafy twig, and fruits in an attached
New account of Horsfieldia 2 75
envelope. The fruits belong to H. ardisiifolia, but the leafy twigs are most likely H.
macrocoma, a species which is recently referred by me to a new genus Endocomia
(1984).
In 1959 Sinclair identified Elmer 12297 in L as H. ardisiifolia but later he
regarded that name a synonym of H. brachiata var. sumatrana, a taxon of which the
Philippine specimens are presently referred by me to various other species.
13. Horsfieldia talaudensis de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1A(13)
Horsfieldia species perianthiis masculis 2-valvatis atque antheris inflexis, ex affinitate H. ardisiifoliae,
ab ea differt virgis teretibus non-angularibus, perianthio minore c. 2.5 mm diam. atque pedicellis
pubescentibus. Typus: Lam 2628 (L).
Tree 15-35 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards the apex 2-4(-7) mm diam., early
glabrescent, tomentum scarce, composed of hairs 0.1 mm or less; bark striate, not
flaking when older, lenticels rather inconspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous
to chartaceous, oblong-lanceolate, 8-30 x 2.5-10 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-
acuminate, finely paler pustulate on both surfaces; upper surface drying greenish to
dark brown, lower surface bright brown, early-glabrescent, hairs minute, stellate-
scaly, 0.1 mm long or less, dark dots absent; midrib flat above; nerves 12-20 pairs,
above slender, flat, inconspicuous, marginal arches not distinct, tertiary veins thin,
indistinct on both surfaces; petioles 10-18 x 1.5-3 mm, leaf bud c. 10 X 2 mm, with
hairs c. 0.1 mm. Inflorescences densely pubescent with hairs 0.1-0.2 mm, c. 3 times
ramified, in & and Q c. 4-8 x 3-4 cm, rather many-flowered, common peduncle
1.5-2 cm; bracts broadly ovoid-ellipsoid, densely pubescent, 1.5-3 mm long, cadu-
cous. Flowers in © in clusters of 2-3 each, perianths 2-valved, glabrous; pedicel
pubescent, at base inarticulated. Male perianth transversely ellipsoid, only little
laterally compressed, c. 2-2.2 X 2.5-3 mm, broadly rounded above and at the base,
glabrous, drying brown, not collapsing; pedicel slender, 1-1.5 mm, rather densely
pubescent with grey or pale brown hairs c. 0.1 mm; perianth at anthesis cleft to
*/3-Y5, valves rather firm, c. 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium transversely ellipsoid to
reniform, not much compressed, c. 1.5 X 2 mm; anthers c. 18, closely set, connate
for about ’2-way and forming a + saucer-shaped cup or cavity into which the free
apical halves of the anthers are inflexed; young anthers septate; androphore
slender, 0.2-0.3 mm long. Female flowers not seen. Fruits 3-10 per infructescence,
short-ellipsoid, top and base rounded, 1.5-1.6 x 1.3-1.4cm, glabrescent, tomentum
of stellate hairs c. 0.1 mm or less (hence ovary pubescent), drying brown, without
conspicuous tubercles, dry valves c. 1.5 mm thick, stalk 3-4 mm long; perianth not
persisting.
Distribution. Moluccas: Talaud Isls. (Karakelong); possibly Celebes: Minahassa
(see notes). ;
CELEBES. Minahassa: Koorders 18136 8 (doubtful, see notes).
MOLUCCAS. Talaud Isls.: Lam 2638, 2650, 2811, 2929.
Ecology. Old forest on mountain slopes; 70-200 m alt. Flowers in April, fruits in
April and May.
Vernacular name. Laran’a.
76 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Tree to 35 m. Ripe fruits orange or brownish yellow.
2. Possibly endemic on the Talaud Isls. A species of the group with the
androecium having strongly inflexed anthers, characterised by the firm, transverse-
ly ellipsoid to subglobose male perianth, by the anthers connate to c. 12-way, by
hairy, short but slender pedicels, and by the pubescent ovary (thinly pubescent
young fruit).
3. The specimen from the Minahassa (Celebes; Koorders 18136 8) is sterile but
agrees vegetatively, in the leaf colour and texture, and very well with the fruiting
specimens from Talaud Isls.
4. The specimens belonging to the present new species were included by Sinclair
in H. parviflora, a species presently accepted in a much narrower sense.
14. Horsfieldia samarensis de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1A(14)
Horsfieldia species perianthiis masculis 2-valvibus et antheris profunde inflexis, ex affinitate H.
ardistifoliae atque H. talaudensis, ab H. ardisiifolia differt virigis non-angularibus et floribus minoribus,
ab H. talaudensi antheris inflexis solum ad umum androecii latus atque pedicellis perianthio longioribus.
— Typus: Gutierrez PNH 147374 (L).
Tree 5 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards the apex 1.5-3.5 mm diam., early
glabrescent, tomentum minute, of greyish hairs less than 0.1 mm; bark finely
striate, when older not flaking, lenticels rather inconspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows,
membranous, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, c. 7-11 x 2-3 cm, base attenuate,
tip acute-acuminate, not finely, paler pustulate: upper surface drying dull olli-
vaceous, lower surface bright brown, early glabrescent, hairs sparse, less than
0.1 mm, without dark dots; midrib slightly raised above; nerves 10-13 pairs, above
slender, flat, rather contrasting in colour; marginal arches on lower surface faint but
rather regularly looping; tertiary venation inconspicuous on both surfaces; petioles
c. 8-10 x 1-1.5 mm, leaf bud c. 10 X 1 mm, with hairs less than 0.1 mm.
Inflorescences glabrescent or thinly pubescent by stellate scales c. 0.1 mm or less,
rather slender, in CG’: 2-3 times ramified, 3-4 xX 1.5-2.5 cm, rather few-flowered,
common peduncle c. 1-1.5 cm; bracts not seen, caducous. Male flowers solitary or
in loose clusters of 2 or 3 together; perianths 2-valved, glabrous, pedicels glabrous,
at base inarticulate. Male perianth transversely ellipsoid, only slightly laterally
compressed, 2-2.2 2.5-2.7 mm, above and below broadly rounded, drying brown,
firm, not collapsing, glabrous; pedicel slender, (1.5-)2-3 mm long, glabrous;
perianth at anthesis cleft to 73-%, the valves rather firm, 0.2(-0.3) mm thick.
Androecium broadly obovoid to transversely short-ellipsoid, 1.2-1.3 x 1.4-1.5 mm,
thickish, 0.8-0.9 mm thick; anthers 14 or 15, closely set, septate when immature,
largely connate and forming a rather thick-walled saucer-shaped cup into which the
anthers at one side inflect deeply nearly to the base, clasping and covering the
other anthers, the inflexed parts of the anthers mutually free; androphore narrow,
(0-)0.1 mm long. Female flowers and fruits not seen.
Distribution. Philippines: Samar Isl. (only known from the type).
Ecology. North slope, 600-800 ft. Flowers in May.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 77
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Tree c. 5 m tall, dbh c. 6 cm. Inflorescence (flowers) green.
2. According to the flower structure related to H. talaudensis, but differing in
several points. H. talaudensis is stouter, with male inflorescences stouter, more
densely pubescent; its pedicels are shorter (shorter than the perianth) and densely
pubescent, the perianth somewhat larger, the androecium with the anthers inflexed
from both sides into the cavity.
3. The specimen on which the present new species is based was collected after
Sinclair’s revision.
15. Horsfieldia smithii Warb. Fig. 1A(15)
H. smithii Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 270, t. 21, 1-3. — Myristica smithii (Warb.) Boerl., Handl. FI.
Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 87 — Type: Smith s.n. (1797, in BM sheet numbered 296) (iso: BM, K, L;
LINN, B+, BR & G, n.v.).
Tree 10-20 m. Twigs in apical portion flattish and 2-angled, often somewhat
yellowish, lower down subterete, with two distinct or faint ridges or lines from
petiole to petiole, 2.5-5(-8) mm diam., glabrescent, minute tomentum with hairs
0.1 mm long or less; bark finely striate, when older not flaking, lenticels rather
small and inconspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous, oblong-lanceolate, (10-)
15-30 Xx (4-) 5-10 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface drying
olivaceous to brown, with fine minute paler pustules or not, almost always with
larger irregular whitish marks, lower surface early glabrescent, hairs 0.1 mm long
or less; without dark dots; midrib above slender, flat; nerves 10-18 pairs, above thin
and flat or slightly raised, inconspicuous, marginal arches not distinct; tertiary
venation forming a rather lax network, indistinct; petiole 10-16 x 1.5-2.5 mm; leaf
bud c. 10 X 2 mm with hairs c. 0.1 mm or less. Inflorescences with sparse to dense
tomentum of hairs c. 0.1 mm or less; in CG: (2-) 3-4 times ramified, many-
flowered, c. 5-8 X 4-8 cm; in 9: c. 2-3 cm long; common peduncle 5-15 mm; bracts
not seen, caducous. Flowers 2-4 together, perianths and pedicels glabrous,
perianths 2-valved; pedicel glabrous, at base inarticulate. Male perianth subcircular
to distinctly transversely ellipsoid or slightly reniform, laterally compressed, dull
and usually + collapsed on drying, 2.5-3.0 X 3-4 mm, above broadly rounded, at
base rounded, or subtruncate, or shortly tapering; pedicel slender, 1.5-2 mm;
perianth at anthesis cleft to c. 74-%4, valves 0.1-0.2 mm thick. Androecium as
viewed laterally from the broad side transversely ellipsoid, inflated, consisting of a
bunch of anthers 1-1.5(-2.0) x 2.5-3.5 mm, and a sterile basal part or androphore,
rather tapering, 0.5-0.8 mm long; anthers 12-15 (i.e., 12-15 thecae at both sides of
the androecium), the thecae slender, mutually almost free, c. 1.5-2 mm long, their
upper halves deeply curved into the cavity, which extends almost to the base of the
androecium, the thecae subdorsally attached to the rim of the androphore only at
the base. Female perianth ovoid-ellipsoid, 2-3 mm diam., at anthesis cleft to c.
Y2-way, valves c. 0.3 mm thick, pedicel c. 2 mm long, thinly pubescent; ovary
globose-ovoid, c. 2 X 1.7 mm, glabrous, stigma c. 0.1 mm long or less. Fruits 1-3
per infructescence, ellipsoid, 1.5-2.0 (-3.0) x 1.4-1.6 cm, glabrous, drying brown,
with scattered small tubercles or lenticels; dry valves 1.5-2 mm thick; stalk 3-5 mm
long; perianth not persisting.
78 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
Distribution. Moluccas: Ceram, Banda, Damar Isls., possibly Ternate (see
notes).
CERAM: Kornassi (exp. Rutten) 2/8; Rutten 1776.
BANDA: Cult. hort. Bogor: Anon. 270 (anno 1901); Forbes 1158 (anno 1880); Koerniasih 42; Banda,
Chr. Smith s.n. & 296 (May 1797).
DAMAR Isls.: Riedel s.n. (syntype H. novoguineensis, not the lectotype).
TERNATE: ? Smith s.n. (see the notes).
Ecology. Nothing known.
Vernacular names. Pohon lobi-lobi (Banda, Ceram), Pala oetan (Ceram).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Flowers yellow, in May and October; fruits yellow with whitish
dots, in October; 0-100 m alt.
2. Closely related to H. palauensis, H. parviflora and H. ardisiifolia, with which
it shares the character of largely free thecae which are curved into the hollowed
+ cup- or saucer-shaped androphore; the more or less incurved anthers of H. irya
are reminiscent, but in this latter species the perianth is much smaller and the
anthers are shorter and free at the apex for only c. 0.2 mm; in H. moluccana the
male perianth is + pear-shaped and the anthers are largely inter-connate.
3. The present species as well as related species like H. parviflora, H. ardistifolia,
and also H. irya and H. moluccana may have somewhat ridged or angular twigs,
and in sterile or fruiting stages may be confused with species with typically ridged or
winged twigs, e.g., H. angularis, and a few species confined to West Malesia.
4. With Warburg’s key, H. smithii is keyed out (p. 262) in a group (series Smithii)
which is characterized by 2-valved perianths, ridged twigs and interconnate
anthers. However, in reality the anthers appear to be almost entirely or largely
mutually free, with the long free portions of the thecae deeply curved into the +
bowl-shaped androecium.
5. Sinclair included the present species in his broad concept of H. spicata, the
latter presently accepted by me in a much narrower sense, and regarded as distinct
by the spicate male and female inflorescences, pear-shaped male perianths, erect
uncurved anthers, etc.
6. The specimen from Damar Isls. (Riedel. s.n.) was determined by Sinclair as H.
parviflora which in his notion is also a broad species and which I accept in a
narrower sense. H. parviflora differs from H. smithii by the less distinctly ridged or
lined twigs, the thicker male perianths which do not collapse on drying, the
more rigid and broader (wider) androecium with the thecae only mutually free in
the long incurved portions, and by the absence of irregularly shaped whitish marks
on the leaves.
7. The specimens from Ternate (possible collected by Smith, Oct. 1801; in BM).
bears immature female flowers with glabrous ovaries. The indumentum of the
inflorescences is rather thick and woolly, and the specimen could well be H. irya, a
species usually with similar whitish markings on the leaves.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 79
16. Horsfieldia palauensis Kanehira Fig. 1A(16)
H. palauensis Kanehira, New Trees Micronesia I, in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 46 (1932) 452 (‘palauense’); FI.
Micronesica (1933) 111, Fig. 33; Bot. Mag. Tokyo 47 (1933) 670, in the notes to H. amklaal; An
Enumeration of Micronesian Plants, in J. Dept. Agric. Kyushu Imp. Univ. 4, 6 (1935) 319. — Type:
Kanehira 270 (Q), Palau Isls. (FU, n.v.; iso: BISH, FI; NTS, n.v.).
H. glabra auct. non (Bl.) Warb.: Kanehira, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 45 (1931) 280.
Tree 7-15 m. Twigs terete, lined from petiole to petiole, c. 3-4(-8) mm diam.,
early glabrescent, tomentum minute, with hairs c. 0.1 mm; bark striate, when older
not flaking, lenticels minute and rather indistinct. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous to
subchartaceous, oblong(-lanceolate) to lanceolate, 10-22 x 3.5-7 cm, base short-
attenuate to rounded, tip obtuse to acute-acuminate; upper surface drying oli-
vaceous brown to dark brown, not finely pustulate, sometimes with a few paler
marks of irregular shape, lower surface early glabrescent from hairs 0.1 mm or less,
without dark dots; midrib slender above, flat or slightly raised; nerves 10-20 pairs,
thin and flat above, inconspicuous, marginal arches indistinct; tertiary venation
forming a rather lax network, indistinct or invisible; petiole 10-16 x 1.5-2 mm; leaf
bud c. 10 X 2 mm, with tomentum of hairs c. 0.1 mm or less. Inflorescences with
sparse to dense woolly rusty tomentum with hairs 0.1-0.3 mm; in O and Q: 2-3
times ramified, rather few- to many-flowered, + short, c. 3-6 X 2-4 cm; common
peduncle 5-15 mm; bracts broadly ellipsoid, 2-3 mm long, caducous. Flowers 3-6
together, perianths glabrous, 2-valved, pedicels glabrescent or with sparse to +
dense tomentum of hairs 0.1-0.2 mm, inarticulate at base. Male perianth sub-
obtriangular to transversely ellipsoid or kidney-shaped, rather distinctly laterally
compressed, dull dark brown, c. 1.7-2.0(-2.3) xX 2-2.5(-3.0) mm, above broadly
rounded, at base subtruncate to short-cuneate; pedicel 0.5-1.0(-1.5) mm; perianth
at anthesis cleft to c. 73-%, valves c. 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium subellipsoid, c.
1.0-1.5 x 1.8-2.0(-2.5) mm, with a sterile basal part mainly consisting of the
androphore, + hollowed out and rather tapering, c. 0.5-0.6 mm long; anthers c.
8-13, i.e., c. 16-26 thecae and these mutually free for the upper *4 or more, c.
0.7-1.5 mm long, strongly incurved, the ones at one side of the androecium usually
covering those of the other side. Female perianth broadly ellipsoid, c. 2.5-3.0(-3.5)
x 2.2-3.0 mm, at anthesis cleft to c. '2-way, valves c. 0.3 mm thick, pedicel 1-2 mm
long, + sparsely pubescent with hairs c. 0.1 mm; ovary globose-ellipsoid or obo-
void, c. 1.6-2.0 mm long, glabrous, stigma very minutely 2-lobed. Fruits 2-5 per
infructescence, ellipsoid, 2.5-3.0 x 1.5-2.0 cm, glabrous, drying dark brown, with-
out tubercles; dry valves c. 2-3 mm thick; stalk 2-5 mm; perianth not persisting.
Distribution. Caroline Isls.: Palau Isls.
PALAU ISLS.: Hosokawa Takahide 6756; Kanehira 270, 1847, 1958, 1960, 2371; Masahiko Takamat-
su 1205, 1668, Shearard & Spence 94; Tuyama s.n., 10 Sept. 1937, 9, 14, 15, 17, 19, s.n. Aug. 1939.
Ecology. Locally abundant in primary lowland forest, usually not in the wetter
localities and usually at somewhat higher altitudes; apparently not or only rarely in
mangrove forest. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.
Uses. Pericarps edible, eaten by the natives.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Flowers recorded as yellow or orange.
80 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
2. Closely related to H. smithii from the Moluccas, which differs chiefly by the
larger male perianth, c. 3-4 mm wide, by the anthers which are all (i.e., not only
from one side of the androecium) incurved towards the centre of the androecium,
and by the generally somewhat thinner leaves with the lateral nerves on the upper
surface flat or slightly raised. In H. palauensis the older leaves are somewhat
chartaceous, above with the lateral nerves flat or sunken, and the tertiary venation
very indistinct or even invisible.
3. Sinclair (pp. 112, 119, 124) treated the present species as a synonym of H.
spicata. However, as understood by Sinclair, H. spicata appears to be a heter-
oOgeneous species which is in my present treatment divided among various different
species. H. spicata, in the restricted and original sense, is a species presently
regarded as confined to Celebes and the Moluccas.
4. As far as I know, only two species occur on the Palau Isls., viz. the wide-
spread H. irya (syn. H. amklaal, H. nunu), and H. palauensis, an endemic species
closely related to H. smithii from the Moluccas.
5. Doubtful specimens. Two sheets of Takamatsu 1205, in BISH, one female
flowering and the other a fruiting specimen, somewhat deviate by the membranous
leaves with rather distinct, slightly raised lateral nerves and venation.
17. Horsfieldia olens de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1A(17)
Horsfieldia species perianthio masculo glabro fere ad basin 3-valvi, androecio elongato, ex affinitate
H. sepikensis, ab ea differt virgis angularibus, perianthio minus elongatis, atque antheris haud profunde
inflexis. — Typus: NGF 31966 (L).
Tree 10-35 m. Twigs in apical portion distinctly quadrangular through ridges
from both sides of the bases of the petioles, lower down stem merely ridged or
lined, 2-4(-8) mm diam., early glabrescent from greyish to brown tomentum of
hairs c. 0.1 mm; bark striate, when older not flaking, lenticels usually distinct.
Leaves in 2 rows, chartaceous, oblong (to oblong-lanceolate), broadest at or above
the middle, 7-14 x 2.5-6 cm, base attenuate, tip either rounded, or obtuse, or
bluntly short-acute-acuminate, upper surface drying brown to blackish, without or
with few whitish minute dots or pustules, lower surface early glabrescent, hairs
minute, c. 0.1 mm or less, without blackish dots but irregularly shaped pustules of a
different nature present; midrib raised above; nerves 7-10 pairs, above and
below thin, flattish, and inconspicuous, the submarginal arches rather regularly
shaped; tertiary venation forming a lax network, very faint on both surfaces;
petioles relatively long and slender, 12-20 * 1.5-2 mm; leaf bud 6-10 X c. 1.5 mm,
with hairs c. 0.1 mm long. Inflorescences glabrescent or with sparse tomentum of
stellate hairs c. 0.1-0.2 mm, rather short and stout, 2-3 times ramified, common
peduncle 1-10 mm long, rather many-flowered, in C&’ and @ (according to the
infructescences): 2-6 xX 1.5-4 cm, bracts not seen, caducous. Flowers in loose
clusters of 3-5(-7) together; perianths 3-(or 4-) valved, glabrous; pedicels slender,
glabrous, at base + articulated or not. Male perianth broadly ellipsoid to globose,
not angular, c. 1.8-2.3 mm diam., top and base rounded, pedicel not tapering, 2.5-4
mm long, glabrous; perianth at anthesis cleft to c. % or nearly to the base, valves c.
0.2 mm thick. Androecium + obovoid, blunt-triangular, c. 1.5 x 1.0 mm (hence
not completely filling the perianth); anthers c. 10-12, free apices c. 0.3-0.8 mm,
incurved, those of one side clasping the others; column rather broad and solid,
hollowed for the upper 4 to 4; androphore rather broad, up to 0.1 mm long.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 81
Female flowers not seen. Fruits 2-6 per infructescence, ellipsoid, 1.0-1.6 x 0.8-1.2
cm, top minutely pointed, base sub-attenuate, glabrous, without or with sparse
small tubercles or lenticels, dry valves c. 1-1.5 mm thick; stalk 1-4 mm long;
perianth not persistent.
Distribution. New Guinea: Irian Jaya, Digul (SE. New Guinea); Papua New
Guinea, Western Prov.
NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya: (Bouman) BW 3234, (Nautje) 6530, 6608; Soegeng 413. — Papua New
Guinea, Western Prov.: Lae 51821; NGF 8297, 31770, 31966.
Ecology. Swamp edges, in fringes (with Acacia) of savanna and rain-forest; ridge
forest, primary forest on level land inundated in the wet season, swampy forest on
peaty soil; also in Myrtaceae-Vatica-Campnosperma forest on well-drained podsol-
ground; 0-200 m alt. Flowers in June, fruits from February to August.
Vernacular names. Isasir, Jisasir, Jesaser (Asmat lang.), Selamae (Kunga dial.),
Ma-tak (Kinuga Dist.).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Once reported to have small stilt roots. Bark longitudinally fis-
sured, brown or red-brown, or blackish brown, inside reddish, with some reddish
exudate; reported to have a very offensive smell, or a strong disinfectant smell.
Wood whitish to yellow. Leaves + leathery, once recorded as bluish-green above.
Flowers yellow. Fruits orange-yellow or orange, seeds orange or red.
2. Apparently closely related to H. sepikensis, one of the few other New Guinean
species with 3-merous perianths. That species differs in its non-angular twig-apices,
more elongate perianth, more slender inflorescences, membranous leaves, and
apparently a different ecology. The present new species is mostly found in dry or
wet habitats on poor peaty or podsolic soils.
3. Specimens of the present species were included by Sinclair (p. 125, 126) in H.
spicata var. sepikensis (Mkgf.) Sinclair, a taxon which appears to be a heterogenous
entity.
18. Horsfieldia sepikensis Markgraf Fig. 1A(18); 10
Horsfieldia sepikensis Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 147. — Horsfieldia spicata var. sepikensis
(Mkgf) Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 125, p.p. — Type: Ledermann 8016 (B*; iso: SING,
n.v.).
Tree 10-25 m. Twigs terete, faintly ridged or not, towards apex 2-4(-6) mm
diam., early glabrescent, tomentum of hairs greyish brown, c. 0.1 mm long or less;
bark striate, when older not flaking, lenticels rather small but distinct. Leaves in 2
rows, membranous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, broadest usually at or above the
middle, 8-17 x 3.5-6 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate with the very tip
usually bluntish; upper surface drying dark brown, without minute whitish pus-
tules, lower surface early glabrescent, minute hairs less than 0.1 mm, without
blackish-brown dots; midrib above flattish or slightly raised; nerves 8-12 pairs,
above thin and flat; tertiary veins forming a lax network, very faint on both
surfaces; petiole relatively long, 15-24 x 1-2 mm, leaf bud c. 10 k 1 mm, with hairs
82
ere
Horsfieldia sepikensis Markgraf
a, twig portion with male inflorescence, X '2; b, mature male flower, lateral view, Xx 12; c,
ditto, opened, showing androecium, Xx 12; d, androecium, longitudinal section, schematic, x
12; e & f, portions of female flowering twig, inflorescences axillary to leaves and fallen leaves,
x 12; g, mature female flower bud, x 12; h, ditto, at full anthesis, showing glabrous ovary and
large broadly 2-lipped stigmas, x 12. — a-d, from Hoogland & Craven 10255; e-h, Hoogland
& Craven 10237.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 83
less than 0.1 mm. Inflorescences glabrescent or with sparse hairs c. 0.1 mm, 2-3
times ramified, many-flowered, in CG: 7-12 x 4-6 cm, in Q: 2-4 x 1.5-2 cm,
common peduncle c. 0.5-1.5 cm long; bracts not seen, caducous. Flowers in loose
clusters of 2-7 together; perianths 3-(or 4-) valved, finely punctate, in mature bud
rather angular (though perianths never tightly clustered), glabrous; pedicels glab-
rous, at base not articulated. Male perianth broadly ellipsoid-obovoid, + 3-
angular, c. 1.5-2.0 x 1.4-1.6 mm, at apex acutish, base + attenuate, pedicel
slender, not tapering, 2-3 mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to c. %, valves c. 0.1
mm thick. Androecium + obovoid, + bluntish 3-angular, c. 1.5 x 1-1.2 mm;
anthers 12-14, tightly set, septate before maturity, free apices c. 0.2-0.5 mm long
and these + curved into the hollowed upper '3 part of the rather broad anther
column (anthers at one side of the androecium in Hoogland & Craven 10255
mutually touching each other in a fish-bone pattern, see fig. 10) androphore 0-0.1
mm, rather narrow. Female perianth ellipsoid, c. 2.0 x 1.6-1.8 mm, 3- or 4-valved,
cleft at anthesis almost to the base, valves c. 0.1-0.2 mm thick, pedicel 1.5-2 mm
long; ovary ovoid, c. 1.5-1.8 X 1.2-1.5 mm, glabrous, style absent, stigmas relative-
ly very large, consisting of two broad fleshy lobes c. 1.0 X 0.2 mm, only c. 0.1 mm
high. Fruits not seen.
Distribution. Papua New Guinea: East Sepik Prov.
PAPUA NEW GUINEA. East Sepik Prov.: Hoogland & Craven 10237, 10255; Ledermann 6738.
Ecology. Primary and secondary forest, riverine forest; ridge forest; 0-50 mm.
Flowers and fruits throughout the year.
Vernacular name. Bangera (Waskuk lang., Sepik).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Flowers yellow.
2. A noteworthy species because of its predominantly 3-merous flowers, the only
other species with 3- or 4-merous flowers in New Guinea being the + related H.
olens. Furthermore, the present species stands apart by its thick, conspicuous
stigmas. It is in many cases reminiscent of a species of Gymnacranthera, but the
New Guinean G. paniculata var. zippeliana differs in the nature of the hairs (on leaf
bud, and flowers), by the hairy perianths, split at anthesis to only c. /2-way deep,
by a hairy ovary, and a different texture and colour of the leaves (whitish below).
3. The fruits are reported by Markgraf in the original description as globose, c.
13-15 cm diam., the dry pericarp c. 2 mm thick; seed globose, c. 1 cm diam. I have
not seen fruits of our present species, and the fruiting Ledermann-specimens
formerly in the Berlin herbarium have probably all been destroyed.
4. | have not seen the isotype Ledermann 8016 (C), in SING. The flowers are
described by Markgraf in the original description as being cleft to c. /2-way deep at
anthesis. However, in the male and female specimens I saw have the perianths
split to almost the base. Ledermann 6738, in K, a duplicate of one of the authentic
collections cited by Markgraf, has good male flowers. See further under note 5.
5. Sinclair, who examined a duplicate of the holotype Ledermann 80/6 in SING,
84 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
accepts the present species as a variety under H. spicata, including specimens with
2-valved as well as with 3-valved perianths. In my opinion the 3-merous perianths
are typical for the present species, which are endemic in the Sepik area, one which
has no close relationship with H. spicata from the Moluccas.
6. Hoogland & Craven 10255 contains one flower with a ‘double’ androecium;
the perianth is somewhat larger and has 4 valves. Female flowers are either 3- or
4-valved.
19. Horsfieldia sylvestris (Houtt.) Warb. Fig. 1A(19); 11
Myristica sylvestris Houtt., Nat. Hist. 2, 3 (1774) 340 — Horsfieldia sylvestris (Houtt.) Warb., Mon.
Myrist. (1897) 337, t. 22 fig. 1-6; Sinclair Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 142. — Type: not indicated.
M. salicifolia Willd. in Roem. & Usteri, Mag. Bot. 3, 9 (1790) 26; Sp. Pl. (4th ed.) 4, 2 (1806) 871;
Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. Carey (1832) 846 — Type: not known.
M. pinnaeformis Zipp. (msc.) ex Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2, 1 (1865) 49 — Type: Zippelius s.n.
(180) (L).
M. pendulina Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 (1890) 859; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 329, pl.
170 — Type: Cantley s.n. (A, CAL, n.v.; K).
M. edulis F.v.M., in sched. (Hb. v. Miller, d’Alberis 11, MEL, not seen).
H. sylvestris var. villosa Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 341 — Type: Beccari 696 (Fl, n.v.), Warburg 20708
CA;, Bt, 'n.v2):
Tree 7-40(-60) m. Twigs stout, terete, hollow, in young innovations when dry +
angular or flattish, usually thinly ridged, 4-14(-20) mm diam., glabrescent from
rusty + woolly tomentum composed of hairs 0.3-1.0(-1.5) mm; bark faintly striate,
when older not flaking, with coarse lenticels. Leaves in 2 rows, (thinly) char-
taceous, lanceolate to lanceolate-linear, parallel-sided, (17-)20-45 x 3-7(-9) cm,
base rounded to short-attenuate, tip long acute-acuminate; upper surface drying
usually dull, greenish brown to dark brown, minutely pustulate or not, lower
surface late glabrescent or with (partially) persistent or sub-persistent tomentum of
mixed hairs 0.1-1(-1.5) mm; without dark brown dots; midrib flattish above,
late-glabrescent; nerves 30-42 pairs, thin, above flat or sunken, beneath with
distinct marginal arches; tertiary venation forming a lax network, distinct (and then
the leaves + bullate) or usually not distinct above; petiole short, 2-7 x (2-)3-5 mm,
usually shortly winged, the lamina being decurrent; leaf bud generally stout, up to
8 cm long, densely woolly-pubescent. Inflorescences pubescent or late-glabrescent,
hairs woolly, 0.5-1 mm long, in CO: large, many-flowered, 3-5 times ramified,
paniculate, 7-20(-30) x 4-10(-14) cm, in 9: 4-10(-15) cm long; common peduncle
2-7 cm X 2-5 mm, at base with a few persistent bluntish cataphylls 2-4 mm long;
bracts rather late-caducous, + concave, (2-) 4-8(-16) mm long. Flowers in C in
loose clusters of 4-10 each, in 2 up to 5 only; perianths 2-(or 3-) valved, often
somewhat angular, glabrous or at base glabrescent, pedicels slender, glabrescent or
with persistent tomentum of hairs c. 0.3 mm, at base inarticulate; flowers before
anthesis, especially in 0’, densely packed into subglobose or ellipsoid glomerules
4-7 mm diam. wrapped in bracts. Male perianths obovoid to narrow-obovoid, or
clavate, irregularly shaped and angular by being closely packed in bud, c. 1.5-2.1 x
Q.5-1.3(-1.5) mm, at apex obliquely obtusish, towards base usually + tapering into
pedicel c. 0.2-1.5(-2) c. 0.3 mm; perianth at anthesis split to c. %3-'2-way, valves
0.1-0.3 mm thick, sometimes with a few pale dots. Androecium ellipsoid-oblong, c.
Mme he,
fae
~
4
x
s
Vy
\
Fig. 11.
a bss
Horsfieldia sylvestris (Houtt.) Warb.
a, leafy twig apex, x 2; b & c, twig portions with respectively immature and full-grown male
inflorescences, note bracts in b, X %; d, male flower, X 6; e, ditto, opened, showing
androecium, X 12; f, twig portion with female inflorescence axillary to fallen leaf, x 2; g,
female flower, lateral view, opened, showing glabrous ovary, note much larger size as
compared with the male flowers, x 6; h, twig portion with infructescence with mature fruits.
— a, f, g, de Vogel 3069; b, de Vogel 3094; c-e, Craven 739; h, de Vogel 3370.
85
86 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
1-1.2 X 0.5-0.6 mm, broadly rounded at apex; anthers 4-8, septate (at least before
full maturity), c. 0.8-1.5 mm long, connate (without free apices); androphore
rather broad, c. 0.1-0.4 mm long. Female perianths ellipsoid to broadly ovoid,
stout, + coriaceous, c. 3.5-5 * 3-4.5 mm, split at anthesis to c. 14, valves 0.7-1 mm
thick; pedicels stout, 1.5-5.5 mm long; ovary broadly ovoid-ellipsoid, c. 2.5-3 x 2.5
mm, glabrous, stigma sessile, not-lobed, c. 0.1 x 0.5 mm. Fruits 2-10 per in-
fructescence, ellipsoid, at base and apex rounded or sometimes subacutish after
drying, 3.4-5.5 x 2.5-3.5 cm, glabrous, drying dark brown, without or with few
coarse tubercles, dry valves 2-4(-5) mm thick; stalk 5-13 mm; perianth not persis-
TEN.
Distribution. Moluccas (Morotai to Kai Isls.), Aru Isls., New Guinea (not in
Morobe and Milne Bay Prov. of Papua New Guinea), not in Bismarck Arch. and
Solomon Isls.
MOLUCCAS: b.b. s.n. (April 1920), 16468, 23187, 23749, 24864, 24879, 25176, 25825, (Buwalda
636) 25981; Beguin 1400; Buwalda 5628, 6112; Idjen & Mochtar 362; Jaheri 710; Kostermans (b.b.
33725) 13, (b.b. 33921) 251, 767 (p.p.), 1123, 1685; Kuswata & Soepadmo 3; Lam 3463, 3538; Pleyte
379; Robinson 235; de Vogel 3069, 3094, 3114, 3370, 3491, 3713, 3765, 3815, 3857, 3930, 4164, 4518;
Teysmann & de Vriese s.n.; de Vriese s.n.
ARU Isls.: (Buwalda 249) b.b. 25282; Buwalda 4994.
IRIAN JAYA (incl. Vogelkop): Aet & Idjan 487; b.b. 15901, 22268, 22532, 32682; BW 24, 343, 498,
533, 536, 1151, 1280, 1366, 1433, 1733, 1754, 1766, 1812, 1838, 1839, 2131, 2207, 2208, 2209, 2210, 2211,
2227, 2428, 2535, 2687, 2699, 2948, 2950, 3985, 4089, 4369, 4446, 4460, 5191, 5413, 5844, 5923, 6002,
6539, 6964, 7404, 7689, 7836, 8174, 9194, 9868, 10160, 10835, 10870, 11844, 11869, 11900, 11905, 12409, »
12990, 13032, 13795, 14929, 15628, 15648, 15653; Gjellerup 180, 180b, 407; Kostermans (b.b. 33355)
128, (b.b. 33414) 201; (b.b. 33664) 2652, 2669; Kostermans & Soegeng 103, 485; Pleyte 686; van Royen °
4510; van Roygen & Sleumer 6193, 7051; Soehoed 31; Zippelius s.n. (180) — Biak & Japen Isl.: Aet &
Idjan 396, 749; b.b. 1009, 30272, 30393, 30570.
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Baldwin UPNG 5752; Brass 7068; Craven & Schodde 739; Darbyshire 908;
Hart 5007; Hoogland 5021; Jacobs 9052; LAE 73978; NGF 7153, 8214, 10353, 13267, 27471, 34366,
35623, 36015, 48157, 48467; Pullen 8181; Saunders 920, 1104; Schodde & Craven 4289, 4470; Schodde
4506; Womersley 3694, 3743.
Cultivated: (Singapore) Cantley s.n. (1886), Ridley 186, (Furtado) SING 34863 — (Sumatra) Forbes
1155 A; Teysmann s.n. — (Java) Forbes 1218 c, e; Rastini 90; Sutrisno 66.
Ecology. Primary and secondary forest, on alluvial soils (sandy and clayey soils),
especially common in the coastal plains of Vogelkop; also in swampy forest (with
Pometia), in forest inundated by heavy rains or in stagnant water; also on well-
drained porous volcanic soils, or close to limestone outcrops, in ridge forest, or in
Castanopsis forest (at 530 m., in Vogelkop); 0-700 m alt. Sometimes recorded as a
solitary emergent tree. Flowers and fruits throughout the year. The trees may bear
flowers and fruits simultaneously..
Vernacular names. See Sinclair, p. 147.
Uses. The wood is heavy, easily worked (easy to cut), not very durable. Fruits
taste sour, and are edible (Sepik Dist.). The fruit wall is used in rodjak, and in
manisan (a sweet pickle) (Moluccas). Extract of bark is used as a drug against
‘““nenyakit keputihan’’ by expecting women, also against hepatitis (Moluccas). The
fruits are gathered and eaten by the Gogodala tribe, Western Distr., Papua; once
reported as found planted at a former village site. Fruits eaten by birds (e.g.,
pigeons, parrots), apparently swallowed whole.
——.. J
New account of Horsfieldia 2 87
The trees are several times recorded as beautiful, and recommended as an
ornamental.
The many vernacular names indicate that the tree is widely known by local
people.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Recorded as a striking tree, with pendulous branches (twigs up to
2m), and leaves drooping and distichous (resembling compound pinnate leaves),
glossy above. Bole often mentioned as very straight, in old specimens with rotten
core. Recorded as with or without buttresses; these low or up toc. 1.5(-2.5) m high,
up to 1.5 m out, up to 8(-20) cm thick, sometimes recorded as having small stilt
roots. Bark brownish, smooth or usually recorded as shallowly fissured, or often as
slightly to strongly peeling off in small scales; exudate pale red-brown, watery.
Sapwood colour usually pale yellowish or straw, usually gradually passing into the
slightly darker or reddish-cream heartwood. Fruits pinkish, pink-orange, pink-
brown, orange, red-brown, or deep red; aril orange-red or bright red. Flowers
bright yellow, dark yellow, or orange-yellow, slightly fragrant or not; pollen pale
yellow or whitish.
2. Variation and resembling species. Horsfieldia sylvestris is a homogenous
species; it only rather varies in the hairiness of twigs, leaf-bud, and (juvenile)
leaves. Very hairy specimens were described as var. villosa by Warburg, but many
forms intermediate to the typical occur. Wildenow’s H. salicifolia has the leaves
woolly beneath. A comparatively slightly hairy (i.e., short-haired) specimen is,
e.g., BW 10835, from the vicinity of Manokwari (Vogelkop); very much hairy
forms are, e.g., BW 536, 2535, 7836, 11905, 13795, b.b. 32682, or Kostermans 128
(b.b. 33355), material which partly came from the same area.
Sterile specimens may be confused with certain forms of H. hellwigii, sometimes
with similarly hairy twigs and almost similarly long leaf-buds. In that species the
leaves are usually narrower, the perianth subglobose, not clavate, and the fruits
smaller and hairy; in the present species the fruits are generally larger, and always
glabrous.
In H. sylvestris the number of anthers constituting the elongate androecium is
rather difficult to ascertain; I counted 4-8 (8-16 thecae), Sinclair had it as 8-10.
3. Warburg placed H. sylvestris and H. ralunensis in his sect. Orthanthera, which
also included H. iryaghedhi from Ceylon, because all three species have rather
elongated and angular male perianths clustered into flower heads. The first two
named species, however, have the flowers only clustered in immature infloresc-
ences, and are here not considered closely related to H. iryaghedhi on various
grounds.
20. Horsfieldia australiana S.T. Blake Fig. 1A(20); 12
Horsfieldia australiana $.T. Blake, Austr. J. Bot. 2 (1954) 124, Pl. 5; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28
(1975) 6, pp., for the Australian specimens only. — Type: S.7. Blake (BRI; iso: SING, n.v.).
Tree 6-25 m. Twigs terete or lined or ridged towards the top 2-5(-12) mm diam.,
early glabrescent, tomentum pale brown to grey-brown, with minute hairs 0.1 mm
Fig. 12.
88
Horsfieldia australiana §.T. Blake
a, twig portion with male inflorescences, twig not ridged, x 12; b, ditto, twig lined or ridged,
x 42; c, opened male flower, showing androecium and schematic longitudinal section of
androecium, x 6; d, ditto of different specimen, mature male flower closed, opened, and
schematic longitudinal section of androecium, 6; e, portion of twig with female inflor-
escences axillary to fallen leaves, x 2; f, mature female flower and longitudinal section of the
same, note pubescence at base of ovary, X 6; g, portion of twig with infructescence, x ¥2.—a
& c, from Dunlop 3585; b & d, from Hyland 2724; e & f, from Smith 11913; g, from Hyland
2d51;
New account of Horsfieldia 2 89
or less; bark faintly striate, when older not flaking, lenticels usually conspicuous.
Leaves in 2 rows, membranous or chartaceous, elliptic oblong to lanceolate,
broadest at about the middle, or more or less parallel-sided and broadest below or
above the middle, 10-24 x 3-7 cm, base attenuate, tip obtusish or acutish to
acute-acuminate, often with bluntish tip; upper surface drying dull olivaceous to
bright brown, not finely pale-pustulate, lower surface early glabrescent, hairs
minute 0.1 mm or less, the midrib often rather reddish-brown and usually remain-
ing sparingly minutely scaly-stellate hairy, lower surface without brown-black dots;
midrib flattish to slightly raised above; nerves 10-17 pairs, above thin, sunken or
flat, or slightly raised, beneath with the submarginal arches rather regularly looping
but inconspicuous; tertiary veins forming a lax network, inconspicuous; petiole 3-7
x 1.5-2 mm, leaf bud 8-15 x 1-2 mm, with hairs c. 0.1 mm. Inflorescences sparsely
to densely pubescent with hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long hairs, in C&’ and Q: 2 or 3 times
ramified, (1.5-) 3-8 x 2-5 cm, common peduncle 0.5-1.0 cm long; bracts elliptic to
broadly triangular, acutish, 2-6 mm long, short-pubescent, caducous. Flowers in
loose clusters of 2-6 (in Q: 1-3) each; perianths 2-valved, rather sparsely pubescent
with hairs 0.1 mm or less long, pedicels slender, thinly pubescent, at base inarticu-
late. Male perianth ellipsoid or subglobose, slightly laterally compressed, (2-)2.5-
3.3 X (1.5-) 2-3.0 mm, above and below rounded, pedicel not tapering, 1-2 mm
long; perianth at anthesis cleft to c. ¥2-way, valves c. 0.2 mm thick. Androecium
moderately laterally compressed, above subtruncate to broadly rounded, below
somewhat attenuate, (1.8-) 2.0 x 1.5-2.0 mm; anthers (10?-) 12-14, almost straight,
the free portions at apex c. 0.1-0.2 mm long and these slightly or much incurved;
the column rather wide, spongy, the apical “4-2 broadly hollowed out but the basal
portion more or less protruding into the upper part of the hollow; androphore
rather narrow, 0.1-0.2 mm long. Female perianth ellipsoid, c. 2.5(-3) xX 2.0(-2.5)
mm, cleft at anthesis to c. 2-way, valves c. 0.2 mm thick, pedicel 1-2 mm long;
ovary ovoid, c. 2.0 X 1.5 mm, towards base with dense tomentum of minute hairs
0.1 mm or less, style minutely 2-lobed, c. 0.2 mm broad. Fruits 3-8 per infructesc-
ence, ellipsoid, top rounded or faintly pointed, 1.8-2.2 x 1.1-1.4 cm, with the
surface granulate and with or without a few coarse tubercles, glabrous except at the
very base; dry pericarp c. 2 mm thick; stalk 2-4 mm long; perianth not persisting.
Distribution. Australia: Northern Territory, northern Queensland.
AUSTRALIA. Northern Territory: Byrnes NB 1259 (NT. 14918); Dunlop 3585; Must & McKean B
687 — Queensland: Hyland 2551, 2557, 2724, 3123, 5516; Smith 11762, 11913; Stocker 1043.
Ecology. Riverine forest, gallery forest in gullies of sandstone areas, sheltered
gorge forest, monsoon forest on sandy soils; 0-200 m alt. Flowers from August to
October, fruits from September to January.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Bark fissured or tessellated, usually flaky, stem often recorded as
+ fluted, buttressed. Blaze exudate watery, red; blaze smells like ants. Wood
whitish. Flowers yellow or orange, the female noted as strongly and sweetly scented
(as the flowers of Alocasia macrorhiza or the fruits of Passiflora edulis); the males
recorded as scentless.
90 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
2. Possibly two forms can be recognized, but the material at hand prevents a final
decision. Specimens from Northern Territory, incl. the type and Must & McKean B
687 (C'), Dunlop 3585 (CC), Byrnes NB 1259 (fr.), have the twigs not or only
indistinctly ridged, the leaf blades rather elliptic-oblong (not oblong-lanceolate),
possibly relatively longer petioles, the blades more of a membranous texture with
+ prominent lateral nerves, and possibly the male perianth broader, i.e., broadly
ellipsoid or subglobose. Specimens from Queensland have usually rather leathery
leaves, usually with flattened or sunken lateral nerves, the blades usually more
oblong-lanceolate, with shorter and broader petioles, and the twigs apparently
more distinctly ridged or even winged. However, specimens which distract from
this image exist, e.g., the sterile specimen Hyland 3123 from Northern Terr. has an
‘easternly’ habit, or the sterile specimen Smith 11762, from Queensland, which has
the leaves rather membranous and nerves prominent.
3. Sinclair accepted the present species as including specimens from New Guinea
which are presently regarded as representing a separate new species, H. sinclairii.
21. Horsfieldia crux-melitensis Markgraf Fig. 1A(21); 13 a-c
Horsfieldia crux-melitensis Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 148; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975)
26 (cruxmilitensis) — Type: Schlechter 19246 (B, n.v.; iso: K, L; E, G, NY, S, Z, n.v.).
Shrub or treelet 2-4 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards the apex 1.5-3(-4) mm
diam., glabrescent, tomentum rusty, of hairs c. 0.1 mm; bark finely striate, when
older not flaking, lenticels absent or inconspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, membra-
nous, elliptic to obovate-oblong, broadest usually above the middle, 12-27 x
5.5-11.5 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface drying dark
brown, without or with very minute paler dots, lower surface with persistent
tomentum of rather sparse hairs (c. 0.1 mm) especially on the midrib, or late
glabrescent, without dark dots, the nerves not contrasting in colour; midrib above
slightly raised; nerves 10-15 pairs, sometimes with additional intercalary nerves,
thin and flat above, much raised beneath, the submarginal arches distinct but not
very regularly shaped; tertiary veins forming a lax, rather indistinct network;
petiole 10-16 X 1.5-2.5 mm; leaf bud 7-12 x 1-2 mm, with hairs 0.1-0.2 mm.
Inflorescences situated in between the leaves, woolly-pubescent with stellate-
dendroid hairs 0.1-0.2 mm, 2(-3) times ramified, in CG’ and 9: rather few-flowered,
c. 1.5-5 xX 1.5-4 cm, common peduncle 0).6-1.5 cm long; bracts c. 0.5 mm, pubes-
cent, early caducous. Flowers solitary or up to 3 together; perianths 2-valved, with
scattered stellate hairs c. 0.1(-0.2) mm, densest towards base, pedicels tapering,
pubescent, at base inarticulate. Male perianth subglobose, gradually passing into
the strongly thickened and tapered pedicel, together forming the long-clubshaped
flower c. 9-11 xX 2-3.2 mm; perianth broadly rounded above, somewhat laterally
compressed, c. 2-3 X 2-3.2 mm, pedicel c. 7-8 X 2-3 mm, + obconical, rather
densely pubescent; perianth at anthesis split to c. 4%-'%, i.e., to 0.3-0.6 mm deep,
valves c. 0.2-0.3 mm thick, the perianth-wall lower down c. 0.6-0.8 mm thick.
Androecium a club-shaped body, the top + rounded, c. 1.5-2.5 x 0.7-1.2 mm,
with 3-5 stellately arranged, connate anthers at the apex, c. 0.2-0.3 mm long,
androphore thick, subcylindrical, the surface + wrinkled-bullate and more striate
towards the base, glabrous; central column up to the apex solid. Female perianth
and pedicel together forming an obconical flower similar to O’ flowers, c. 8 xX 3
Fig. 13.
Horsfieldia crux-melitensis Markgraf: a, leaf, x ‘2; b, opened male flower, showing club-
shaped androecium, X 6; c, female flower, opened, showing pubescent ovary with minute
narrow bilobed style, x 6. — H. clavata de Wilde: d, portion of twig with infructescence with
mature fruit, x 2; e, mature male flower, lateral view, x 6; f, ditto, opened, showing
club-shaped androecium, x 6. — H. squamulosa de Wilde: g, habit of leafy twig with male
inflorescences. —a & c, from LAE 73830; b, from Schlechter 19246 (type); d, from Hoogland
3623; e & f, from Hoogland 3663 (type); g, from Brass 7221.
91
92 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
mm; perianth c. 2.2 x 3 mm, split at anthesis for c. 0.2-0.3 m deep; pedicel broadly
obconical, c. 6 X 2.6 mm; ovary obvoid, c. 2 x 1.5 mm, densely pubescent through
hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less, style together with the 2-lobed stigma c. 0.2-0.3 mm .
long. Fruits (according to young infructescences in LAE 73830) 1-4 each, possibly
becoming more than 1.6 cm long, pubescent; stalk much elongated, and thickened
towards the fruit, 10-14 mm long; perianth not persisting.
Distribution. Papua New Guinea: Morobe Prov.
PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Morobe Prov.: LAE 73822, 73830; NGF. 24092; Rau 550; Schlechter
19246.
Ecology. Mixed rain forest, lowland forest, common in wet areas; 0-50 m.
Flowers from January to May; fruits in March.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Shrub or treelet, 2-4 m; bark grey or dark green, wood cream or
white. Flowers cream or orange. Fruits yellowish or red.
2. Fruits ripening red are said to have been mentioned on the label of LAE
73530; in L only female flowers and young fruits are present. Mature fruits have not
been seen by me.
3. Specimens from the Northern Province, presently assigned to a new species H.
clavata, were included by Sinclair in the present species.
4. | have not seen the duplicates of the para-type, Schlechter 17408 (G, NY).
According to Sinclair’s notes on p. 27, its leaves are rather narrowly elliptic or
elliptic or elliptic, not broadly elliptic. This means the specimen could belong to different
related species, e.g., H. clavata, or rather H. squamulosa, which is also known
from the Morobe Province.
22. Horsfieldia clavata de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1A(22); 13 d-f
Horsfieldiae crux-melitensis atque eodem modo Horsfieldiae squamulosae affinis quoad androecium
clavatum, sed differt a H. squamulosa floribus masculis multo minoribus, a H. crux-melitensis pedicellis
attenuatis. — Type: Hoogland 3663 (L; iso: BM, K; CANB, n.v.).
Shrub or tree, 3-6 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, 1.5-3 mm diam., glabrescent,
tomentum grey-rusty, of hairs c. 0.1 mm long; bark finely striate, when older not
flaking, lenticels absent or inconspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous, elliptic
to oblong, broadest at or somewhat above the middle, 7-18 x 3-6 cm, base short- to
long-attenuate, tip acute-acuminate (in Hoogland 3523 c. 2 cm, caudate); upper
surface drying olivaceous, without minute paler dots, lower surface with persistent
tomentum of rather scattered stellate-dendroid, scale-like hairs c. 0.1-0.2 mm
especially on midrib, without larger dark brown dots, the nerves not much contrast-
ing; midrib slender above, raised; nerves 10-20 pairs (including some weaker
intercalary nerves), above thin and flat or slightly raised, beneath much raised, with
distinct, rather regularly looping submarginal arches; tertiary veins forming a lax,
rather indistinct network; petiole 7-14 x 1-1.5 mm; leaf bud 7-10 x 1-1.5 mm, with
hairs c. 0.1 mm. Inflorescences situated in between the leaves, delicate 1-2(-3)
times ramified, lowest side branch from near the base, in CO’ rather many-flowered,
New account of Horsfieldia 2 93
2-3 x 1.5-2 cm, in Q: 2-3-flowered, 1-2 cm long; axes finely scaly-pubescent with
hairs c. 0.1 mm or less; bracts densely pubescent, c. 1-1.5 mm long, caducous.
Flowers solitary or 2-3 together; perianths 2-valved, rather densely pubescent with
stellate-dendroid hairs c. 0.1 mm; pedicels at base inarticulate. Male perianth
subglobose, gradually passing into the strongly tapering pedicel, together forming a
club-shaped flower c. 4-5.5 xX 1.5-2.2 mm; perianth rounded above, c. 1.5-2 xX
1.5-2.2 mm, pedicel c. 2.5-3.5 x 1-1.5 mm, rather densely pubescent; perianth at
anthesis split to c. Mio (i.e., for c. 0.2 mm only), valves c. 0.2 mm thick, the
perianth-wall lower down c. 0.5-0.7 mm thick. Androecium a club-shaped body c.
1.5 x 0.7 mm, at apex consisting of 3 anthers (or c. 6 thecae;; c. 0.3 mm long, +
arranged into a star shape, without free apices; the androphore thickish sub-
cylindrical, slightly bullate-striate, glabrous; central column not hollowed out at
apex. Female perianth ellipsoid, c. 1.8(-2) x 1.2 mm, split at anthesis to c. 4%,
valves c. 0.2 mm thick; pedicel + slender, c. 2 mm long; ovary ovoid, c. 1.0 x 0.6
mm, densely pubescent with stellate-scaly hairs c. 0.1 mm or less, style c. 0.4 mm
long, stigma 2-lobed, c. 0.2 mm long. Fruits 1 (or 2) per infructescence, broadly
ellipsoid-ovoid, base broadly rounded, top + acuminate, c. 2 mm beaked, excl. the
1.5-2 mm long pseudo-stalk c. 1.3 X 1.0 cm, pubescent with hairs c. 0.1 mm long,
drying brownish, without lenticels; dry valves c. 1 mm thick; seed ellipsoid; stalk
6-10 mm long; perianth not persistent.
Distribution. Papua New Guinea: Northern Prov.
PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Northern Prov.: Hoogland 3523, 3623, 3663.
Ecology. Locally common in regrowth in tall lowland forest, on well-drained soil;
0-50 m. Flowers and fruits in August.
Vernacular name. Hamana (Orokaiva lang., Mumuni).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Shrub or treelet; flowers yellow; fruits orange or red, aril red.
2. Related to H. squamulosa and H. crux-melitensis which have a similar club-
shaped androecium. H. squamulosa differs by its slender, male pedicels. The
pedicel, and hence the whole male flower of H. crux-melitensis is similarly club-
shaped as in the present species, but about twice as large; its leaves are also larger,
drying to a darker colour. In H. crux-melitensis both male and female flowers have
much thickened pedicels.
3. Sinclair included the specimens of the present species in H. crux-melitensis.
23. Horsfieldia squamulosa de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1A(23); 13 g
Horsfieldia species androecio clavato, H. crux-melitensis atque eodem mode H. clavatae affinis,
differt pedicellis gracilibus non-attenuatis — Type: Henty & Barlow NGF 42995 (L; iso: K; A, BRI,
CANB, n.v.).
Shrub or tree, 1-10 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards the apex 1-3 mm diam.,
glabrescent, tomentum of minute rust-coloured hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long; bark finely
striate, when older not flaking, lenticels fine and inconspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows,
94 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
membranous, elliptic to lanceolate, broadest at or above the middle or + parallel-
sided, 4-20 x 0.7-5 cm, base attenuate, tip up to 3.5 cm long, acute-acuminate,
upper surface drying dark brown, with or without very minute paler dots, lower
surface with persistent tomentum (especially on the midrib) or glabrescent, hairs
0.1-0.2 mm long or less, without larger dark brown dots, the nerves not contrasting
in colour; midrib slender above and slightly raised; nerves 10-25 pairs, including
some weaker intercalary ones, thin and flat above, much raised beneath, with the
submarginal arches regularly looping or not, distinct or not; tertiary veins forming a
lax network, distinct or indistinct; petiole 6-13 x 1-1.5 mm; leaf bud c. 10 xk 1 mm
with dark rust-coloured hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long. Inflorescences in between the
leaves, 2(-3) times ramified (lowest branch 0-5 mm from the base), few to rather
many-flowered, in G&: c. 1.5-3 X 1-2 cm, in 9 few-flowered, c. 1-3 cm long; axes
woolly pubescent through stellate scaly or dendroid hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long; bracts
pubescent, 0.5-1.5 mm long, caducous. Flowers 1-3 together; perianths 2-valved,
stellate-scaly hairs scattered, densest towards the base; pedicel + densely scaly-
pubescent, at base inarticulate. Male perianth ellipsoid to broadly obovoid, 2.0-3.0.
x 1.5-2.2(-2.4) mm, upper part rounded, at base long- to short-attenuate; pedicel
2-3.5(-6) mm, slender; perianth at anthesis split to c. “%-% (c. 0.1-0.4 mm deep
only), valves 0.1-0.2 mm thick, the perianth-wall lower down 0.5-0.8 mm thick.
Androecium a cylindrical club-shaped body 1.5-2.5 x 0.5-0.8 mm, at apex consist-
ing of 3-4 anthers (or 6-8 thecae) 0.3-0.5 mm (the anthers + stellately arranged,
with free apices 0-0.2 mm), and lower down a thickish sub-cylindrical androphore,
in the upper '3-%4 wrinkled-bullate or warted, in the lower 2-74 either minutely
scaly-hairy or surface striate but glabrous; central column not hollowed out at
apex. Female perianth broadly ellipsoid, 2-2.5 x 1.5-2.1 mm, split at anthesis to c.
4-3, valves c. 0.2(-0.3) mm thick; pedicel 2-3.5 mm long; ovary ovoid, c. 1.5 X
1.2-1.4 mm, densely pubescent through stellate-scaly hairs c. 0.1 mm or less, style
c. 0.2 mm long, stigma distinctly 2-lobed, 0.2-0.3 mm long. Fruits 1-3 per in-
fructescence, broadly ellipsoid-ovoid, base rounded, top rounded to acutish, ros-
trum if present 1-3 mm, excl. the 1.5-5 mm long pseudostalk c. 1.0-1.6 0.7-1.1
cm, sparsely to densely pubescent through hairs c. 0.1 mm long, drying blackish,
without lenticels; dry valves c. 0.5(-1.0) mm thick; seed ellipsoid; stalk 10-12 mm;
perianth not persisting.
Distribution. Papua New Guinea: Morobe Prov., Northern Prov., Milne Bay
Prov. (incl. Normanby Isl.), Western Prov.
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Brass 7221; Carr 16192; LAE 67148, 70239, 71160; NGF 23574, 28894,
31751, 31888, 34088, 38093,.42995, 46892; Pullen 8287; Schlechter 17408 (n.v.)
Ecology. Scattered or locally plentiful shrub or small understorey tree, 1-6(-10)
m in rain forest; on slopes and ridges, creek banks, edges of (sago) swamp forest. In
Normanby Isl. in Eucalyptopsis-dominated forest, in New Guinea found associated
in forest with dominant Castanopsis, or with Lithocarpus, Anisoptera and Hopea-
dominant; 0-500 m. alt. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Shrubs or treelets, recorded with the branches + whorled, or
horizontal. Bark smooth, grey-brown; red exudate; wood cream to straw. Flowers
yellow. Ripe fruit orange to orange-red, aril bright red.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 95
2. By the similar shape of the androecium closely related with H. clavata and H.
crux-melitensis. Most collections were acquired after Sinclair's time. Only one
specimen was included by Sinclair in H. subtilis var. schlechteri, which is presently
again accepted as a separate species, H. schlechteri.
3. The androphore in Pullen 8287, from Milne Bay Prov., is glabrous, whereas
those of the type specimen, and other specimens from Western Prov. are densely
minutely scaly-hairy on the lower part of the androecium. It is possible that this
difference has a taxonomical significance, but more material is needed to decide on
it.
24. Horsfieldia ampla Markgraf
Horsfieldia ampla Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 148 — Type: (Sepik) Ledermann 9639 (B, +, n.v.).
Small tree, 4-5 m. Twigs terete. Leaves large, cuneate-obovate, up to 40 x 16
cm, base + attenuate, tip short-acuminate; nerves 16-18 pairs, straight, sharply
raised beneath and connected before the margin. Petiole, 1 cm long. Inflorescences
on the older wood, large, to 25 cm long and 10 cm wide, glabrescent, loosely
flowered. Male flowers yellow, clavate, 4 x 2 mm (excl. pedicel?), the perianth
2-valved, split at anthesis to hardly 4. Staminal column thick; anthers to c. 10, the
androphore about as long as the anthers or slightly shorter.
Distribution. NE. New Guinea, Sepik Prov., Aprilfluss. Mountain slope near
camp 18. Known only from the type.
Ecology. Dense, very humid forest, on mountain slope at 200-400 m alt. Male
flowers date 12 November, 1912.
NOTES
1. This species is known only from the type. It is keyed out by Markgraf against
H. crux-melitensis, with which it has in common the clavate flowers. In the key is
mentioned that the perianth, other than the androecium, is largely hollow. He
mentions in a note that the species is peculiar amongst the New Guinean Horsfiel-
dias because of its large male flowers, which in other species are smaller and almost
always broader than long, and hence that it is without close relatives.
2.. H. ampla was not mentioned by Sinclair.
25. Horsfieldia ampliformis de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(25); 14
Horsfieldia species inflorescentiis masculis grandis, c. 30 cm longis, attamen pubescentibus, a H.
ampla Markgraf differt perianthiis latioribus (c. 3 mm latis) atque antheris 7. — Type: (New Guinea,
Sepik Dist.) Hoogland & Craven 11085 (oC fl.). (L; iso: K; A, BRI, CANB, LAE, US, n.v.).
Tree 5-8 m. Twigs stoutish, terete, when young thinly ridged, towards apex
4-7(-10) mm diam., early or late glabrescent, pubescence + woolly, of hairs c.
0.2-0.5 mm long; bark coarsely striate, lenticellate, when older not flaking. Leaves
in 2 rows, thickly membranous, elliptic-oblong to oblong, (18-)25-38 x (6-)7-13
cm, base short to long-attenuate, tip attenuate-acuminate; upper surface drying
dark brown, lower surface early or late glabrescent or with subpersistent tomentum
of rather scattered stellate hairs 0.2-0.5 mm long; larger dark brown dots absent;
Horsfieldia ampliformis de Wilde.
a, twig apex with leaves, x '2; b, portion of twig with male inflorescence axillary to fallen leaf,
x 2; c, mature male flower, perianth opened, showing androecium, X 6; d, portion of twig
with female inflorescence, x 2; e, female flower, opened, showing finely pubescent ovary
and minute 2-lipped stigma. — a-c, from Hoogland & Craven 11085; d & e, from Craven &
Schodde 1463.
96
New account of Horsfieldia 2 97
midrib above + slender, flattish; nerves 18-22 pairs, above thin, flat or sunken; the
submarginal arches beneath not very prominent; tertiary venation forming a lax
network, indistinct on both surfaces; petiole short, 4-6 x 3-4 mm; leaf bud 25-40
mm long, with hairs 0.2-0.5 mm. Inflorescences situated below the leaves, in C:
large, many-flowered, 4-5 times ramified, c. 25-35 x 20-30 cm, common peduncle
40-50 mm; in 9: c. 9-10 x 6-8 cm; all branches rather loosely pubescent with hairs
0.2-0.5 mm long; bracts (only seen in 2) c. 5 mm long, caducous. Flowers 2-5
together in CO and Q, flowers and pedicels loosely pubescent, hairs (0.1-)0.2-0.3
mm long, in 9 the perianth glabrescent towards apex; perianths 2-valved; pedicel
at base inarticulate. Male perianths broadly obovoid, laterally + flattened, c. 3-3.3
x 3-3.2 mm, at apex obtuse to broadly rounded, at base shortly tapering into
pedicel 2-4 mm long; perianth largely hollow, at anthesis split to c. %, valves c. 0.3
mm thick. Androecium small, + flattened, incl. androphore c. 2.5 x 1-1.2 mm,
broadly rounded at apex; anthers 7, when young indistinctly septate, synandrium
1.5-1.8 xX 1-1.2 mm, free apices of anthers 0.1-0.2 mm; androphore 0.8-1.0 x
0.5-0.6 mm; the column at apex narrowly hollowed for c. “4-3. Female perianths
broadly ovoid, c. 3 X 2.6-2.8 mm, split at anthesis to c. 7, valves c. 0.3 mm thick;
pedicel 1-2 mm long; ovary broadly ovoid, c. 2-2.2 xX 1.8-2.0 mm, densely pubes-
cent with hairs 0.1 mm or less, stigma short, not or hardly lobed, c. 0.1 X 0.4 mm.
Fruits not seen.
Distribution. Northern Papua New Guinea: Sepik Prov., Morobe Prov.
PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Craven & Schodde 1463; Hoogiand & Craven 110835.
Ecology. Lower montane rainforest, 1200-1300 m alt. Flowers in April and
August.
Vernacular name. Guma (Sepik Prov., Waskuk lang.).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Small tree, c. 8 m high. Flowers medium green, yellow at anthesis.
2. Close to H. ampla Mkgf., a species of which I have seen no material.
According to the description it differs by the more elongate, possibly glabrous,
perianths c. 4 X 2 mm, the androecium with 10 anthers, and the glabrescent
inflorescences. The present new species has in common with H. ampla the peculiar-
ly long-stalked androecium and the large male inflorescences. H. ampla was
collected at 200-400 m alt.
3. Known from a male and a female flowering specimen. The perianths of the
female specimen, Craven & Schodde 1463, from Morobe Prov., are glabrescent in
the upper half. This could also be H. ampla as well. Moreover, as the hairs on the
leaf bud are slightly shorter than those of the male specimen it is difficult to
distinguish H. ampliformis from the variable and widespread H. laevigata.
26. Horsfieldia angularis de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(26)
Ramuli angulares vel biporcati, perianthio masculo subgloboso, 2-3 mm diam., basin versus pubes-
centi, 2-4-valvato fere usque ad basin, antheris 12-20, erectis, ovario pubescenti, fructibus breviter
ellipsoideis, 1.7-2.0 cm longis, minute pubescentibus vel glabrescentibus. — Type: Vogelkop Penins., &
98 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
fl.. BW 5828 (L).
Tree 15-30 m. Twigs 2-angular from the two ridges from petiole to petiole, lower
down subterete with two distinct ridges, 3-7(-10) mm diam., early glabrescent,
tomentum grey-brown, with hairs 0.1 mm or less; bark striate, distinctly coarsely
lenticellate, when older not flaking. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous to thinly
chartaceous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, broadest usually in the middle, 10-27 x
3-7.5 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface drying pale to dark
brown, often finely paler pustulate, lower surface glabrescent, hairs very minute
grey stellate, less than 0.1 mm; without brown or blackish dots; midrib flattish or
slightly raised above; nerves 12-15 pairs, above thin and flattish or slightly sunken;
tertiary venation forming a lax network, faint; petiole 7-15 x 2-3 mm; leaf bud
10-15 x 2-2.5 mm, with hairs 0.1 mm. Inflorescences rather densely pubescent with
hairs 0.2-0.3 mm; in Gand Q: 2 or 3 times ramified, rather few-flowered, c. 3-4 x
2-2.5 cm, common peduncle 3-6 mm; bracts not seen, caducous. Flowers (in GC)
generally 2-4 together; perianths in CO’: 2-4-, in Q: 2(-3)-valved, pubescent in the
lower half with hairs 0.1(-0.2) mm long; pedicels pubescent, at base inarticulate.
Male perianth in lateral view circular or slightly transversely ellipsoid, slightly or
not laterally compressed, not collapsing on drying, 1.7-2.3 x 2.2-3.2 mm, above
and at base (broadly) rounded, pedicel not tapering, 1-2 mm long; perianth at
anthesis cleft to the base (c. 10), valves (0.2-) 0.3 mm thick. Androecium slightly
laterally flattened (and in 3- or 4-valved flowers + 3- or 4-angular in transverse
section), above broadly rounded, 1.2-1.5 xX 1.5-2.2 mm, anthers 12 (2-valved) to c.
20 (in 4 valved flowers), + erect, not septate, free portions at apex up to 0.1 mm,
central column at apex narrowly hollowed for (4%-)'2; androphore absent, the
androecium + broadly attached. Female perianth depressed globose, c. 2.5 X 3-3.2
mm, cleft at anthesis to c. 4, valves 0.8-1.0 mm thick, pedicel 1-1.5 mm long; ovary
+ depressed globose-ovoid, c. 1.2 X 1.5 mm, densely short-pubescent, style and
stigma minute, minutely 2-lobed, c. 0.1 X 0.3 mm. Fruits 5-10 per infructescence,
short-ellipsoid, 1.7-2.0 x 1.4-1.7 cm, pubescent at very base, with coarse paler-
coloured lenticel-like tubercles; dry valves thick-woody, c. 3-5 mm thick; seed
ellipsoid, stalk 3-5 mm long; perianth not persistent.
Distribution. New Guinea: Vogelkop Peninsula, subdist. Manokwari.
NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya, Vogelkop: BW 2340, 5828, 10922, 15752; Kostermans 2635; van Royen &
Sleumer 6813 — Jayapura Dist. (doubtful): b.b. 31124; BW 5340.
Ecology. Primary forest; on clayey soils, locally common; 0-600 m alt. Flowers in
February and August, fruits in February and October.
Vernacular names. Babijag (Karoon lang.), Bepoes (Hattam lang.), Betelohoi
and Sebohonggwa (Manikiong lang.).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Locally common in primary forest on the coastal plain, up to 600
m. in Kebar valley. Sometimes buttresses to c. 1 x ¥2 m. Bark sometimes fissured,
or peeling off in small scales; with red exudate. Sapwood pale brown or white,
heartwood not discernable or pinkish. Flowers greenish. Fruits yellow-brown or
yellow, aril orange or red; fruit recorded as sour and edible.
2. The present new species is much related to H. basifissa of which the sterile
specimens (presumed to belong to it) are difficult to identify since their twigs are
rather ridged. H. angularis is distinguished from H. basifissa by (1) the more
New account of Horsfieldia 2 99°
strongly ridged and somewhat stouter twigs, (2) the more hairy and variably
2-4-valved flowers with thicker valves, (3) the hairy ovary, and the thinly pubescent
ellipsoid fruits; the two species have in common thickish subglobose male (flower)
perianths, which do not or hardly collapse on drying, and which at anthesis are cleft
to the base.
3. Sinclair identified specimens as H. polyantha, a name presently considered a
synonym of H. laevigata; specimens of the resembling H. basifissa were also
identified by Sinclair as H. polyantha.
4. Two sterile specimens, with ridged twigs, b.b. 31/124 and Karstel BW 5340,
from Jayapura Dist., Irian Jaya, probably belong to the present species.
27. Horsfieldia iriana de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(27)
Horsfieldia novo-guineensis Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 271, p.p., only the type of H. iriana, not the
lectotype.
Myristica nesophila auct. non. Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. I (1864) 206: Mig., Ann. Mus. Bot. II (1865) 49,
p.p., as based on Zipelius (139 d), not the lectotype of Myristica aruana Bl. = H. aruana.
Ramuli angulati vel sulcati. Perianthium in fl. & valvis 2 instructum. Androecium lateraliter com-
pressum. Antherae erectae. Cum H. aruana comparibilis, sed differt pedicellis perianthio longioribus
perianthoque sub anthesi usque ad basin fissum. — Type: Zipelius (139 d) (L; iso: K).
Tree c. 10(?) m. Twigs 2-angular from the two ridges between the petioles, lower
down subterete but ridged, 3-5 mm diam., early glabrescent, tomentum grey-rusty,
composed of hairs c. 0.2 mm long; bark rather smooth, when older not flaking;
lenticels small, distinct. Leaves in two rows, thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate,
broadest at or above the middle, 17-28 x 4.5-8 cm, base long-attenuate, tip
acute-acuminate; upper surface drying olivaceous, lower surface early glabrescent
from stellate-scaly hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long, larger brown-blackish dots absent;
midrib rather broad and flat above; nerves 13-16 pairs, thin and flat above; tertiary
veins forming a lax network, slightly raised above but indistinct; petioles 6-11 x
2-3.5 mm; leaf bud slender, 10-15 xX 1.5-2 mm, with hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long.
Inflorescences in CG: axillary to the lower leaves, sparsely pubescent with stellate
hairs 0.2(-0.3) mm long, (2 or) 3(or 4) times ramified, rather many-flowered, 6-8 x
4-6 cm, common peduncle 5-10 mm long; bracts not seen, caducous. Flowers in
loose clusters of 2-5, perianth 2-valved, largely glabrous but with some minute hairs
towards the base; pedicels slender, sparsely pubescent, at base inarticulate. Male
perianth in lateral view circular to slightly longitudinally ellipsoid, not or slightly
laterally compressed, blackish brown, not collapsed on drying, 2.3-2.8 x 2.2-2.8
mm, subacute or narrowly rounded at the top, at base rounded, pedicel not
tapered, slender, c. 2.5-3 mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to +4-% deep, valves c.
0.2 mm thick. Androecium laterally compressed (flattened), c. 1.5 x 1.5-2 mm,
(broadly) rounded above; anthers c. 10-14, erect, finely septate when young, free
portions at apex 0.1(-0.2) mm long, column at apex narrowly hollowed for c. 4;
androphore absent. Female flowers and fruits not seen.
Distribution. SW. New Guinea (Irian Jaya), known only from the type.
100 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
Ecology. Nothing known; likely from coastal lowland forest.
NOTES
J. Only known from the type specimen, Zipelius (139 d) in L (K, iso). This
specimen is part of the heterogenous Zipelius material which served for the
description of Myristica aruana Blume and Horsfieldia novo-quineensis Warb., of
which the typification is explained under Horsfieldia aruana. The syntype-
specimens Zipelius (139d) were erroneously included by Sinclair in H. polyantha
Warb. as accepted by him. This name is here considered a synonym of H. laevigata.
28. Horsfieldia aruana (B1.) de Wilde, comb. nov. Fig. 1B(28)
Myristica aruana B\., Rumphia 1 (1837) 191; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975), 112, 118, 119 122-124,
in the synonymy of Horsfieldia spicata — Palala aruana Rumph., Herb.Amb. 7(Auct.)(1755), t. 24 —
H. novo-guineensis Warburg, Mon. Myrist. (1897) 271, t. 23 fig. 1-3, p.p., for the lectotype only. —
Lectotype: those specimens of Zipelius s.n. at L, annotated by Blume.
Tree c. 15m. Twigs 2-angular from the two ridges between the petioles, lower
down subterete though also provided with 2 ridges, 3-5 mm diam., early glabres-
cent, tomentum minute, of hairs c. 0.1 mm long; bark striate, when older not
flaking; lenticels small, inconspicuous. Leaves in two rows, membranous, elliptic-
oblong, broadest at or above the middle, 15-29 x 5-9.5 cm, base attenuate, tip
acute-acuminate, upper surface drying olivaceous to brown, lower (surface) early
glabrescent, without larger brown-blackish dots; midrib flattish or slightly raised
above; nerves 13-15 pairs, slender, flattish; tertiary veins forming a lax network,
indistinct; petioles 10-15 x 1.5-2.5 mm, leaf bud c. 10 x 1.5 mm, with hairs c. 0.1
mm long. Inflorescences situated in between or below the leaves, sparsely pubes-
cent by hairs c. 0.1 mm or less, in C&: 3 or 4 times ramified, 5-8 x 4-5 cm, rather
many-flowered, common peduncle 5-15 mm long; bracts not seen, caducous.
Flowers in loose clusters of 2-5 each, perianth 2-valved, glabrous; pedicels slender,
sparsely pubescent, inarticulated at base. Male perianth in lateral view circular to
somewhat transversely ellipsoid, laterally compressed, blackish and collapsing on
drying, 1.5-2 xX 2-2.5 mm, top broadly rounded, base + rounded, pedicel not
tapering, slender, 1-1.5 mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to c. 74-%4, valves c. 0.2
mm thick. Androecium much laterally compressed, c. 1.5 X 2.0 mm, above broadly
truncate-rounded; anthers (c.) 14-18, finely septate when young, distal free por-
tions 0-0.1 mm, anther column completely solid or almost so (see notes);
androphore absent or up to 0.1 (-0.2) mm. Female flowers and fruits not seen.
Distribution. SW. New Guinea (Irian Jaya); possibly also Aru and Tanimbar Isls.
(see notes).
TANIMBAR ISLS.: b.b. 24414 (doubtful).
ARU ISLS.: Buwalda 4969 (doubtful).
NEW GUINEA: Irian Jaya, SW.: Zipelius s.n. (in L, as annotated by Blume).
Ecology. Not known.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 101
NOTES
1. Horsfieldia aruana with mature male flowers is only known from the lecto-
type, i.e., three unnumbered Zipelius collections in Leiden, which have membra-
nous leaves, and which bear annotations by both Blume and Zippel ‘‘Myristica Sp.
arb. 40-50, N. Guinea’’. Also deposited in Leiden are three duplicates of which two
are unannotated. They form part of the syntype material including the Zippel-
collections mentioned by Warburg under his H. novo-guineensis; see further, notes
2 and 3.
2. Warburg (p. 273) had rejected the name Myristica aruana Bl. and replaced it
with a new name, H. novo-guineensis ‘Warb., as he considered the type of M. aruana
a mixture and dubious. Later he in turn conceived H. novo-guineensis as a very
variable species (it being based on a number of specimens), not indicating a
holotype, citing M. aruana Bl. p.p. and M. nesophila Mig. in its synonymy,
Annales II (i.e, not the one in Annales I). H. novo-guineensis is presently referred
to H. irana, a new species.
The specimens cited by Warburg for H. novo-guineensis (now the syntype) are
the following: New Guinea (West), Zipelius s.n. (C’, several sheets of two different
species); Beccari 684 (C’, fr.), 116 (CO) — (East), Sepik, Hollrung 657 (fr.) — Aru
Isls., Moseley s.n. (fr.) — Dammar Isl., Riedel s.n. (fr.).
The Zipelius specimens are all in Leiden and represent two different species.
Warburg (p. 273) had alluded to the difference. Part of it is now chosen to typify
the presently accepted name H. aruana and to lectotypify H. novo-guinensis as
explained in note 3.
The remaining material, marked Zipelius (139d) in Leiden (K, iso) is now
accommodated in H. irana, the newly described species.
I have not examined the Beccari specimens. Sinclair referred 1/6 to H. spicata
and 684 to H. polyantha. Of these two species I have presently quite different ideas.
Hollrung 657 was referred by Sinclair to H. spicata as well but I consider it to be
H. pilifera or H. laevigata although its fruits are intermediate in size, 16-18 mm
long, and the twigs tend to be ridged.
Sinclair had not mentioned Moseley s.n., from the Aru Isls., in K, and I have not
seen it.
Riedel s.n. from the Dammar Isls is H. smithii.
3. The name M. aruana BI. was considered as dubious and rejected by Warburg
(p. 273), being based on Rumph’s “‘Palala aruana”’ (Herb. Amboin., Auct. p. 56)
whereas he regarded the Zipelius specimens too different from Rumphius’s de-
scriptions. I agree with Sinclair (l.c.) who accepts Blume’s name typified by the
Zipelius collections (see note 1) as annotated by Blume at the Leiden Herbarium.
Sinclair regarded the name aruana, thus typified, as synonymous with H. spicata in
the wider sense. It will become clear that Warburg’s new name “‘novo-guineensis”’
remains with “‘aruana” as lecto-typified by Sinclair (pp. 122 & 123). Of the Zipelius
collections, Sinclair had cited them under the number of “(139d)” as being H.
iriana, newly proposed by him.
102 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
4. Doubtful specimens are Buwalda 4969 (K,L) from the Aru Isls. and b.b. 24414
(L) from the Tanimbar Isls. The male flowers of both are immature and they may
well belong to the type collection. Even more dubious is b.b. 24414 as the stamen
column of its androecium apppears to be open for nearly %4 or 4%, and irregular
whitish blotches on its leaves are similar to those usually found in H. irya and H.
smithii. The anther columns of Buwalda 4969 are cleft to a depth of only Mo.
Sinclair identified this as H. pilifera (at Kew) and as H. spicata (at Leiden), and
b.b. 24414 as H. irya.
5. Distribution. Because of the doubts concerning Buwalda 4969 discussed above
and the reference by Blume to “‘Palala aruana’’, it cannot be ascertained that the
present species occurs on the Aru Islands.
29. Horsfieldia subtilis (Mig.) Warb. Fig. 1B(29); 15 g, h.
Myristica subtilis Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2,1 (1865) 50 — Horsfieldia subtilis (Miq.) Warb.,
Mon. Myrist. (1897) 286, t. 23 fig. 1-4; Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 152 — Type: ‘Zipelius (78)
(WU; tro, LS, 7 y:):
For further synonyms see under the varieties.
Tree 2-10(-15) m. Twigs terete, not ridged, 1-3(-8) mm diam., early glabrescent,
tomentum grey-brown, of hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less; bark finely striate, when
older not flaking, lenticels fine, usually present. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous or
as in var. calcarea + chartaceous, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, broadest usually at
or above the middle, 6-25(-28) x 2-9(-9.5) cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate;
upper surface drying dull olivaceous to brown, with or without fine paler dots,
lower surface very early glabrescent, hairs 0.1 mm or less; without larger dark-
coloured dots, the nerves darker and contrasting in colour or not; midrib above
flattish or slightly raised; nerves 6-16 pairs, above thin and flat or raised, beneath
with the submarginal arches faint or distinct; tertiary veins forming a lax network,
usually indistinct on both surfaces; petiole 5-13 xX 1.2.5 mm; leaf bud 6-12 x 1.5-2
mm, with hairs c. 0.1 mm. Inflorescences in & 1-2(-3) times ramified, common
peduncle up to 10 mm long, rather few- to many-flowered, 2-8(-9) < 1.5-6 cm, in
Q: 2-5(-8) cm long; glabrescent or with sparse tomentum of scattered stellate-scaly
hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long; bracts 0.5-2 mm long, glabrescent, with fimbriate margins,
caducous. Flowers in loose clusters of 1-8(-10) each; perianths 2-valved, glabrous,
pedicel slender, glabrous, at base not articulated. Male perianth in lateral view
circular or more or less broadly transversely sub-elipsoid, or broadly ob-triangular,
usually distinctly flattened, and collapsing on drying, 1.3-2.4 x 1.8-3 mm, upper part
generally subtruncate or (broadly) rounded, at base subtruncate to short-cuneate,
pedicel not tapering, slender, 1-3 mm long, perianth at anthesis split to c. %4-Ya(-
Yr), valves 0.1-0.2(in var. acuta up to ¥%) mm thick. Androecium laterally
flattened towards the top, at base broadened and usually almost cylindrical, lateral
view subquadrangular in outline, i.e., broadly rounded or subtruncate above, the
androecium nearly filling the perianth, c. (0.7-)1-1.5(-1.7) x 1.4-1.6 mm; anthers
(9-) 10-12, faintly septate when young, + erect, free portions at apex up to 0.1 mm
long, anther column at apex narrowly hollowed for c. ¥%4-’3; androphore + slender,
distinct, 0.2-0.5 mm iong, sometimes + hidden by the sagged anthers. Female
perianth broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, or subglobose, 1.8-2.5 xX 2-2.5 mm, split at
anthesis to c. 14, valves c. 0.2.mm (at base of perianth 0.3-0.6 mm) thick, pedicel
1-5 mm long; ovary avoid, 1.1-1.5 x 0.8-1.1 mm, glabrous, style with minutely
bilobed stigma c. 0.2 mm long. Fruits (1-) 5-15 per infructescence, either globose or
subglobose, 0.9-1.2(-1.3) * 0.8-1.1(-1.3) cm (pseudostalk up to 1 mm), or in some
New account of Horsfieldia 2 103
varieties with larger ones rather ellipsold, 1.4-1.9 x 1.1-1.4 cm, with the top
rounded to acutish, base rounded, without or with pseudostalk up to 3 mm;
glabrous, drying blackish, without or with minute paler tubercles or lenticels; dry
valves c. 1(-2) mm thick; seed subglobose to ellipsoid; stalk 1-7 mm; perianth not
persisting.
Distrubution. Aru. Isls., the whole of New Guinea.
In order to accommodate a number of specimens with the fruits distinctly larger
than the majority, local varieties are recognized.
KEY TO THE VARIETIES
la. Male perianth 2-3 mm wide. Fruits globose or short-ellipsoid, 9-12(-13) mm long incl. pseudostalk
ok I 66 ie RB Te 0 ps a Oe ae AOE doe ear oe Ae, Ue Oe ee Ps te a. var. subtilis
b. Male perianth c. 2.5-3 mm wide (always?). Fruits short-ellipsoid, 14-19(-20) mm long incl.
a OR Ee 0 at sci Asien oe does pe. iain Ses ain righlns + gs Ba us Avene nse oye H om AE oe nd p owe Oo a Sens 2
2a. Leaves chartaceous, elliptic, 6-9 cm long. Pseudostalk of fruit 2-3 mm long. Limestone area, SW.
ee nce Feomts £ Zeon meal eet 2. RIS. Fe wk b. var. calcarea
b Leaves coriaceous or membranous, elliptic-oblong, 10-22 cm long. Pseudostalk of fruit 0-3 mm long.
oo lee ASUS i Sa UE I i J RS PA Ra NA 3
3a. Leaves membranous. Perianth (Q) glabrous inside ...................cecceceeceeceee eee eeeee eens c. var. aucta
eee = COR aCeous. Feriantn,( OD). Wally MISIGE «° 320., van s+ cpineosnedeare onevescieeedericoeree. d. var. rostrata
a. var. subtilis Fig. 1B(29); 15 g,h
Horsfieldia subtilis var. subtilis: Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 132.
H. aruensis Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 284, t. 23 fig. 1-3; Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 154 —
Myristica aruensis (Warb.) Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 85 — Type: Beccari s.n. (FI Acc.
Nos. 7622, 7622 A-C, 7623, n.v.).
H. lauterbachii Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 285, t. 23 fig. 1-2; Schumann & Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch.
Schutzgeb. (1900) 324; Pulle, Nova Guinea 8 (1912) 635; Markgraf, J. Arn. Arb. 10, 2 (1929) 213;
Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 153 — Type: Lauterbach 805 (B, + BRSL, n.v.).
H. ramuensis Warb. in K. Sch. & Laut., Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb., Nachtr. (1905) 266 — Type: Rodatz
& Klink 20, 24 (both B 7).
H. globularia auct. non (B\.) Warb.: K.Sch. & Laut., Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. (1900) 324.
H. nesophila auct. non (Miq.) Warb.: Pulle, Nova Guinea 8 (1912) 635.
Leaves membranous, elliptic to oblong. Male perianths 1.8-3 mm wide. Fruits
(sub)globose, c. 9-12(-13) x 8-11 mm, incl. the pseudostalk 0-1 mm long.
Distribution. As for the species.
ARU ISLS. Buwalda 4970; Jensen 255.
NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya: Aet 2, 313, 382: Aet & Idjan 554; Astarip 63, 715; BW 2362, 2464, 3517,
3518, 4340, 4761, 4834, 4837, 4942, 6056, 6235, 6796, 8377, 10278, 10628, 11388, 12255, 13524, 13576;
Docters van Leeuwen 9122, 9611, 9698, 9767, 10702, 11066, 11067, 11222; Gjellerup 11, 273; ljiri &
Niimura 53; Kostermans 2668, 2670, 2686, 2802, 2903, 4744; Lam 770; Pymans 7383; Pleyte 1006; Pulle
104 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
52, 1239; von Rémer 676; van Royen 3473, 3560, 4017, 4745, (& Sleumer) 6694; Soegeng 366; Teysmann
7566; Versteeg 1140, 1568, 1612, 1616, 1814; Zipelius 78 — Papua New Guinea: Brass 1414, 28938; Carr
11545, 11629, 12575, 12820, 16281; Craven & Schodde 840, 1012; Darbyshire 1024; Hartley T.G.H.
10710, 11328; Hoogland (& Womersley) 3245, 3503, 3617, 4208, 4583, (& Craven) 10475; Jacobs 9129,
9252; Kanis 1031; LAE 51573, 61106, 61231, 63002, 66272, 70255, 70256, 70455, 73949, 76136; NGF
3890, 4553, 8232, 10378, 13066, 13146, 16068, 16075, 17775, 18308, 18433, 18436, 23575, 24844, 31731,
32822, 33410, 35340, 35427, 35449, 35472, 41108, 41878, 43692, 43693; Pullen 1074, 7280, 7419, 8139;
Schodde 2590, 2910, 2968, 3066; Womersley 3890, (& Simmonds) 5080.
Ecology. Understorey tree of primary and secondary forests; dry and marshy
forest, but often tidal (fresh water) or riverine; on alluvia, clayey soil, sandy clay,
also on limestone or coral soils; 0-800 m. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.
Stems once reported as inhabited by ants.
Vernacular names. Aitobi (Aru Isls.), Airawikoepata (West N.G., Tisa), Ben-
doei (Vogelkop, Hattam lang.), Boskomok (East N.G., Western Prov., Oriomo
R.), linapo (Uruaruh lang., Gulf Prov.), Mag (E. N.G. Gulf Prov., Daru lang.),
Mangaifa (Papua, Centr. Prov.), Njet (W. N.G., Kebar lang.), Oara (Papua,
South Vieya), Peh (begie) (Div. South N.G., Digoel R., Awjoe lang.), Reng-
kéferék (W. N.G., Beriat, Tahid land.), Rewwoh f(W. N.G., Fak-Fak, Argoeni
lang.), Roman (E. N.G., Pt. Moresby, Centr. Prov., Waria lang.), Suri (E. N.G.,
Sepik Prov., Waskuk lang.), Tabwi (E. N.G., Sepik Prov., Wagu lang.), Torua (E.
N.G./Papua, North. Prov., Baruga lang.).
Uses. Once recorded that the leaves and twigs were burnt as a mosquito repel-
lent.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Low understorey tree, usually 3-5 m tall. Bole straight; bark
greyish black or grey-brown, finely longitudinally fissured, with broadened len-
ticels. Branches often horizontal or drooping. Exudate pinkish, or colourless and
turning reddish. Wood straw-coloured, usually mottled with reddish streaks.
Perianth yellow, rarely orange-yellow. Fruits greenish-yellow, yellow, or (yellow)
orange, aril orange or red.
2. Deviating specimens. Van Royen & Sleumer 6694 from a coral cliff near
Mankokwari (Vogelkop) somewhat deviates in the relatively narrow perianth, +
longer than broad, c. 2.4 xX 2.2 mm. Versteeg 1612 from SW. New Guinea has
relatively large fruits, c. 1.3 x 1.1-1.3 cm.
3. The type-variety as presently accepted largely agrees with Sinclair’s H. subtilis
var. subtilis. Of the other two varieties accepted by him, are var. rostrata (Mgkf.)
and var. schlechteri (Warb.), the latter presently treated as a different species,
distinguished by characters different from those used in his key to the varieties.
b. var. calcarea de Wilde, var. nov.
Differt a H. subtilis var. subtilis perianthiis masculis latioribus atque fructibus maioribus, c. 1.5-2 cm
longis, stipitibus 2-3 mm longis, foliis chartaceis, usque ad 10 cm longis. — Type: Vink BW 15270 (L;
iso: K; A, BO, BRI, CANB, LAE & US, n.v.).
Leaves thinly chartaceous, elliptic, 6-9 x 2.5-4 cm, at the apex proportionally
long-acute-acuminate for 1-1.5 cm. Male flowers not seen. Fruits ellipsoid, 17-19 x
New account of Horsfieldia 2 105
12-14 mm, incl. pseudostalk 2-3 mm long.
Distribution. West New Guinea, SW. Vogelkop Penins.
IRIAN JAYA. Vogelkop Penins.: (Versteegh) BW. 7432; (Vink) BW. 15270.
Ecology. Secondary forest on limestone rock with thin clay cover; 220-300 m alt.
Fruits in March and May. Female flowers in May.
Vernacular name. Baiwach, Hafringee (Maibrat lang.).
NOTES
1. Recorded as a shrub, 5 m tall; rather common. Ripe fruits orange.
2. Judging from the aspect after drying, the pericarps of the fruits in Vink BW
15270 suggested they were rather fleshy in the fresh state and drying left the
pseudostalks distinct, c. 3 mm long.
c. var. aucta de Wilde, var. nov.
A Horsfieldia subtilis typica differt fructibus maioribus, a H. subtilis var. calcarea foliis maioribus
membranaceis — Type: Jacobs 8972 (L; iso: K).
Leaves membranous, elliptic-oblong, 11-20 x 3-7.5 cm, apex for 1-1.5 cm acute-
acuminate. Male perianth obtriangular, c. 2.5-3 mm wide (always?). Fruits short-
ellipsoid, 15-19(-20) x 11-15 mm including the up to 2.5-mm long pseudostalk.
Distribution. Papua New Guinea; possibly also near Manokwari, Vogelkop
Penins., W. New Guinea (see notes).
NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya, Vogelkop: (Koster) BW 4340 (doubtful). Papua New Guinea: (Western
Dist.) NGF. 42815; (S. Highlands) Jacobs 8711, 8972, 9053, 9071, 9071-A; (Central Distr.) Kanis 1328.
Ecology. Montane primary and secondary rain forest, on well-drained volcanic
soil, or peaty soil; at 600-1000 m. Flowers in September and October, fruits from
July to October.
NOTES
1. Shrub or low tree, 3-8 m. Male flowers fleshy, dark yellow. Fruits glossy
orange, hard; aril dark orange, or red, at the base black.
2 The male flowers, known from Jacobs 9071, are stouter and have a thicker
perianth as compared with those of var. subtilis. In Jacobs 9071 the perianth is
obtriangular, c. 3 x 3 mm, and split into 2 (or some into 3) valves only for the apical
Ys-/4; lower down, the perianth wall is thick-fleshy, c. 0.5 mm thick. On Jacobs
9071-A, a collection from a nearby tree with fruits measuring c. 16 x 14 mm when
dry, Jacobs had remarked that in the fresh state the ‘‘seed (is) half the diameter of
the fruit’. The dry seed measures about 14 mm, and probably was not or only
slightly larger in the fresh state; this means that fresh fruits were about 3 cm diam.,
i.e., the dry ones in the herbarium have shrunk to half.
106 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
_ The inflorescences in Jacobs 8711, with submature fruits, are 8-9 cm long; these
are stouter than generally found in the type variety.
3. Kanis 1328, from Moresby area, deviates by a more slender habit. Koster BW
4340, from near Manokwari, Vogelkop (West New Guinea) at an altitude of
c. 150 m. probably does not belong here. Moreover, its fruits are c. 14 X 12 mm,
considerably larger than all the rest seen of var. subtilis from the same area.
d. var. rostrata (Mkegf.) Sinclair
Horsfieldia subtilis var. rostrata (Mkgf.) Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 136 — Horsfieldia rostrata
Mkgf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 152 — Type: Ledermann 8916 (B, +; iso: SING, n.v.).
Leaves chartaceous to coriaceous, cuneate-obovate, c. 9-13 x 2-4.5 cm, tip
shortly acute-acuminate. Male flowers not known. Female perianth pilose inside
(see notes). Fruits ellipsoid, top rostrate, c. 20.x 12 mm, including the 2-4-mm long
pseudostalk.
Distribution. NE. Papua New Guinea: Sepik Prov., Etappenberg; known only
from the type.
Ecology. Mossy montane forest with much Agathis, c. 850 alt. Female flowers
and fruits in October.
NOTES
The holotype of H. rostrata, containing 9 flowers and mature fruit, was lost in B;
an isotype is in SING and was examined by Sinclair. He maintained H. rostrata as
a variety under H. subtilis. According to him, the SING specimen contains a single
infructescence with two fruits, each measuring c. 1.4-1.5 x 1 cm; the fruits have ac.
2-mm beak, and pseudo-stalks 3-4 mm long. According to this description the
foregoing new var. aucta appears almost entirely identical with var. rostrata.
However, Markgraf, I.c. p. 153, describes the perianth of the female flowers as
pilose inside; the ovary and fruit as glabrous. The hairiness of the inner side of the
perianth would render the Ledermann 8916 collection highly remarkable, and
consequently I have provisionally kept it as a separate taxon. The inner hairy
surface of the perianth seems reminiscent of Endocomia macrocoma, but this has
three perianth lobes.
30. Horsfieldia schlechteri Warb. Fig. 1B(30); 15 a-f.
Horsfieldia schlechteri Warb. in Schum. & Lauterbach, Nachtr. z. Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Siidsee
(1905) 267; Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 153 — H. subtilis var. schlechteri (Warb.) Sinclair,
Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 137 — Type: (Torricelli Mts.) Schlechter 14500 (B, + iso: BM, K, P; BO,
WRCL, G, n.v.).
Tree or shrub, 3-15 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards apex 1-4(-6) mm diam..,
early glabrescent, tomentum rusty-grey, with hairs c. 0.1 mm long; bark finely
striate, when older not flaking; without or with few lenticels. Leaves in 2 rows,
membranous or thinly chartaceous, elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, + paral-
lel-sided or note, 6-19 x 1.06-6.5 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-accuminate; upper
surface drying olivaceous to dark brown, finely paler pustulate or not, lower
surface early glabrescent, the hairs 0.1 mm or less, without larger brown dots, the
Fig. 15.
Jb
Horsfieldia schlechteri Warb. a, leafy twig with male inflorescences, X ‘2; b, mature male
flower, X 12; c, ditto, opened, showing stiped androecium, x 12; d, opened mature female
flower, showing glabrous ovary, X 12; e, portion of twig with infructescence with mature
fruits, X 2; f, mature fruit of a different specimen, xX 2. — Horsfieldia subtilis Miq.) Warb.
var subtilis: g, opened male flower, showing androecium, androphore hidden by the anthers,
x 12; A, twig portion with mature infructescence. — a-c, from Kostermans & Soegeng 359; d
& e, from BW 4307; f, from BW 2900; g, from LAE 70256; h from Hoogland 3503.
107
108 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
nerves little contrasting; midrib slender, raised from both surfaces; nerves 6-14
pairs, raised or flattish above, indistinct; tertiary veins forming a lax network very
indistinct on both surfaces; petiole 5-12 x 0.7-1.5 mm; leaf bud c. 8 X 1 mm, with
hairs c. 0.1 mm long. Inflorescences glabrescent or with rather sparse to dense
tomentum of stellate hairs 0.1 mm long or less, sometimes extending to the
pedicels; in C’: (1-)2(or 3) times ramified, 1.5-7 x 1-4 cm, common peduncle 3-15
mm, slender; in Q: few-flowered, 1-4 cm long; bracts 0.5-1 mm long, densely
woolly pubescent, caducous. Flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together, perianths 2-valved,
glabrous; pedicels slender, at base inarticulate. Male perianth (broadly obovoid
or) subglobose, (1-) 1.3-1.5 x (1-) 1.5-2 mm, not or only little laterally compressed,
when dry wrinkled but not or slightly collapsed, rounded above, shortly tapered at
base; pedicel slender, (1-)2-3.5 mm long, slightly broadened towards the perianth,
glabrous or with some scattered minute hairs at base; perianth at anthesis split to c.
Y4(-'2), valves 0.1-0.2 mm thick. Androecium + flattened especially in the upper
part, thickish at base, broadly ellipsoid in outline, above and at base broadly
rounded, c. 0.6-0.8 xX 0.9-1.0 mm; anthers 8, mutually appressed, free apices 0-0.1
mm; androphore 0).4-0.5 mm; anther column at apex narrowly excavated for c. %.
Female perianth ellipsoid-obovoid, c. 1.5-2 xX 1.5 mm, split at anthesis to c. %,
valves 0.1(-0.2) mm thick, pedicel 1.5-2 mm long; ovary ellipsoid, c. 1-1.2 x 0.8
mm, glabrous or with a few minute hairs at apex (see notes), stigma minutely 2-
lobulate, c. 0.1 mm long. Fruits 1(-2) per infructescence, ellipsoid, top rounded,
not pointed or for only c. 1 mm, base rounded to short-attenuate into a pseudostalk
(1.5-) 2-6 mm long, excl. pseudostalk 1.3-2.0(-2.5) x 0.9-1.2 cm, glabrous, drying
blackish, with or without paler pustules (or lenticels), dry valves 1-2 mm thick; stalk
5-10 mm long; perianth not persisting.
Distribution. New Guinea: Irian Jaya, Jayapura Dist.; N. Papua New Guinea,
W. Sepik Prov.
NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya: bb 25083; BW 2900, 3681, 4064, 4307, 5522; Kostermans & Soegeng 235,
359; van Royen & Sleumer 6219, 6455 — Papua New Guinea: Hoogland & Craven 10703; NGF 13293,
18953, 39223, 48230, 48297; Pullen 1514; Schlechter 14500.
Ecology. Forest on stony slopes, foothills, ridges; mossy forest, lowland and
lower montane forest; on stony clay, sandy soil; 20-500 m alt. Flowers and fruits
throughout the year.
Vernacular names. Cheem (Sepik Prov.), Guma (Waskuk lang., Sepik Prov.),
Medal (Wagu lang., Sepik Prov.).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Bark dark brown or blackish, with longitudinal fissures. Perianths
yellow or orange-yellow. Fruits green-yellow, yellow, or (yellow-)orange; aril red.
2. BW4307 (Hollandia, 400 m) has markedly large fruits, c. 2.5 x 1.2 cm incl. the
5-6-mm long pseudostalk. The specimen Kalkman 3681, from the same area, at 50
m, has fruits c. 1.3 x 0.9 cm, with only a short pseudostalk (1-) 1.5 mm; its ovaries
and very young fruits have a few minute hairs towards the apex; it approaches
certain specimens of H. subtilis.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 109
3. H. schlechteri, as accepted presently, largely agrees with Sinclair’s H. subtilis
var. schlechteri. However, specimens cited by him from outside the Jayapura/Sepik
area are presently referred to H. subtilis.
31. Horsfieldia basifissa de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(31)
Horsfieldia polyantha auct. non Warb.: Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 95, p.p.
A Horsfielda speciebus quoad perianthia 2-valvata sese similibus, differt ramulis non-cristatis,
perianthiis masculis sub anthesi usque ad basin divisa, androecio excavato per 3-2, atque fructibus
glabris (sub)globosis. — Type: White NGF 10242 (L).
Tree 10-25 m. Twigs terete, faintly ridged or not, towards the apex 2-4(-8) mm
diam., early glabrescent, tomentum grey-brown, with hairs c. 0.1 mm; bark finely
striate, when older not flaking; lenticels inconspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, membra-
nous to thinly chartaceous, elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, broadest usually
above the middle, 10-22 x 3-8 cm, base attenuate, top acute-acuminate; upper
surface drying olivaceous to brown (often with paler markings, possibly caused by
calcium agglomerations), not or faintly, minutely, more palely pustulate, lower
surface glabrescent, hairs c. 0.1 mm; without larger dark brown dots; midrib above
flattish; nerves 10-15 pairs not particularly contrasting, above thin and flattish or
sunken, beneath with the marginal arches not very regular nor prominent; tertiary
veins forming a lax network, rather faint; petioles 5-10 x 1.5-2.5 mm; leaf bud c. 10
x 1.5 mm, with hairs c. 0.1 mm. Inflorescences in 0:3(-4) times ramified, many-
flowered, 4-10 xX 2.5-6 cm, common peduncle 2-20 mm long; in 2: c. 5 X 3.5 cm;
densely to sparsely pubescent with stellate hairs 0.1-0.2 mm; bracts elliptic-oblong,
acute, 1-2(-4) mm long, caducous. Flowers generally 1-3 together; perianth 2-
valved, glabrescent except at the very base, pedicel thinly pubescent with hairs c.
0.1 mm long, at base not articulated. Male perianth as seen laterally subcircular,
slightly broader than long, only little laterally compressed, not or but slightly
collapsed on drying, 2.2-2.7 x 2.6-3 mm, upper and basal part broadly rounded,
pedicel not tapering, 1.5-3 mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to the base, valves
0.1-0.2 mm thick. Androecium laterally much flattened, above broadly rounded, c.
1.5-1.7 x 2.0 mm; anthers 12-14(-16), distinctly septate when immature, erect, free
portions at apex c. 0.1 mm long, anther column at apex narrowly hollowed for
Y3-*/3; androphore 0-0.1 mm, broadly attached. Female perianth (immature flowers
seen only) broadly ovoid, c. 1.5 X 1.4 mm, split at anthesis nearly to the base,
valves c. 0.2-0.3 mm thick, pedicel 1.5-2 mm long; ovary ovoid, c. 1.1 xX 0.6 mm,
glabrous, style and stigma small, minutely 2-lobed. Fruits 1-20 per infructescence,
globose or subglobose, 1.1-1.4 cm diam., glabrous, drying light to dark brown, with
or without coarse, paler-coloured lenticels or warts; dry valves c. 1.5-3 mm thick, of
woody-granular structure; seed ellipsoid; stalk 3-4 mm; perianth not persisting.
Distribution. New Guinea: NE. Irian Jaya; N. Papua New Guinea (Sepik,
Madang Prov.).
NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya: (Schram) BW 2665; (Kalkman) BW 3455 — Papua New Guinea:
Hoogland & Craven 10215; NGF 10242, 26953, 32824, Pullen 1896; Saunders 198, 958; Schlechter 18302;
Womersley 3798, 3821, 3899.
Ecology. Primary and secondary forest, marshy forest, locally common; also
recorded from Pometia-Intsia forest on clays and marls; 0-200 m alt. Flowers in
September, fruits in March, June, and October.
110 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
Vernacular names. Euoe (Sko lang., Hollandia); Ilis (Jal, Madang Prov.); Num-
ba (Angorami, Sepik Prov.).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Slender tree, branches horizontal. Flowers yellow; fruit green,
turning orange.
2. Apart from H. angulata (see the notes under that species) it is possibly closely
related to H. parviflora, because of the glabrous fruits. The fruits are globose, and
often are very similar to those of H. pilifera or H. sinclairii; in these two species,
however, the fruits are always hairy, at least towards the base. See also note 4.
3 .Many of the specimens accepted in the present new species were identified by
Sinclair (p. 97) as H. polyantha, with H. novoguineenis as a synonym. The speci-
mens of the syntype of H. polyantha, Beccari 7619, 7619 A, not seen by me,
however, most likely belong to Knema laevigata.
The syntypes of H. novoguineensis Warb. are very heterogeneous; the two
lectosyntypes (Sinclair, p. 95), Beccari 684 (not seen), and Zipelius 139-d belong to
H. iriana; a third syntype, Hollrung 657 (fruits) belongs to H. pilifera (a species
close to H. laevigata) whereas other syntypes belong to yet other species.
4. The new species has much in common with H. laevigata var. novobritannica,
which has the androecium also deeply hollowed inside; the latter has, however, a
more hairy perianth. Of var. novobritannica, the female flowers are not known,
but it has globose fruits larger than those of H. basifissa, and they are somewhat
hairy at the base. The present new species is characterized by the subglabrous male
flowers with a very deeply cleft perianth, glabrous ovary and glabrous globose
fruits; it could be confused with H. pilifera and H. sinclairii which also may have
globose fruits, but are never glabrous.
32. Horsfieldia sinclairii de Wilde, sp. nov., Fig. 1B(32)
Horsfieldia erubescens Sincl., in sched. (Gard. Bull. Sing. 28, 1975, 6-7) — H. australiana auct. non S.T.
Blake: Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 6, p.p. — Type in sched.: Womersley & Brass. NGF 8664
(SING, n.v; iso: BM, K, L; A, BO, BRI, CANB, LAE & NSW, n.v.
Perianthia mascula parva, subglobosa, c. 1.5-2 mm diam., glabra, sub anthesi usque ad 1 divisa,
antheribus 6-10, androphoro usque ad c. ¥3 excavato, ovario pubescente, fructibus globosis vel breviter
ellipsoideis, 1.5-2.5 cm longis, in siccitate nigrescentibus, pericarpio sicco 4-6 mm crasso. — Type:
(Streimann & Katik NGF 28886 (L, iso: K).
Tree, 4-25 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards apex 1.5-3(-6) mm diam., early
glabrescent, tomentum brown, of hairs c. 0.1 mm; bark finely striate, when older
not flaking; lenticels mostly inconspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous, elliptic-
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, broadest at or above the middle, 6-14 x 1.7-4.5 cm,
base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate, upper surface drying light to dark brown,
sometimes with paler markings, minutely, more palely pustulate or not; lower
surface glabrescent, hairs c. 0.1 mm, without larger dark brown dots, the nerves
usually not much contrasting; midrib slender, flat above, often reddish tinged and
contrasting below; nerves 6-14 pairs, thin and flat above, beneath inconspicuous,
marginal nerve faint; tertiary veins forming a lax network, inconspicuous; petiole
6-15 x 0.8-1.5 mm, leaf bud 8-15 x 1-2 mm with hairs c. 0.1 mm long. Inflor-
wee .
New account of Horsfieldia 2 111
escences sparsely minutely hairy to subglabrous, hairs c. 0.1 mm; in CG: many-
flowered, 2-4 times ramified, 2.5-8 < 1.5-6 cm, common peduncle 2-10 mm long; in
Q: up to 5(-10) X 4.cm; bracts 0.5-2.5 mm long, caducous. Flowers in loose clusters
2-5 each; perianths 2-valved (in some specimens a rather high percentage of
3-valved perianths), glabrous; pedicels slender, glabrous, at base inarticulate. Male
perianth subcircular (rarely slightly broader than long), slightly laterally compress-
ed, not or somewhat collapsed on drying, 1.1-2.0 x 1.5-1.8 mm, broadly rounded
above, rounded to broadly rounded below, pedicel not tapering, slender, 0.6-1.5
mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to c. ¥2-way, valves 0.1-0.2 mm thick.
Androecium + flattened, in lateral view broadly circular to subobtriangular, above
broadly rounded, c. 0.6-1.4 x 1-1.3 mm; anthers 6-10, septate when immature, free
portions at apex rather conspicuous, 0.1-0.3 mm long, the anther-bearing
column at apex not or only moderately hollowed up to c. 3; androphore narrow,
0-0.3 mm long. Female perianth much larger than in OC, c. 2-2.4 x 1.8-2.2 mm,
ellipsoid-ovoid, at anthesis split to c. 43, valves c. 0.2-0.3 mm thick, pedicel c. 1 mm
long; ovary globose, c. 1.6 mm diam., densely minutely pubescent, style + absent,
stigma distinctly 2-lobed, c. 0.2 mm long. Fruits 1-5(-10?) per infructescence,
globose to short-ellipsoid, or obovoid, top rounded, base rounded or contracted
into a pseudostalk up to 2mm, rather distinctly ridged or not, drying dark brown to
blackish, 1.5-2.5 x 1.5-2.0 cm, glabrescent but often with remnants of tomentum
towards base (lens!), with or without only a few coarse lenticels or tubercles; dry
valves 4-6 mm thick, woody; stalk 1-4 mm long; perianth not persisting.
Distribution. Papua New Guinea: Madang Prov., Morobe Prov., Northern
Prov., Milne Bay Prov. (incl. Fergussion Isl. and Normanby Isl.), Central Prov..
Gulf Prov.
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Brass 21821, 21912, 21996, 21997, 25503; Carr 12398; Clemens 877; Hartley
T.G.H. 9968, 10421; Hoogland 5139, 8957 (deviating); Hoogland & Mc Donald 3516; Kanis 1107; LAE
60239, 67162, 68817, 70202, 70272, 72475; NGF 8247, 8664, 28886; Saunders 528; Schodde 5638, (&
Craven) 4366 (deviating).
Ecology. Primary and disturbed lowland and mountainous rain forest, flood-
plain forest, on slopes, ridges, also along creeks on stony places. Understorey tree;
found on Castanopsis-dominated ridge, and in Anisoptera-Hopea-dominated
forest. Altitude 0-950 m. Flowers mainly in March, April & June, fruits mainly in
July and October.
Vernacular names. Gaigihab (Dumpu; Madang Prov.), Hamana (Orokaiva
lang., Mumini; Northern Prov.) Posiposi (Milne Bay Prov.), Saksak (Amele;
Madang Prov.).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Flowers creamy, yellow, or yellow-orange; twice recorded as tra-
grant. Fruits glossy green, turning yellow to orange. Once recorded as with buttres-
ses 1 x 1 ft. Bark rough, fissured or peeling off in irregular flakes leaving concave
depressions. Wood cream- or straw-coloured or brown. Bark with reddish exudate.
2. Relationship. Characterized by the slender twigs, smallish thin leaves with
often reddish-tinged midrib beneath, small subglobose glabrous male perianths,
the much larger female flowers with pubescent ovary, and the short-ellipsoid fruits
drying dark brown or blackish, usually with 4-6-mm thick woody pericarp. The
£2 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
fruits may be confused with those of H. laevigata, especially with those of certain
specimens from SW. New Guinea, which have rather similar pericarps but much
larger leaves. In the present species the fruits have often become quite glabrous,
but younger fruits (and ovaries) are pubescent; often minute hairs can be seen close
to the bases of old fruits.
3. The present new species was at first recognized by Sinclair, who named the
sheets and in his manuscript as H. erubescens. A type (NGF 8664) was also
designated. Shortly before his death Sinclair must have been of the opinion that his
new species was conspecific with H. australiana, hence the use of H. australiana in
the posthumous edition of his manuscript.
4. In general habit H. australiana resembles but differs in various ways, especial-
ly in the androecium.
5. The deviating specimens Hoogland 8957 and Schodde & Craven 4366, both
with male flowers, key out in the vicinity of H. sinclairii, but apparently are not
conspecific. They rather agree with H. sinclairii in general appearance, but differ in
their larger male flowers and in the pedicel being thinly minutely pubescent, also
the basal part of the perianth in Schodde & Craven 4366. The latter collection is in
these respects and in its rather elongate perianths reminiscent of H. pilifera, but
for the larger flowers. Hoogland 8957, from Morobe Prov., c. 900 m, has male
perianths subcircular in lateral view, c. 2.4 mm diam., cleft at anthesis to c. 3;
there are c. 10 anthers, the pedicel is minutely sparingly pubescent. Schodde &
Craven 4366, from Gulf Prov. at c. 300 m, has the male perianths rather elongate,
c. 2.5(-3.0) x 1.8-2.0 mm, cleft at anthesis to c. 12-7, anthers c. 6 or 7, pedicel and
basal part of perianth minutely pubescent. Probably these specimens represent
separate taxa.
33. Horsfieldia psilantha de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(33)
Perianthium masculum lateraliter compressum, aspectu laterali subcirculare, 2.5-3.5 mm diam.,
glabrum, pedicello gracili, haud attenuato. Infructescentiae usque as 15 cm longae, laxae, fructibus
ellipsoideis, 17-22 mm longis, minute pubescentibus — Type: Long Island, fl., Womersley NGF 43642
Gb, iso: 3);
Tree 5-25 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards the apex 3-6(-15, in fruiting twigs)
mm diam., rather early glabrescent, tomentum reddish or grey-brown, composed
of hairs c. 0.1-0.3 mm; bark finely striate, lenticellate, when older not flaking.
Leaves in 2 rows, membranous, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, sometimes almost
parallel-sided, 20-40 x 4.5-12.5 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper
surface drying olivaceous to green-brown, usually minutely pale-punctate; lower
surface glabrescent or if leaves are younger, with scattered stellate hairs 0.1-0.3 mm
on and near the midrib, without large dark dots, the nerves + greenish or reddish
brown; midrib above flattish; nerves 14-24 pairs, above thin and flattish, beneath
with the submarginal arches rather distinct, not very regularly shaped; tertiary
veins forming a lax network, indistinct; petiole 5-20 x 2-3.5 mm; leaf bud 20-25 x
2.5-3.5 mm, pubescent with hairs 0.1-0.3 mm. Inflorescences with rather thin
woolly tomentum or stellate-dendroid hairs 0.2-0.4 mm; in CO and Q (when
fruiting): 3 or 4 times ramified, many-flowered, 10-16 x 8-12 cm, common pedun-
cle 10-40 mm; bracts not seer, caducous. Flowers in loose clusters of 2-5 each,
perianths 2-valved, glabrous; pedicels slender, glabrous, at base inarticulate.
Male perianth subcircular, somewhat laterally compressed, c.(2.0-) 2.5-3 x (2/5-)
New account of Horsfieldia 2 113
3-3.5(-4) mm, upper part broadly rounded, basal part rounded to short-attenuate,
pedicel not tapering, (2-)3-4(-4.5) mm long; perianth at anthesis split to c. 12-4;
valves c. 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium much laterally flattened, rounded-truncate
above. 1.4-1.8 X (1.5-)1.8-2.0(-2.2) mm; anthers c. 12-14, mutually appressed, not
septate, erect, apices free for c. 0.1 mm; androphore up to 0.2 mm; anther column
at apex narrowly hollowed for c. ¥4-2. Female flowers not seen. Fruits up to 10 per
infructescence, ellipsoid, top and base obtuse to rounded, 1.7-2.2 x 1.2-1.7 cm,
pubescent though sometimes hairs only remaining at the very base; hairs rusty, c.
0.2 mm long; pericarp drying brown, without or with scattered small or fine
lenticels or wartlets, 1-2 mm thick; stalk 2-8 mm long; perianth not persisting.
Distribution. NE. New Guinea. Madang Prov.: Bagabag Isl., Long Isl; New
Britian; New Ireland.
PAPUA NEW GUINEA. New Britain (W. & E.): LAE 52132; NGF 21797, 21902, 30448, 41421 —
New Ireland: Sands et al. 2047 — Madang Prov., S. Bagabag Isl.: NGF 42229A — Long Isl: LAE 55033;
NGF 42361, 42390, 42398, 43640, 43642.
Ecology. Forest (incl. beach), in shaded secondary forest; 0-200 m alt. Flowers in
May and October, fruits throughout the year.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Slender tree, branches often drooping, without or with a few
buttress-roots. Bark blackish or dark grey-brown, longitudinally fissured; inner
bark cream or pink, exudate pink or colourless; sap wood straw- or cream-coloured.
Flowers orange-yellow. Fruit yellow to orange, aril orange.
2. Related species are H. tuberculata, H. laevigata and H. whitmoret. H. tubercu-
lata, variable and wide-spread, has similarly glabrous flowers, but the shape of the
perianth is more tapered at the base, while in the present species it is more circular
in lateral view and at the base not or but slightly tapered: H. tuberculata furth-
ermore has glabrous fruits and ovaries. H. laevigata, a variable and wide-spread
species as well, always has pubescent perianths, though sometimes only scattered
hairs are present; it usually has smaller leaves, and the fruits usually have many
more and coarser lenticel-like tubercles. The leaves of H. whitmorei, from the
Solomon Isls, sometimes have similarly, rather regularly looping, marginal nerves,
and similar fruits, but the male perianth is smaller, only c. 2 mm diam. or less, the
base pubescent, also the pedicels, and the perianth cleft at anthesis to c. “10. NGF
41421, particularly, from West New Britain, resembles H. whitmorei in general
habit, especially in the marginal nerve and in leaf colour.
3. Good representative specimens in fruit are LAE 55033 (from Long Isl) and
NGF 42229A (Bagabag Isl).
4. Some of the specimens have similarly large, branched and spreading in-
fructescences as are the male inflorescences (known only from the type). Female
flowering specimens are not known.
34. Horsfieldia whitmorei Sinclair Fig. 1B(34); 16
Horsfieldia whitmorei Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 27, 1 (1974) 135 — Type: Whitmore BSIP 1848 (SING;
iso: K,L: LAE, n.v.).
114 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
Horsfieldia ‘palewensis’ (sphalm. palauensis) auct. non Kanehira: Whitmore, Guide For. Brit. Solom.
Isl. (1966) 131, 186 in checklist.
Tree 8-25 m. Twigs terete, faintly ridged or not, 2-5(-7) mm diam., + early
glabrescent, tomentum often reddish-brown, composed of hairs 0.1-0.3(-0.4) mm;
bark striate, when older not flaking; lenticels distinct or not. Leaves in 2 rows,
membranous or rarely chartaceous, oblong to lanceolate, often almost parallel-
sided, 9-30(-40) x 2-7(-9) cm, base short- to long-attenuate, tip acute-acuminate,
upper surface drying dull brown to green brown, often minutely paler pustulate;
lower surface largely glabrescent but often a few hairs remaining, hairs 0.1-0.4 mm,
without larger brown dots, the nerves generally reddish-brown; midrib above
flattish; nerves 18-26 pairs, above thin and sunken, beneath with the marginal
arches very regular and distinct; tertiary veins forming a lax or fine network,
distinct or not on both surfaces; petiole 10-15 x 1.5-3 mm; leaf bud 10-15 k 2 mm,
with hairs 0.1-0.4 mm long. Inflorescences with dense grey to rusty, + woolly
tomentum with hairs 0).2-0.4 mm long, in CO’: 2-3 times ramified, many-flowered,
(1.5-) 3-11 x 1-6 cm, common peduncie 2-20 mm; in Q: 1.5-7 cm long; bracts 1-2.5
mm long, caducous. Flowers solitary or in loose clusters of 2-4, perianths 2- (rarely
up to 4-) valved, glabrescent late and usually towards the base with some persistent
tomentum of stellate hairs c. 0.2 mm long; pedicel slender, thinly pubescent, at
base inarticulate. Male perianth subglobose, little to rather much laterally com-
pressed (subcircular in outline), about as long as broad, 1.5-2 X 1.5-2.1 mm, upper
and basal parts rounded; pedicel 0.8-2(-2.5) mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to
c. Yio, valves 0.2(-0.4) mm thick. Androecium + flattened, in lateral view rounded
above, c. 0.8-1.2 x 1-1.3 mm; anthers (8-)10-12, suberect, mutually appressed, not
septate, free apices up to 0.1(-0.2) mm long; androphore up to 0.2 mm long; anther
column at apex narrowly hollowed for c. “4-3. Female perianth ellipsoid or ovoid
to obovoid, 2-2.5 xX 1.5-2 mm, split at anthesis to c. %, valves c. 0.4 mm thick,
pedicel 0.5-3 mm long; ovary ovoid-ellipsoid, densely pubescent with hairs c. 0.1
mm, 1.2-1.5 « 0.8-1.2 mm, stigma sessile, 2-lobulate, c. 0.3 mm high. Fruits 1-8 per
infructescence, ellipsoid, apex rounded, base rounded and usually short-contracted
into the stalk, 1.7-2.5(-3.4) « 1.5-1.8(-2.0) cm, glabrescent but always with minute
hairs c. 0.1 mm at base (lens!), drying orange-brown or brown, without or with few
scattered minute tubercles; dry valves 1-2 mm thick; stalk 5-8 mm long; perianth
not persisting.
Distribution. Solomon Isls.
SOLOMON ISLS: Arifanata 2572; BSIP 427, 803, 970, 1124, 1332, 1405, 1537, 1848, 2273, 2582,
2811, 3035, 3052, 3218, 3318, 3406, 3481, 3679, 3745, 4045, 4046, 4096, 4230, 4834, 5539, 5569, 5617,
5905, 6230, 6724, 6787, 6900, 7565, 8166, 8362, 8455, 8659, 8916, 9090, 9224, 9427, 9558, 9697, 9955,
10205, 10256, 10574, 10802, 10978, 11179, 11237, 11408, 11586, 11618, 11714, 12264, 12383, 12523,
12637, 12782, 13038, 13063, 13235, 13442, 13520, 13360, 13777, 13982, 14088, 14126, 14368, 14475,
15611, 15860, 15864, 15924 (p.p.), 15967, 16033, 16294, 16364, 16604, 16907, 17370, 17494, 18497,
18694, 18842; Chapman 427; Hunt 2164; Kajewski 2022; NGF. 31097, 31370, 45611; Waterhouse 891-B:
Whitmore 6112.
Ecology. Primary and secondary forest, on a variety of soils; alluvial (sandy,
clayey) soil, marshy soil, limestone, red soil, ultrabasic and igneous rock; on
well-drained as well as on (periodically) flooded and marshy ground; not in man-
grove; 0-850 m. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.
Vernacular name. Aininiu (Kwara’ae).
New account of Horsfieldia 2 115
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Tree usually recorded as without buttresses, but low buttresses
were noted for BSJP 9090 Guadalcanal). Flowers pale, i.e., pale greenish, pale
yellow, whitish-yellow, or ivory, strongly sweet scented. Fruits greenish, when fully
ripe possibly a deeper orange.
Chapman BSIP 427 (New Georgia) has exceptionally rather chartaceous leaves.
Fruits measure exceptionally as large as 3.0-3.4 cm, e.g., in BSIP 970, 9427
(Guadalcanal), BSIP 15967 (Tetepari Isl.).
2. Related species. Sinclair (l.c.) extensively comments on the relationship and
postulates its possible hybrid origin from the other two Solomon Isls. species H.
irya and H. spicata (only p.p., is in my present treatment as H. tuberculata). In my
opinion, however, the present species is particularly related to H. laevigata (which
Sinclair erroneously included in H. parviflora), a wide-spread variable species
which is ‘replaced’ by H. whitmorei in the Solomon Isls.; for differences see the key
to the species. Besides H. laevigata, the species seems also particularly closely
related to H. psilantha, under which further notes are presented.
35. Horsfieldia laevigata (Bl.) Warb. Fig 1B(35); 17 a-i.
Horsfieldia laevigata (B|.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 351, tab. 21, fig. 1-2 (excl. spec. Java) —
Myristica laevigata B|., Rumphia (1837) 191, t. 64, fig. 3, anal. 1-4; A. DC., Prod. 14, 1 (1856) 202):
Migq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2), 1 (1858) 65, p.p. — Type: (cult. Mauritius, 2) Commerson 238 (L; iso: P).
For further synonyms see under the varieties.
Tree 4-25 m. Twigs terete, faintly ridged or not, towards the apex 1.5-5(-9) m
diam., early glabrescent, tomentum grey to brown, with hairs c. 0.1-0.2 mm; bark
striate, when older not flaking; lenticels conspicuous or not. Leaves in 2 rows,
membranous or thin-chartaceous, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, broadest usually at
or above the middle, 10-30 x (3-)4-12 cm, base attenuate, top acute-acuminate);
upper surface drying dull olivaceous to dark brown, usually minutely paler pustu-
late, lower surface (largely) glabrescent, the hairs 0.1-0.2 mm, without larger
brown dots, the nerves not or little contrasting in colour; midrib above flattish;:
nerves (10-) 12-30 pairs, above thin and flattish or slightly raised, beneath with
marginal arches usually not very regular and faint; tertiary veins forming a lax
network, faint or distinct but thin on both surfaces; petioles 5-15 x 1.5-3 mm; leaf
bud 10-15 x 1.5-2 mm, with hairs 0.1-0.2 mm. Inflorescences subglabrescent or
with rather dense to sparse scale-like stellate hairs 0.1-0.2(-0.5) mm; in C&: 2-4
times ramified, many-flowered, 5-20 x 3-10 cm, common peduncle 10-40 mm; in Q:
c. 2-10 cm long; bracts 2-3 mm long, caducous. Flowers generally in loose clusters
of 2-5 each; perianths 2- valved, sparsely to densely pubescent (densest towards the
base) with hairs c. 0.1-0.2 mm long; pedicel not tapering, pubescent, at base not
articulated. Male perianth as seen laterally subcircular (or sometimes slightly
longer than broad, or rarely broader than long, e.g., in certain specimens from the
Papuan Isls.; see notes), usually distinctly flattened, 1.7-2.8 (-3.0) X 1.7-3.0(-3.3)
mm, upper and basal part rounded; pedicel slender, 1.5-3(-4) mm long; perianth at
anthesis cleft to 12-% (-%, in certain specimens from the Papua Isls; see notes),
valves (0.1-) 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium laterally flattened, subquadrangular to
+ reniform in outline, above broadly rounded to subtruncate, 1.1-1.5 x 1.1-1.8(-
2.2) mm; anthers 9-16, usually distinctly septate, erect, free portions at apex up to
Fig. 16.
116
Horsfieldia whitmorei Sinclair
a, twig portion with male inflorescences, X 2; b, male inflorescences, lower down on the
same twig, X 12; c, mature male flower, x 12; d, ditto, opened, showing androecium, X 12; e,
portion of twig with female inflorescence, x 2; f, female flower longitudinally opened,
showing pubescent ovary, X 12; g, portion of twig with infructescence with mature fruits, x
¥Y2. — a-d, from BSIP 16033; e, from BSIP 3035; f, from BSIP 13442; g, from BSIP 15611.
ars p iia”
New account of Horsfieldia 2 117
0.2 or 0.4-0.6 (var. novobritannica) mm long, the anther column at apex narrowly
hollowed for c. Y4(-¥2) or in var. novobritannica for c. “10; androphore up to
0.1(-0.2) mm, + broadly attached. Female perianth broadly ellipsoid to globose,
2.5-3.1 X 2.8-3.1 mm, split at anthesis to c. %-%, valves 0.3-0.5(-0.8) mm thick,
pedicel 2-2.5 mm long; ovary ovoid or subglobose 2.0-2.3 xX 1.7-2.2 mm, pubes-
cent with hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less, style up to 0.3 mm long, stigma sessile,
minute, hardly bilobulate, c. 0.1-0.2 mm. Fruits (1-)2-15 per infructescence, ellip-
soid or rarely nearly globose, apex rounded to acutish, base rounded, (1.6-)1.8-
2.8(-3.0) x 1.4-2.0(-2.2) cm, glabrescent but always with minute hairs c. 0.1 mm
long at least at base (lens!), drying blackish or greyish-brown, usually with coarse,
paler coloured tubercles or lenticels; dry valves 2-3 mm or 4-6 mm thick as in some
forms from SW. New Guinea and New Britain; seed ellipsoid; stalk 3-6 mm long;
perianth not persisting.
Distribution. Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch. (see further under the
Varieties).
A variable, complex species, of which one prominent form is segregated here as
a Variety.
KEY TO THE VARIETIES
la. Hairs on inflorescences 0.1-0.2(0.3) mm long, sometimes almost absent. Anthers at apex free for
only c. 0.1-0.2 mm: stamen column hollowed for c. 14(-'4, or slightly deeper). Fruit generally
ellipsoid, pericarp 2-3 mm thick when dry, rarely (SW. New Guinea) 4-6 mm thick. Moluccas, New
ES Ee @ er ay Ee ee ey a. Var. laevigata
b. Hairs of inflorescences more woolly, c. 0.3-0.5 mm long. Anthers at apex free for c. 0.4-0.6 mm:
the column hollowed for c. “%o. Fruit generally subglobose or short-ellipsoid, pericarp 2-5 mm
Bo, Bh ion GRY ak an wntlad & be ia geKpo non Soanfinwe-anconbar b. var. novobritannica
a. var. laevigata Fig. 1B(35); 17 a-e
Myristica nesophila Mig., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. B t. 1(2) (1864) 206, p.p. (excl. sp. from Batjan) —
Horsfieldia nesophila (Miq.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 281, t. 21 fig. 1-2 — Type: Ceram, de Vriese
s.n. (CO) (L, lecto).
Horsfieldia polyantha Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 281, t. 23 fig. 1-2; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28
(1975) 95 (for the greater part, incl. type) — M. polyantha Warb.) Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1
(1900) 85 — Type: (Aru Isls., Wokam) Beccari s.n. (Acc. Nos. 7619, 7619-A) (FI, n.v.).
Twigs in apical portion 2-5(-9) mm diam. Leaves 10-30 x 4-12 cm. Inflorescences
with rather dense to sparse tomentum of hairs 0.1-0.2(-0.3) mm, sometimes almost
glabrous. Male perianth 1.7-3.3 mm diam.., at anthesis split to c. ¥2-7/4(-%). Anthers
(9-)10-16, free at apex for (0-)0.1-0.2 mm; anther column at apex hollowed for c.
Ya(-¥2, or slightly deeper). Infructescence up to c. 10 cm long. Fruits ellipsoid,
18-28 mm long, drying blackish or brown, usually with coarse wart-like lenticels;
pericarp 2-3(-6) mm thick.
Distribution. As the species (including New Britain).
MOLUCCAS. Commerson s.n. (Bourbon, 238 cult. Mauritius) — Halmaheira: Jdjan & Mochtar
191; Pleyte 141, 377, 409 (p.p.); de Vogel 3437, 3498 — Bacan (Batjan): de Vogel 3694 — Ceram: b.b.
25845; Kornassi (exp. Rutten) 996; de Vriese s.n. — Aru Isls (Wokam): Beccari s.n. (FI Acc. Nrs. 7619,
7619A); Buwalda 5015.
Fig. 17. Horsfieldia laevigata (BI.) Warb. var. laevigata: a, twig apex with leaves, X 2; b, opened
mature male flower, showing androecium, X 6; c, androecium, longitudinal section, schema-
tic, X 12; d, portion of twig with female inflorescence, x 1%; e, female flower, opened,
showing finely pubescent ovary and minute 2-lobed stigma, x 6. — Horsfieldia laevigata var.
novobritannica (Sinclair) de Wilde: f, portion of twig with male inflorescence, x 12; g, opened
mature male flower, showing androecium, x 12; h, androecium, longitudinal section, schema-
tic X 12; i, infructescence with mature fruits, x 2. — Horsfieldia pilifera Markgraf: j, opened
male flower, showing androecium, X 6. —a-c, from LAE 52086; d & e, from Commerson s.n.
(Ile de France) (type); f-h, from Floyd 6430; i, from White NGF 10811; j, from Ledermann
6675.
118
New account of Horsfieldia 2 119
NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya: Aet (exp. Lundquist) 348; b.b. 30563, 30595; Branderhorst 165; BW
(Koster) 1003, 1022, 7149, (Schram) 14943; Doctors van Leeuwen 10623; Pleyte 688; von Rémer 329;
Soegeng 284 — Papua New Guinea: Brass 1220, 24203; Craven & Schodde 874; Hartley 10147, 10707;
Jacobs 9242; Kanis 1199; LAE 51683, 51841, 52030, 59069; NGF 2413, 2934, 7275, 14800, 17752, 19625,
20792, 24080, 28016, 42997, 46543, 48466, 48476; Rau 173; (Vinas) UPNG 3528 — Papuan Islands
(Fergusson, Normanby, Woodlark): Brass 28660; LAE 52577, 68761, 68871 — Bismarck Arch. (incl.
Admiralty Isls): LAE 51188, 52086, 52128, 53736, 63063, 66701; NGF 7039, 12980, 26659, 26785, 27303,
46030, 49511.
Ecology. Primary and secondary rain forest on ridges and plains, riverine forest,
swampy scrub and forest, edges of sago-swamps; on a great variety of soils, incl.
black volcanic soil (Moluccas); 0-1000 m alt. Flowers and fruits throughout the
year.
Vernacular names. Kawok-kawoe (Noemfoer Isl.), Kamojer (Noemfoer Isl.),
Luhakon (Halmaheira), Peita (Western Prov., Papua, Oriomo dial.), Samgoot
(Kebar lang., Vogelkop).
Uses. Fruits reported as edible; wood used for house construction (wood reported
several times as of medium weight and hardness).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Bole straight, without buttresses; bark often shallowly vertically
fissured, not peeling off; branches horizontal, or drooping. Wood whitish or straw.
Flowers (greenish or brownish yellow. Fruits yellow to orange, aril bright orange.
2. Variation. After the separation of var. novobritannica the remaining type-
variety is still a very variable entity. The most marked variations are in the
following features:
a. Leaf texture. The leaves are generally membranous, but certain specimens,
especially some from New Britain, have rather leathery leaves so that the
tertiary venation may be quite obscure.
b. Length of hairs of the tomentum on the leaf bud. Hairs in specimens from
NW. New Guinea (incl. Vogelkop Penins.) may be somewhat longer and
coarser than usual, and may be up to 0.3 mm long.
c. Twigs are usually terete, and not or hardly ridged in between the insertion of
the petioles. A few specimens, e.g., NGF 2430 (in fruit) from N. Prov. Papua,
or LAE 51683, from Morobe Dist., have rather distinctly lined twigs; such
specimens may be confused with species with typically ridged twigs, e.g., H.
iriana or H. angularis.
d. The size and shape of the mature male perianth. Apparenttly all diameter
sizes between 1.7-3(-3.3) mm can be found. Specimens of close affinity, with
still smaller flowers, have been accommodated in the separate species H.
pilifera. The shape of the perianth in lateral view is generally subcircular.
Certain specimens, e.g., from the Papuan Isls and Gulf Dist. may have the
perianth rather markedly broader than long, and these flowers may resemble
those of, e.g., H. spicata. In specimens from the Moluccas the perianth is
often slightly longer than broad.
120 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
e. The degree to which the male perianth opens at anthesis. In most specimens
the perianth opens to c. 2-way to “3 deep; specimens from the Papuan Isls.
(e.g., Brass 28660, LAE 52577, 68871), or the Bismarck Arch. (e.g., LAE
53736, 63063) may have male perianths split at anthesis to as deep as c. %5-%;
this feature is reminiscent also of H. spicata. In these broad, deeply-splitting
male flowers, the androecium is relatively broad, and rather reniform as seen
laterally.
f. Number of anthers. This varies normally from 12 to 16. Some specimens
deviate in having a relatively small androecium with apparently only 10(-12)
anthers; e.g., in Pleyte 141, and other material from the Moluccas.
g. The thickness of the pericarp. A few specimens, especially from SW. New
Guinea, e.g., b.b. 30563, 30595, Aet 348, have thick corky pericarps, 4-6 mm
thick; these specimens perfectly agree in their leaves with var. laevigata.
3. In the drawing of the type specimen of Myristica laevigata, Commerson 236, a
female specimen, the perianths are erroneously depicted as 3-valved by Blume in
Rumphia 1; in the original specimen in L, from which the drawing was obviously
made, all flowers have 2-valved perianths.
4. Some forms with larger and thick-walled fruits appear difficult to separate
from H. pachycarpa; see the notes under that species.
5. Of Jacobs 9242, from E. New Guinea, mature fruits are in spirit. They are
apparently similar in size to those in the fresh state, measuring c. 4 x 3.5 cm; the
perianth at one side of the fruit (up to 15 mm) is much thicker than at the opposite
side. On drying, these fruits had shrunk to c. 2.5 X 2 cm, with the pericarp only c. 5
mm thick, thus falling well within the sizes in dry material measured for var.
laevigata.
b. var. novobritannica (Sinclair) de Wilde, comb. nov. | Fig. 17 f-i
Horsfieldia hellwigii var. novobritannica Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 54 — Type: Floyd NGF
6430 (LAE, n.v.; iso: L, K; A, BRI, CANB, NSW, n.v.)
Horsfieldia novae-lauenburgiae Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 278; K. Schum., Fl, Neu-Pomm. in Notizbl.
Bot. Gart. Berlin 2 (1898) 117; K Schum. & Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Siidsee (1900) 324;
Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 151 — Type: Bismarck Arch., Neu Lauenburg Group, Ulu Isls.,
Warburg 20713 (B +; G, iso, n.v.; identity not sure, see notes).
Horstieldia ralunensis auct. non Warb., Kanehira & Hatusima, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 52 (1938) 355
(specimen Kanehira 3969 n.v.).
Twigs in apical portion 2-6(-8) mm diam. Leaves (12-)17-30 x (3-) 5-8 cm.
Inflorescences with rather dense woolly tomentum of hairs c. 0.3-0.5 mm long.
Male perianth c. 1.8-2.0 x 2.2 mm, at anthesis split to c. “%. Anthers c. 14, almost
completely filling the perianth, septate, at apex free for c. 0.4-0.6 mm; anther
column from the apex hollow for c. “o. Infructescences up to c. 8 cm long. Fruits
broadly ellipsoid to almost globose, 18-22 x 16-20 mm, drying grey-brown, with
coarse wart-like lenticels; pericarp rather hard, 2-3(-5 mm, see notes) thick.
Distribution. Bismarck Arch.: New Britain.
NEW BRITAIN: Floyd (NGF) 6430, 6662; NGF 10040, 10811, 21731, 25504, 32622.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 121
Ecology. Primary and disturbed rain forest; 0-1000 m. Flowers in August, fruits
throughout the year.
Vernacular names. La gele kuku (W. Nakaina), Nungan (S. New Britain).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Fruits globose, golden brown, yellow, or orange at maturity.
2. Relationship. The var. novobritannica, of which the male flowers are only
known from the type, deviates within H. laevigata by its androecium. This com-
pletely fills the perianth; at the apex the anthers are mutually free to almost
halfway, and the column is hollow from the apex to c. “10 deep. The column is
reminiscent of that in H. irya, and probably the variety originated by some
hybridization with the latter. In this respect it can be mentioned that the inflor-
escences of H. irya from this region may be similarly woolly hairy, and also that the
leaves of the type of the var. novobritannica show whitish markings, as found
regularly in H. irya.
3. Vegetatively, the fruiting specimens resemble strongly the flowering type
specimen, but one can not be quite sure whether all belong to the var. novobritan-
nica. The fruits of Floyd 6662 rather deviate as they are almost globose, c. 22 mm
diam., and have a thick spongy pericarp c. 5 mm thick; this condition is possibly
pathological.
4. On the label of Floyd 6430, the type, is commented that it is almost the same
species as Floyd 6410. This is not so, as Floyd 6410 is a good H. hellwigii var.
hellwigit.
5. The identity of H. novae-lauenburgiae Warb. is not clear to me. The holotype
Warburg 20713 was burnt in B, but Sinclair (p. 116) has seen an istotype in G,
enumerated under his broad conception of H. spicata. He has not commented on
this specimen. I have not seen this isotype.
According to the original description the specimen is large-leaved, with rather
persistent tomentum, the female inflorescences much-branched, the flowers 2-
valved, + pubescent, the ovary tomentose, and this may well point to Sinclair’s H.
hellwiggi var. novobritannica, the basionym of the present new combination. In
Markgraf’s opinion (p. 151) H. novae-lauenburgiae is close to H. hellwiggii.
36. Horsfieldia pilifera Mkef. Fig. 1B(36); 17 j
Horsfieldia pilifera Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 154 — Type: Ledermann (B, 7; iso: L)
Horsfieldia novoguineensis Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 271, p.p., Hollrung 657, syntype; lectotype= H.
aruana.
Tree (5-)10-20 m. Twigs terete, lined or faintly ridged or not, towards apex
1.5-4(-10) mm diam., early glabrescent, tomentum grey to brown, of hairs c.
0.1 mm; bark striate, when older not flaking; lenticels usually inconspicuous.
Leaves in 2 rows, membranous, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, broadest at about the
middle, 7-27 x 2.5-8.5 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface
drying brown, usually minutely whitish pustulate, lower surface early glabrescent,
122 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
hairs stellate, 0.1 mm long, without larger brown dots, the nerves not particularly
contrasting in colour; midrib flat or slightly raised above; nerves 7-16 pairs, above
thin and flat, beneath with the marginal arches faint and not very regular; tertiary
veins forming a lax network, faint on both surfaces; petioles 6-12 x 1.5-2.5 mm;
leaf bud c. 10 X 1-2 mm, with hairs c. 0.1 mm long. Inflorescences sparsely to
densely pubescent with rather woolly hairs 0.1-0.3 mm; in CO: 2-4 times ramified,
many-flowered, 5-12 x 4-8 cm, common peduncle 10-25 mm, in Q: 4-12 cm long;
bracts 1-2(-3) mm long, caducous. Flowers generally 2-5 together; perianth 2-
valved, sparsely to densely pubescent with stellate hairs c. 0.1 mm long; pedicel
slender, not tapering, finely pubescent, at base inarticulate. Male perianth, as seen
laterally, subcircular or sometimes slightly transversely or longitudinally elliptic,
laterally little to much flattened, (1.0-)1.2-1.8 x 1.2-1.8(1.9) mm, upper part
broadly rounded, at base rounded to short-attenuate, pedicel 1-2 mm long;
perianth at anthesis split to 13-2, valves c. 0.1 mm thick. Androecium flattened,
subquadrangular in outline, above broadly rounded, 0.7-1.2 < 0.6-1.1 mm; anthers
8-10, (sub)erect, septate, free portions at apex up to 0.1 mm long, the anther-
bearing column at the top narrowly hollowed for c. %-'%; androphore up to
0.1 mm, broadly attached. Female perianth broadly ellipsoid c. 2.8 X 2.5 mm, cleft
at anthesis to 2-%4, valves 0.5-0.8 mm thick, pedicel c. 2 mm long; ovary globose to
ovoid, c. 1.5 X 1.3 mm, pubescent with hairs c. 0.1 mm or less, style and stigmas
minute, c. 0.1 mm long. Fruits (2-)5-20 per infructescence, globose to short-
ellipsoid, top and base rounded, 1.1-1.6 x 1.1-1.6 cm, glabrescent but always with
minute hairs persistent towards the base (lens!), drying bright to dark brown,
without or with little larger paler tubercles; dry valves often somewhat woody,
thickest at one side, 1-3 mm thick; seed ellipsoid; stalk 1-5 mm long; perianth not
persisting.
Distribution. Northern half of New Guinea: Vogelkop, Japen Isl., Jayapura,
Sepik, Madang, Morobe Prov.
NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya: bb. 30429, 30547, 30558; Brass 14014; BW (Koster) 1097, (Versteegh)
4811, (Schram) 6082, (Kalkman) 6245, (Versteegh & Vink) 8298 — Papua New Guinea: Clemens 524,
635, 1710, 10825; Hartley T.G.H 11029; Hollrung 657; Hoogland 5139, (& Craven) 10275; Jacobs 9609,
9609A; LAE 52756, 73818; Ledermann 6675, 10450; NGF 28080; Schlechter 16933.
Ecology. Primary and secondary rain forest; reported from sandy loam soil,
mixed forest with Anisoptera at c. 100 m; 0-1000 m alt. Flowers and fruits through-
out the year. Fruiting once reported as very prolific.
Vernacular names. Gaben (Morobe Dist.), Gefrah (Tehid lang., W. Vogelkop),
Guma (Waskuk lang., Sepik Prov.), Mamgananieproi (Biak lang).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Bark longitudinally fissured; sap watery, turning pink or red; wood
straw to brown, of moderate weight and hardness. Flowers yellow. Fruits hard,
glossy green, turning dark yellow, orange or red, aril orange-red.
2. Relationship. A species very close to H. laevigata, distinguished by the smaller
male perianth, and smaller globose or subglobose fruits with or without but little
coarser, paler-coloured lenticel-like tubercles. The male perianths rather vary in
outline e.g., those of Ledermann 6675 being rather lengthwise ellipsoid and c. 1.5
x 1.3 mm whereas those of Ledermann 10450 (type) and Clemens 1710 are +
transversely ellipsoid, measuring c. 1.2 X 1.6 mm and 1.5-1.8 xX 1.5-1.9 mm
respectively.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 123
—~_
The female flowers of Schlechter 16933(K) only have been seen and described by
me; the perianth is generally somewhat smaller than in H. laevigata, but the female
flowers probably do not differ significantly in the two species.
Because of the fruits, which are sometimes globose, the present species may be
confused with H. basifissa, one which has quite different male flowers.
3. Sinclair (p. 112) included the present species in H. spicata var. spicata, a very
large taxon as conceived by him.
37. Horsfieldia lancifolia de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(37); 18
Horsfieldia species foliis lanceolatis, 5-16 cm longis. perianthio masculo pynformi, 2.5-3 mm longo,
sparse pubescenti, antheris, 6-8, erectis, ovario pubescenti, fructibus ellipsoideis vel pynformibus.
2.5-3.5 cm longis in siccitate, glabrescentibus. — Type: b.b. Cel./II- 464 (L; iso: K: BO & SING, n.v.).
Tree, 10-30 m. Twigs terete, towards the apex 1-2.5(-5) mm diam., not or but
faintly llined, glabrescent from tomentum composed of hairs 0.1 mm or less; bark
finely striate, when older not flaking; lenticels smallish, not very conspicuous.
Leaves in 2 rows, (thinly) chartaceous, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, broadest at
or somewhat above the middle, 5-16 x 1.5-3.5 (-4.5) cm, base (long-)cuneate, tip
acute-acuminate; upper surface drying olivaceous to brown, with or without small
whitish marks (without larger irregularly-shaped whitish marks), lower surface
early or late glabrescent, hairs c. 0.1 mm or less, provided or not with brownish
dots and points of mixed sizes; midrib above flattish or slightly raised; nerves 9-17
pairs, thin, flat, and inconspicuous above, the submarginal arches + regular in
shape but indistinct; tertiary venation forming a rather lax network, inconspicuous;
petiole slender, 10-20 x 1-1.5 mm; leaf bud 10-20 x 1.5-2 mm, with hairs c. 0.1
mm. Inflorescences with rather sparse tomentum of hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long, in C: 2
or 3 times ramified, not many-flowered, c. 5 x 3.5 cm, common peduncle c. 10 mm
long, flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together; 2 inflorescences short, 1-3 cm long,
slightly ramified, 4-10-flowered; perianths 2-valved, rather sparsely pubescent with
hairs 0.1 mm or less in length, pedicels pubescent through hairs 0.1-0.2 mm, at base
inarticulate. Male perianth obovoid to pear-shaped, not much laterally compress-
ed, drying blackish, not or little collapsed, 2.5-3 x 2.0-2.3 mm, above broadly
rounded, at base tapering into the pedicel c. 1.5-2 mm long; perianth at anthesis
cleft only for c. 1/6, valves (at base) thickish, c. 0.4-0.5 mm thick. Androecium
(synandrium) long-obovoid, laterally flattened, 1.5-1.8 x 1.0-1.2 mm, above sub-
truncate; anthers 6-8, erect, free apices c. 0.3-0.4 mm: anther column solid, except
for the apical portion in-between the free apices of the anthers; androphore rather
slender, c. 0.6-0.8 mm long. Female perianth subglobose to obovoid, variable in
size (see notes), 2-3 < (1.8-)2-3.5 mm, at anthesis cleft to c. ¥4-%, valves (perianth)
c. 0.4-0.8 mm thick, pedicel 1-2 or 3-4 mm long, pubescent with hairs 0.1-0.2 mm;
ovary ovoid, 1.4-2.2 x 1.0-2.0 mm, densely minutely pubescent; style and stigma(s)
minute, c. 0.1 mm. Fruits 1-4 per infructescence, ellipsoid, (and + contracted at
base) or pear-shaped (see notes), 2.5-3.5 xX 1.8-2.4 cm, completely glabrescent.
granulate or with small lenticels or tubercles, drying brown: dry valves thick-
woody, 4-8 mm thick; seed broadly ellipsoid, c. 17 x 14 mm; stalk 3-10 mm long:
perianth not persisting.
Distribution. Central and South Celebes.
Fig. 18.
124
Horsfieldia lancifolia de Wilde
a, habit of leafy twig with male inflorescences, x 12; b, mature male flower, lateral view, x 6;
c, ditto, opened, showing androecium, X 6; d, androecium, longitudinal section, schematic, x
6; e, portion of twig with female axillary inflorescences, leaves fallen, x 2; f, mature female
flower, lateral view, < 6; g, ditto, opened, showing finely pubescent ovary, x 6; h, portion of
twig with infructescences with mature fruit, x 2. — a-d, from b.b. Cel./II-464 (type); e-g,
from de Vogel 5267; h, from van Balgooy 3973.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 125
CELEBES. Central: van Balgooy 3142; de Vogel 5267 — South (-Central): b.b. Cel./IJ-236, -404,
-464; van Balgooy 3931, 3973, 4083; de Vogel 6243, 6287.
Ecology. Forest on ultrabasic rock (iron, nickel), laterite, also limestone ridges;
200-1200 m alt. Flowers throughout the year; fruits from May to July.
Vernacular name. Tabenoe benoe (Malili area).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Flowers buds brown; fruits glossy green, turning yellow-green to
orange.
2. The Q-flowering specimens de Vogel 5267, van Balgooy 3142 (from Mt.
Roroka Timbu, Central Celbes, 1100-1200 m alt.), and the one in fruit, de Vogel
6243 (S. Celebes, N. of Lake Matano, c. 400 m.), differ from the rest of the
material from both Central and S. Celebes by, respectively, much stouter flowers
with larger 9 perianths (3-3.5 mm diam.) and larger fruits, subellipsoid in shape, c.
3.5 cm long. In the other specimens the Q perianths are only c. 2-2.5 mm, and the
fruits generally more pear-shaped, c. 2.5-3.0 cm long.
3. Sinclair identified the then-known specimens, including the type of the present
new species, as H. parviflora (Roxb.) Sinclair. The new species is easily recognized
among Celebes-Moluccan material by its pear-shaped male flowers, its largish
fruits with thick pericarp, and its small, rather narrow leaves. The androphore is
proportionally long as compared to other species.
38. Horsfieldia decalvata de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(38)
Horsfieldia species floribus bivalvatis, H. tuberculatae atque H. laevigatae similis, ab eis differt
floribus masculis breviter pyriformibus, perianthio tenuiter pubescenti, androcio compresso, antheris 6
apice non-incurvis, ovario pubescenti, fructibus subglobosis c. 1-1.2 cm diam., tenuiter pubescentibus.
— Type: Idjan & Mochtar 181 (L; iso: BO, n.v.; K).
Tree 10-15 m. Twigs subterete, towards the apex + flattened and faintly ridged
or not, 1.5-4(-9) mm diam., early glabrescent, tomentum brown, composed of
hairs c. 0.1 mm; bark dull brown, finely striate, when older not flaking, lenticels
small, not very conspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous, elliptic-oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, 11-25 x 3.5-7 cm, base attenuate to long-attenuate, tip acute-
acuminate; upper surface drying dark brown, lower surface early glabrescent,
hairs c. 0.1 mm; without brown dots; midrib above flat; nerves c. 12-16 pairs, above
thin and flattish, on lower surface with the marginal arches not very distinct;
tertiary venation on upper surface as a fine network, + distinct or not; petioles c.
5-10 x 1.5-2.5 mm; leaf bud slender, c. 6-10 x 1-2 mm, densely dull brown
pubescent by hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less. Inflorescences c. 2(or 3) times ramified,
in CO: c. 4-6 X (1-)2-4 cm, in 9 up to c. 2.5 cm long; branches subglabrescent
tomentum minute with hairs c. 0.1 mm; common peduncle in male 1-2 cm; bracts
and bracteoles not seen, caducous. Flowers in C& solitary or 2 or 3 together,
minutely pubescent through hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less; perianths 2-valved. Male
perianth subglobose to short-pear shaped, moderately laterally compressed, as long
as it is wide, c. 2.3 x 2.3 mm, upper part broadly rounded, the lower half tapering
into the tapering pedicel c. 1.5-2 mm long, short-pubescent, inarticulate at base;
126 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
perianth at anthesis cleft to c. 73, valves c. 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium mod-
erately flattened, in outline c. 1.6 X 1.4 mm, upper part rounded; anthers c.6 (i.e.,
c. 12 thecae with the connectives rather broad), not septate, c. 1.6 mm long, erect,
not inflexed, free apical parts up to c. 0.1 mm; androphore up to c. 0.1 mm long;
anther column cleft to c. 4-4. Female flowers not seen; immature fruits (ovaries)
densely finely pubescent. Fruits c. 2-5 per infructescence, short-ellipsoid to subglo-
bose, c. 1.1-1.2 x 1.0-1.1 cm, minutely pubescent with hairs c. 0.1 mm or less,
drying brown, with scattered small tubercles; dry valves c. 1 mm thick; stalk
slender, c 4 mm long; perianth not persisting.
Distribution. Moluccas.
MOLUCCAS. Morotai: Kostermans 767. — Halmaheira: Idjan & Mochtar 181. — Ceram: Buwalda
5627. — Ambon: Robinson 1878.
Ecology. Forest at low altitudes, 0-100 m. Flowers in September, fruits from May
to November.
Vernacular name. Sekukumailor (Halmaheira).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Flowers recorded as brown, fruits yellow.
2. H. decalvata superficially resembles very much a number of species including
wide-spread species like H. moluccana, H. tuberculata and H. laevigata, but our
present new species is distinct by its finely pubescent, pear-shaped male flowers,
erect anthers, pubescent ovaries, and finely pubescent, small subglobose fruits. H.
tuberculata also has pear-shaped flowers which are generally glabrous, and it has
larger, glabrous fruits. H. /aevigata has the male perianth more spherical in outline,
and the fruits much larger and pubescent. H. moluccana has incurved anthers and
glabrous fruits. See also note 3.
3. In 1975 Sinclair determined the specimens (now assigned to the present
species by me) as H. parviflora, a species, which in my present treatment differs in
general habitat (pale twigs), quite different spike-like inflorescences (glabrous male
flowers with different androecium; glabrous ovaries) and in its glabrous, larger
fruits, which blacken on drying. In his description of H. parviflora, he erroneously
accepted both the glabrous and the tomentulose condition of the ovaries for that
species.
39. Horsfieldia tuberculata (K. Sch.) Warb. Fig. 1B(39); 19
Horsfieldia tuberculata (K. Sch) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 279, t. 23 f. 1-3; K. Sch., Notizbl. Bot.
Gart. Berl. 2 (1898) 117; Schum. & Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Siidsee (1900) 324;
Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 151, p.p.; A.C. Smith, J. Arn. Arb. 22, 1 (1941) 62. — Myristica
_tuberculata K. Sch. in Schum. & Hollrung, Fl.. Kais.-Wilh. Land (1899) 46; Warb., Bot. Jahrb. 13,
3-4 (1891) 308. — Type: (Bat Isl. Admiralty Isls.) Hollrung 848 (O’, Kaiser Wilhelms-Land) (B 7+; iso:
K, L & P); Kdrnbach s.n. (fr., B Tt).
H. novoguineensis var. moseleyana Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 273; K. Schum. & Lauterbach, FI.
Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Stidsee (1900) 324. — Type: Moseley s.n. (B +; iso: BM, K).
H. solomonensis A.C. Smith, J. Arn. Arb. 22, 1 (1941) 64. — Type: Kajewski 1549 (A, n.v.; iso: BM, P;
BO, BRI & G, n.v.).
Fig. 19.
Horsfieldia tuberculata (K.Sch.) Warb.
a, habit of leafy twig with infructescence, x 1; b, portion of twig with male inflorescences, x
Y2; c, mature male flower, lateral view, x 6; d, ditto, opened, showing androecium, X 6; e,
portion of twig with female inflorescence, x 12; f & g, opened female flower and glabrous
ovary with shallowly 2-lobed stigma, x 6 and xX 12 respectively; h, twig portion with
infructescence with mature fruits, x 2.—a, from BSIP 14035; b-d, from Waterhouse 820-B;
e-g, from BSIP 9628; h, from BSIP 10611.
127
128 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
Tree 5-20 m. Twigs terete, faintly ridged or not, towards apex 2-4(-6) mm diam.,
early glabrescent, tomentum (rarely + woolly), of hairs 0.1-0.3 mm, bark
striate, when older not flaking, lenticels sparse and small, or sometimes almost
absent. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous (or from higher altitudes sub-chartaceous),
elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 12-25(-40) x 3-10(-16) cm, base short- to long-
attenuate, or rarely rounded, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface drying dull
greenish brown to brown, often minutely pustulate, lower surface early glabres-
cent, hairs 0.1(-0.3) mm, without dark brown dots; midrib above flat or + sunken;
nerves 11-22 pairs, above thin and flattish or sunken, beneath with the marginal
arches not very distinct; tertiary veins forming a rather fine network distinct or not
on both surfaces; petiole 8-15(-18) x 1.5-3(-5) mm; leaf bud 10-15 x 2-3 mm, with
hairs 0.1-0.3 mm long. Inflorescences with sparse tomentum of stellate-dendroid
hairs 0.1-0.3 mm long, sometimes + glabrescent, in O 1-3 times ramified, 3-15
(-22, see notes) X 2-10 cm, common peduncle 5-25 mm long; in 9: up to 7 cm long;
bracts 0.5-3 mm long, caducous. Flowers solitary or in loose clusters of 2-4,
glabrous (early glabrescent); perianths 2-(or 3-) valved; pedicels glabrous or rarely
sparingly pubescent (NGF 169, New Britain), at base not articulated. Male
perianth as seen laterally short-pear shaped, laterally compressed, generally about
as long as broad to slightly broader than long, (1.5-)2-3.5 x 2-4 mm, upper part
broadly rounded, in the lower 3-2 usually narrowed into the somewhat tapering
pedicel 2-5(-6) mm (pedicel sometimes only little tapered, e.g. Brass 21765);
perianth at anthesis split to 2-7/4, valves c. 0.2 mm thick. Androecium + flattened,
broadly rounded to subtruncate above, 1.5-2.5 x 2-3 mm; anthers (12-)14-20,
faintly septate, 1.5-2.5 mm long, erect, not inflexed, free apical parts 0-0.2 mm;
anther column at apex narrowly hollowed for “5-3; androphore up to 0.2 mm long.
Female perianths subglobose, 2-3 xX 2-3.5 mm, split at anthesis to 12-%, valves
0.4-0.8 mm thick; pedicel 1.5-2.5 mm long, ovary subglobose, glabrous, 1.5-2 x
1.5-2 mm; stigma sessile, faintly 2-lobed, c. 0.2 x 0.5-1 mm. Fruits 5-15 per
infructescence, ellipsoid, apex rounded or slightly pointed, 1.5-3.7 X 1.1-2.5(-3.0)
cm, glabrous, drying blackish brown, with scattered or sparse, rather small to
coarse, paler, lenticel-like tubercles; dry valves 1-8 mm thick; stalk c. 3-10 mm;
perianth not persisting.
Large-fruited specimens from the Papuan Isls. Dist. are accommodated in a
separate variety.
KEY TO THE VARIETIES
la. Fruits 15-25 x 11-16 mm. Dry pericarp 1-2(-3) mm thick ................cccceeeeeeeeees a var. tuberculata.
b. Fruits27-37 x 17-25 mm: Dry pericarp 3-3.mm ticks) .............4ih «02 eee b. var. crassivalva
a. var. tuberculata
Distribution: Caroline Isls. (Palau Isls.), Admiralty Jsls., Bismarck Arch., Solo-
mon Isls., Papuan Isls., New Guinea: New Guinea: Cape Vogel Penins.
CAROLINE ISLS.: Tuyama 9349; Masahiko Takamatsu 526.
ADMIRALTY ISLS.: LAE 53629, Hollrung 848; Moseley s.n.
BISMARCK ARCH.: Commerson s.n.; LAE 52150, 66532; NGF 169, 7944, 10981, 12329, 26574,
26621, 26737, 29680, 29683, 32227, 41370, 4140, 42280; Sands et al. 2975.
PAPUA NEW GUINEA (mainland): Brass 21765; Saunders 493; UPNG. 4035.
Wow. aWerm *-
New account of Horsfieldia 2 129
PAPUAN ISLANDS: Brass 28464; LAE 52607, 74575, NGF 25280.
SOLOMON ISLS.: BSIP 426, 737, 766, 1125, 1273, 1967, 2248, 2615, 2855, 3145, 3358, 3437, 3510,
3703, 3739, 3843, 3986, 4154, 4183, 4719, 4842, 4873, 4960, 4998, 5180, 5396, 5519, 5743, 5806, 5922,
5689, 5997, 6172, 6391, 6414, 6849, 6858, 7110, 7186, 7419, 7717, 7736, 7826, 8164, 8395, 8721, 8880,
S912, 9046, 9165, 9323, 9628, 9783, 9951, 10057, 10179, 10223, 10295, 10393, 10522, 10576, 10611,
10697, 10721, 10824, 10887, 10913, 10952, 11374, 11284, 11766, 12212, 12565, 12651, 12836, 12864,
12917, 12958, 12992, 13066, 13131, 13281, 13347, 13402, 13558, 13682, 13798, 13871, 13948, 14025,
14035, 14078, 14099, 14127, 14202, 14205, 14342, 14488, 14553, 14625, 14826, 14868, 14900, 14929,
14981, 15074, 15161, 15260, 15281, 15556, 15568, 15871, 16000, 16141, 16422, 16507, 16595, 16769,
16784, 16895, 16915, 16982, 17436, 17538, 17802, 17880, 17987, 18045, 18221, 18313, 18478, 18683,
18722, 18758, 18835, 18912, 19421; Brass 2605, 2983, 3460; Craven & Schodde 90; Hunt 2387; Kdrnbach
1892, sterile (L); Kajewski 74(75), 1549, 2554, 2710; McKinnon 7; NGF 16356, 16391, 16431, 19709,
25280, 31120, 45632, 45693, 45753; Schodde (& Craven) 3687, 4068; Waterhouse 35 (21275), 167, 178,
820-B: Whitmore 6022, 6188, 6290.
Ecology. Primary and secondary forest; on coral rock, seashores, limestone,
swamp forest; 0-700 m. alt. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.
Vernacular names. Abuino’o, Ambuino’o, Ambuynor (Kwara’ae lang, Solomon
Isls.); Aininiu, Ainynu (Kwara’ae lang., Solomon Isls.); Kokotetepina (Kwara’ae
lang., Solomon Isls.); Bale bale (New Britain); Pive’ar (Mbuke lang., Manus
Prov.).
On the label of a Whitmore specimen from Choiseul Isl. is written that
‘Ambuynor’ differs from ‘Aininiw’ (= H. whitmorei) in the shorter, broader leaves.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Flowers several times recorded as yellow, sweet scented or with
strong smell. Fruits yellow, orange or orange-brown. Exudate of bark red, watery.
Slash wood white or brownish white, soft; slash bark soft, pale brown or reddish
brown.
2. Variability. The sizes of flowers and fruits are available; for instance, the
perianths of NGF 45632 (C’), Waterhouse 820-B (©), both from Bougainville Isl.,
BSIP 9628 (Q, Rennell Isl.), and Brass 2983 (Q Ulawa Isl.) measure 3-3.5(-4) mm
diam., whereas Whitmore BSIP 3843 (C’) and 737 (9), from Guadalcanal measure
only c. 2 mm diam.
3. The leaves of specimens from Bat Isl. (Admiralty Isls.), incl. the type of H.
tuberculata, can reach up to c. 40 by 14 cm.
The inflorescences of the type of H. tuberculata are as large as 12-18 cm long,
those of Commerson (port Prastin) s.n. (P.) reach 22 cm.
The pedicels of the male flowers in Brass 21765 (Cape Vogel Penins.) are
slender, and only slightly tapering; such specimens may easily key out wrongly.
They probably represent a separate taxon as yet insufficiently defined.
Also, tab. 23, fig. 1, drawn by Warburg, was obviously made from the type in B;
it does not show the perianths and pedicel as being much tapered but the latter is
rather terete and slender.
On the other hand, I have examined the istotypes in K, L, and P and found them
agreeing well with the description of the species as presently given.
130 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
b. var. crassivalva de Wilde, var. nov.
A varietate typica in fructibus maioribus 27-37 mm longis pericarpio sicco 3-8 mm crasso differt —
Type: Brass 28352 (L: K. iso).
Twigs rather stout, at apex (3-)4-S mm diam. Leaf blades 25-35 x 10-12.5 cm.
Male perianths c. 3 xX 3.3 mm; androecium much flattened, c. 1.8 X 1.8 mm,
anthers c. 12, free apices c. 0.1 mm long; androphore c. 0.1 mm long. Pedicels 3-6
mm. Fruits 27-37 X 17-25(-30) mm. Dry pericarp c. 3-8 mm thick.
Distribution. New Guinea, Louisiade Arch.: Misima Isl., Tagula Isl., Rossel Isl.:
doubtful on San Cristobal (Solomon Isls.).
LOUISIADE ARCH.: Brass 27648, 28143, 28352; Whitmore 6268 (San Cristobal, doubtful).
Ecology. Riverine rain forest at low altitudes, creek alluvium soil; 0-20 m.
NOTES
1 Fieldnotes. Subcanopy tree. Flowers yellow, very fragrant. Fruits to 5 cm
diam., orange, ovoid or subglobose, keeled; aril pink.
2. Specimens belonging to the present variety generally have a stout habit with
coarse twigs and large leaves, and have relatively large perianths; these sizes fall,
however, within those accepted for the type variety.
3. The fruits of the type, Brass 28352, from Rossel Isl., at sea-level, are in the
fresh state reported as subglobose and as large as 5 cm diam. Those of Brass 27648
(Misima Isl.) measure c. 4.5 X 3.5 cm. A specimen from Rossel Isl. included in var.
tuberculata, Brass 28464, has mature fruits, which when dried are only c. 18-22 mm.
This was collected at c. 700 m alt.
4. The specimen Whitmore 6268, from San Cristobal is doubtful; it has stout
leaves, the dry fruits measure c. 27 mm long, but the pericarp is only c. 2 mm thick.
It probably belongs to var. tuberculata.
5. Specimens in fruit may be confused with H. pachycarpa, but this has minutely
pubescent fruits (and pubescent ovaries), at least at the base towards the insertion
of the stipe.
40. Horsfieldia corrugata Foreman Fig. 1B(40); 20 a-c
Horsfieldia corrugata Foreman, Contr. Herb. Austr. 10 (1974) 45, fig. 1. — Type: Foreman & Lelean
LAE 5246] (LAE, n.v.; iso: K, L; BRI, CANB, A, E & SING, n.v.).
Tree 5-12 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards the apex (3-)4-5(-12) mm diam.,
early glabrescent, tomentum minute greyish to rusty, of hairs c. 0.1 mm; bark
striate, when older not flaking, lenticels present, coarse but usually not much
contrasting in colour. Leaves in 2 rows, thinly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, broadest
at or above the middle, 12-29(-32) x 4.5-8.5(-10) cm, base attenuate, top acute-
acuminate; upper surface drying dark brown, minutely pustulate or not, lower
surface early glabrescent, without larger dark-brown dots; midrib slender to rather
broad, flattish above; nerves 12-18 pairs, thin and flat above, beneath with the
“= aVier
Fig. 20.
ie
Rs,
=
=
~,
.
=
Horsfieldia corrugata Foreman: a, longitudinally opened male flower showing androecium, X
6; b, ditto, female flower, showing pubescent ovary and narrow 2-lobed style, x 6; c, fruit, x
Y2. — Horsfieldia pachycarpa A.C. Smith: d, leafy twig with infructescence, x '/2; e, longitudi-
nally opened male flower, showing androecium, X 6; f, ditto, female flower with pubescent
ovary with shortly 2-lobed stigma, X 6; g, almost mature fruit, x ’2.— a, from Carr 14123; b,
from LAE 60020; c, from Carr 14334; d, from LAE 62196; e, from LAE 51940; f, from
Clemens 5378; g, from NGF 38895.
131
132 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
marginal arches distinct or not, not very regularly looping; tertiary veins forming a
lax network, indistinct; petiole 6-18 x 2-3.5 mm; leaf bud 10-20 x 1.5-3 mm, with
hairs c. 0.1 mm. Inflorescences thinly pubescent with rusty stellate hairs c. 0.1 mm
long or less; in CG’: 2 or 3 times ramified, rather slender, (4-)6-14 x 2-9 cm, in 9 up
to c. 5 cm long, common peduncle c. 10 mm; bracts pubescent, 1.5-4 mm long,
caducous. Flowers (in ©’) solitary or in loose clusters of 2-5, glabrous or glabrescent
from scattered hairs less than 0.1 mm; perianth 2-valved; pedicel + tapering, thinly
pubescent or glabrescent, at base inarticulate. Male perianths in lateral view
subcircular, including the short-pear shaped pedicel, which is somewhat laterally
compressed, about as broad as long, 3.0-3.5 x 3.0(-4.0) mm, the top broadly
rounded, the lower half + tapering into the thickish tapering pedicel (2-)3-4 mm
long; perianth at anthesis splitting from 12 to nearly ~4, valves c. 0.2 mm thick at
apex, the perianth towards base only slightly thicker, often provided with a few
coarse blackish-brown wart-like dots. Androecium thickish, not much laterally
compressed, above broadly rounded, (1.5-)2.0-2.2 x 2.0-2.2(-3.0) mm, anthers
8-12, erect, not septate, c. 2 mm jong, free apical parts 0.1-0.2 mm, androphore
Q.2-0.3 mm long; anther column narrowly hollowed for c. “s-'4 at apex. Female
perianth rather narrowly ovoid, almost glabrous, with a few coarse, dark-brown
wart-like dots, c. 4.5 x 3 mm, cleft at anthesis to c. %4-!4, valves c. 0.3-0.4 mm
thick, coriaceous; pedicel 4-5 mm long, very minutely scattered-pubescent; ovary
ovoid, somewhat dented or corrugated, c. 2.5-3 x 2.5 mm, densely minutely
pubescent with hairs less than 0.1 mm long, style and 2-lobed stigma glabrous,
0.8-1.0 mm long. Fruits 1(-4) per infructescence, ramiflorous, broadly ellipsoid to
subglobose, somewhat flattened, 6-7.5 * 4.5-6.5 cm, at base contracted or not into
a short pseudostalk, top acutish, coarsely flanged and corrugated, drying blackish
brown, with scattered coarse paler-coloured tubercles, glabrescent, valves +
woody-corky, 10-20 mm thick; stalk 5-10 mm long; perianth not persisting.
Distribution. Papua New Guinea: Central Prov., Northern Prov., Milne Bay
Prov.
NEW GUINEA. Papua New Guinea: Carr 14123, 14334, Foreman & Lelean LAE 52461, 60020;
NGF 41016, 46430; Pullen 5496.
Ecology. Primary and secondary rainforest on slopes and ridges, fagaceous
forest; at 1200-1900 m. Flowers and fruits from July to December.
Vernacular name. Sodowa (Port Moresby Dist.)
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Mountainous terrain; small tree; wood very light brown. Flowers
yellow or orange. Fruits green, strongly wrinkled or corrugated, and strongly
ridged. Aril orange.
2. I have not seen the male flowering material described by Foreman, but the
male flowers of Carr 14123, not cited by him, agree with his description.
3. Those specimens of this species, not seen by Foreman, were identified by
Sinclair as H. spicata var. spicata (Carr 14334) or H. praetermissa Sinclair, in sched.
(Carr 14123). ;
New account of Horsfieldia 2 133
4. When in flower, the specimens may be difficult to distinguish from, e.g., H.
pachycarpa or H. tuberculata. Possibly the few coarse and conspicuous blackish-
brown wart-like dots on the perianth, found in both CG and Q flowers, are
characteristic for the species. Furthermore, the very large corrugated and ridged
thick-valved fruits are very distinctive. Large, thick-valved fruits also occur in H.
pachycarpa, H. tuberculata var. crassivalva or in certain forms of H. laevigata, but
in Our present species the fruits exceed those in size.
41. Horsfieldia pachycarpa A.C. Smith Fig. 1B(41); 20 d-g
Horsfieldia pachycarpa A.C. Smith, J. Arn. Arb. 22 1 (1941) 64 — Type: Brass 610 (A, n.v.).
Horsfielda praetermissa Sinclair, in sched. (Carr 13262, etc.).
Tree; 5-25 m. Twigs terete, faintly ridged or not, towards the apex 3-5(-12) mm
diam., early glabrescent, tomentum minute, with hairs c. 0.1 mm; bark coarsely
striate, when older not flaking, lenticels usually coarse and distinct. Leaves in 2
rows, membranous or thinly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, broadest
below to above the middle, 17-30 x 4-11 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate;
upper surface drying dark brown, usually minutely pustulate, lower surface early
glabrescent, without larger dark-brown dots; midrib above slender to rather broad,
flattish; nerves 14-18 pairs, above thin, flat, inconspicuous, beneath with the
marginal arches distinct or not, not very regularly looping; tertiary veins forming a
lax network, indistinct; petiole 6-12 X 2-5 mm, leaf bud 10-15 x 2-3 mm, with hairs
c. 0.1 mm. Inflorescences subglabrous or with sparse stellate hairs 0.1-0.2(-0.3)
mm, 2-4 times ramified, in C’: 7-15 x 6-10 cm, in 2 up toc. 10 X 4.cm, common
peduncle 5-25 mm; bracts caducous, not seen. Flowers in loose clusters up to 5
each, thinly pubescent with hairs c. 0.1 mm, or glabrescent towards the apex;
perianth 2-valved; pedicels thinly pubescent, at base not articulated. Male
perianths short-pear shaped, laterally somewhat compressed, about as broad as
long or slightly longer than broad, 2.5-3.2 x 2.8-3.2 mm, upper part bluntish to
broadly rounded, the lower *%4 more or less tapering into the thickish and much
tapering pedicel 2-5 mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to nearly '2, valves towards
apex c. 0.2 mm thick, the perianth towards base usually thicker, + firm-fleshy or
coriaceous, 0.3-0.8 mm thick. Androecium + laterally flattened, c. 1.8-2.1 x
1.1-1.8 mm, above broadly rounded, anthers 5 or 6, or 9 or 10, erect, not or hardly
septate, c. 1.5-2 mm long, free apical parts c. 0.1-0.2 mm; androphore rather
slender, 0.2-0.5 mm.; anther column at apex narrowly hollowed for c. %-'%.
Female perianths ovoid-ellipsoid, 2.5-4 x 2.5-3.2 mm, split at anthesis to c. 4,
valves 0.4-0.6 mm thick; pedicel 2-4 mm long; ovary ovoid, densely minutely
pubescent, 2.5-3 x 1.8-2.5 mm, stigma sessile, minutely 2-lobed, c. 0.1 mm. Fruits
1-6 per infructescence, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, often + ridged towards the
base, rounded or tapering into a short pseudostalk, apex rounded, (3.0-)3.5-4.5 x
(1.8-) 2.0-3.0 cm, minutely pubescent towards the base, or glabrescent, drying
blackish(-brown), usually with conspicuous coarse, paler-coloured lenticel-like
tubercles; dry valves + woody, (4-)5-10 mm thick; stalk 5-10 mm; perianth not
persisting.
Distribution. New Guinea. West (Irian Jaya): Snow Mountains (Idenburg R.,
1300 m); East: West Sepik Prov., Western Highlands, Eastern Highlands, South-
ern Highlands, Madang, Morobe, Central Provinces.
134 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
NEW GUINEA. West (Irian Jaya): Brass 610, 12752. — Papua New Guinea: Carr 13262 (13362),
14146; Clemens 5378; H.O. Forbes (7) 192; LAE 51940, 60363, 60365, 62196, 65747; Manner & Street
307; NGF 21297, 29213, 29357, 32652, 38895, 47888.
For deviating specimens see the notes.
Ecology. Primary and secondary montane forest, forest clearings, etc.; often on
ridges; recorded from fagaceous and Castanopsis-Lithocarpus forest; (450-)1000-
2000 m alt. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.
Vernacular names. Cheeweng (Maring), Kupgne (West Sepik), Mong-mong
(Weng lang., West Sepik).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. A montane species; branches often horizontal. Bark shallowly
vertically fissured; exudate watery, clear or + reddish. Wood pink, cream, or
whitish. Flowers yellow, fragrant. Fruits ramiflorous, glossy green turning yellow to
orange, eaten by cus-cus.
2. Related and resembling species. Differs from H. tuberculata by the more
thick-fleshy or woody-fleshy, largely pubescent perianth, and by the pubescent
ovary and fruit.
Fruiting specimens may resemble H. laevigata much, which is obviously closely
related. The male flowering specimens of the present species (Carr 13262, 13362,
14146, LAE 51940, Manner & Street 307) have, however, essentially differently
shaped (+ pear-shaped) flowers, and are of a more fleshy-woody consistency; those
of H. laevigata being much more globose, with the pedicel more slender, not
pear-shaped, and of a more membranous-herbaceous consistency.
Through the somewhat resembling male flowers H. pachycarpa appears related
to H. corrugata, a species with much larger ‘corrugated’ fruits, from similar mon-
tane habitats. The flowers of H. corrugata are probably always provided with some
large, thickened blackish dots, a character not seen in H. pachycarpa.
It should be remarked here that H. tuberculata var. crassivalva (from the
Louisiade Arch.), a taxon only known from fruits which also have a thick pericarp,
is very similar as well.
3. Deviating specimens. Rather many specimens in fruit deviate in the smaller
sizes of female flowers and fruits, viz. Carr 13901, Jacobs 8834, 9079, LAE 66790,
NGF 37317, 41594, Robbins 624. They are from Central Prov., W., E, and S.
Highlands Prov., and West Sepik Prov.; all from well above 1000 m., except Jacobs
9079 (600-700 m alt.). The female perianths measure about 2-2.8 x 1.8-2.3 mm; the
fruits c. 2.5-3.5 x 1.7-2.0 cm, and have a thick woody pericarp. In size and general
appearance these fruiting specimens seem intermediate to and often can hardly be
distinguished from the common H. laevigata. However, the fruits of the mentioned
specimens also completely link up with the generally larger fruits of H. pachycarpa,
of which the male flowers are presumably essentially of a different shape and
texture as those of H. laevigata. Future collectors should search in the field for male
specimens which belong with certainty to the above-mentioned female collections.
TiN
New account of Horsfieldia 2 135
4. Sinclair included most specimens of the present H. pachycarpa in his H.
spicata var. spicata; Car 14146 was identified provisionally as H. praetermissa
Sinclair, in sched., with the remark that better material is still required.
5. I have not seen the type specimen, Brass 610 (A) from Biriatabu at 450 m
(Snow Mts. Dist.) but its description agrees well with the species as described
presently. In P there is an isotype, without fruit.
42. Horsfieldia pulverulenta Warb. Fig. 1B(42)
Horsfieldia pulverulenta Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 342, t. 23 fig. 1-2; Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2
(1935) 150 (sub H. ralumensis) — Myristica pulverulenta (Warb.) Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3,
1 (1900) 87 — Horsfieldia hellwigii var. pulverulenta (Warb.) Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 56
p.p., excl. Vink BW. 12194 = H. leptantha — Type: NW. New Guinea, Vogelkop Penins. (Andai,
Mt. Arfak), Beccari 759 (FI, n.v.), 925 (FI, n.v.).
Horsfieldia hellwigi var. hellwigii x var. pulverulenta (Warb.) Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 58 —
Syntype: Saunders 202 (L, lecto), 358, 398, 483 (L: CANB, n.v.).
Tree 15-25 m. Twigs terete, towards the top 4-10 mm diam., early to rather late
glabrescent, tomentum dark rusty with hairs c. 0.5-1.2 mm, bark finely striate or
not, when older not flaking, lenticels usually present. Leaves in 2 rows, coriaceous,
elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, broadest usually at or below the middle, or + parallel-
sided, 14-35(-40) x 4-10.5(-13) cm, base rounded or short-attenuate, tip acute
acuminate, often to 2(-3 in sapling shoots) cm, caudate; upper surface drying usually
dull brown to olivaceous, minutely rugose-pustulate, lower surface late glabrescent
or with persistent tomentum composed of + evenly sized and spaced, rather harsh,
dark brown hairs c. 1.0-1.5 mm long, when shed usually leaving thickened and rough
hair bases, without brown dots; midrib above flattish, later glabrescent and usually
with persistent tomentum towards base; nerves 11-30 pairs, generally rather
straight, 50-70° with the midrib, c. 5-15 mm apart, thin and sunk above; beneath the
marginal nerve with the arches usually very regular and prominent; tertiary vena-
tion rather lax, above well-visible and sunken, giving the blade often a + bullate
appearance; petiole 2-12 x 2.5-4.5 mm, not or hardly winged; leaf but stout, 3-6 cm
long, with harsh hairs 1-1.5 mm long. Inflorescences woolly-pubescent with hairs
1-1.5 mm long, 2-3 times ramified, rather many-flowered, in Q and GC’: 4-10 x 2-9
cm, common peduncle up to 15 long; bracts (broadly) ovate, acutish, 3-5 mm long,
caducous. Flowers + solitary (in Q) or in loose clusters of 2-6; perianths 2-valved,
largely set with stellate(-dendroid) hairs 0.1-0.3 mm; pedicels slender, pubescent
with coarse hairs 0.4-0.7 mm, at base inarticulate. Male perianths in lateral view
subcircular, 1.5-3 x 3-4 mm, the basal part thick and coriaceous, the remainder
collapsed when dry and perianth then often saucer-shaped or wrinked, at the apex
just above the anthers, opening by a minute pore-like slit less than 1 mm wide;
valves or apical part of perianth c. 0.2(-0.4) mm thick. Pedicels 2-3.5 mm long.
Androecium consisting of a coriaceous + ellipsoid column c. 0.8-1.1 mm long, with
2 small anthers, each 0.2(-0.3) mm at the apex. Female perianth broadly ellipsoid-
ovoid, 3.8-4 xX 3.5-4 mm, split at anthesis to c. %-Y10, with a minute pore-like slit
above the stigmas, valves c. 0.3-0.5 mm thick; pedicels (1.5-)3-5 mm long; ovary
ovoid-subglobose, c. 2.5-3 X 2.5 mm, densely pubescent with hairs 0.1-0.3 mm;
style erect, glabrous, 0.2-0.8 mm long; stigma 2-lobed, c. 0.2-0.3 mm long. Fruits c.
3-10 per infructescence, ellipsoid, top acute and sometimes acuminate, 3.0-5.0 x
2.0-3.0 cm, minutely pubescent at least at the base, valves woody-coriaceous, 4-7
mm thick, usually with paler, small or coarse lenticels or tubercles; stalk 2-7 mm
long; perianth not persisting.
136 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
Distribution. New Guinea: Irian Jaya (Vogelkop, Jayapura, Geelvink Bay;
Mimika, in the South), Papua New Guinea (West Sepik, East Sepik, Madang,
Western; the Gulf Prov. specimen deviates.
NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya: b.b. 30514, 31098, (Lundquist 103) 32822; BW 2727, 2733, 6666, 9173,
9420, 11111; Doctors van Leeuwen 10479 — Papua New Guinea: Darbyshire & Hoogland 8094; Katik W
2877; LAE 52930, 53567; NGF 27471, 34154, 34339, 45861, 45913, 48290; Saunders 202, 358, 398 —
Deviating: Gulf Dist., Schodde & Craven 4662 (see notes).
Ecology. Lowland primary and (old) secondary rain forest, ridge-side forest,
swamp forest; on clay, stony-sandy soil; 0-500 m alt.; flowers and fruits throughout
the year.
Vernacular names. Baa (Hollandia), Gumaga (E. Sepik), Ibuumkwaraf (Kem-
toek lang., Hollandia), Patepa (Siere-Octa, SW. New Guinea), Poi (Pogatumo
lang., Sepik Prov.), Sabobo (Orne lang., Mafoka, Sepik Prov.), Vionge (Nemo
lang., Hollandia).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Bole unbuttressed or with slight buttresses. Bark often strongly
peeling in small, oblong, thin scales, black-brown or dark brown. Wood whitish or
straw, moderately hard and heavy. Flowers yellow, greenish-yellow or pale orange-
yellow. Fruit greenish, greenish-yellow, or yellow-brown; aril red.
2. The present species obviously belongs to the group with H. hellwigii which has
stout twigs, the pubescence on the leaf bud and apex of twigs conspicuous, com-
posed of coarse hairs (0.5-)1-1.5 mm long. It is very distinct by its woody perianths,
usually collapsed in O’ around the much ‘reduced’ androecium. This latter consists
of an ellipsoid woody body, its apex with only 2 apparently much reduced anthers
or thecae just below the apical pore-like slit of the perianth.
The female flowers are larger than those of H. hellwigii.
3. The late Dr. Muller of the Rijksherbarium investigated the pollen of LAE
52930 and remarked: little pollen produced, 25-30 yu, boat-shaped with proximal
side convex, exine 0.5 yw thick, very finely echinate, echinae 0.5 pw long. In
comparison, the related Horsfieldia hellwigii (Brass 25949) produces abundant
pollen, 30-40 4, boat-shaped with convex proximal side, exine 1.5 yw thick, finely
echinate, echinae 1 yw long.
4. Deviating specimen. The specimen Schodde & Craven 4662, from the Gulf
Province, Papua, with C flowers, deviates in its non-coriaceous leaves, the more
woolly tomentum (not harsh) and the densely tomentose perianths. The perianths
do not dry blackish brown as is usual in H. pulverulenta, but are instead, rather
light brown and only slightly collapsed. The perianths contain a much reduced
androecium, comparable to that found in H. pulverulenta. The marginal nerve of
the leaves is looping very regularly, as in H. pulverulenta. The specimen may
represent a separate taxon.
5. Sterile, dubious specimens. The sterile material cited below with rather mem-
branous leaves, probably belong to the present species. For the greater part they
might have been taken from sapling shoots. The tomentum is generally softer than
New account of Horsfieldia 2 137
in a true H. pulverulenta. Often the leaves are long-caudate. They might belong to
one of the other related species of the H. hellwigii-complex as well. Sinclair
referred these specimens to a group of hybrids between H. hellwigii var. hellwigii
and var. pulverulenta. The specimens are from the Madang district, NE. New
Guinea: Saunders 202, 358, 398, and from Jayapura, Irian Jaya: BW 6666, 9173.
6. Sinclair accepted the present species as a variety under H. hellwigii.
He, however, did not cite the curious woody flowers with the apparently re-
duced androecium nor the differing female flowers.
7. | have not seen the syntypes; Sinclair enumerates them among several collec-
tions also seen by me, some of which, however, e.g., Vink BW 12194 is presently
referred to a new species, H. leptantha.
43. Horsfieldia leptantha de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(43)
Ramuli validi, eoram apicibus atque gemmis praeditis pilis 0.5-1.0 mm longis. Perianthium masculum
2-valve, subglobosum, pubescens, in anthesi usque as 74-*% divisum, valvis c. 0.2 mm crassis, androecii
lateraliter compresso, antheris 10-14, erectis. Fructus breviter ellipsoidei, 2.0-2.4 cm longo, grosse
tuberculati — Type: Irian Jaya, Fak-Fak, Vink BW 12194 (L).
Tree 8-30 m. Twigs terete, towards the apex 4-8 mm diam., early to late
glabresent, tomentum rusty, of hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, bark finely or coarsely
striate, when older not flaking; lenticels usually present. Leaves in 2 rows, membra-
nous to chartaceous, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, broadest usually in the middle,
generally not parallel-sided, 13-35 x 5-13.5 cm, base (short-) attenuate, tip acute-
acuminate, not caudate; upper surface drying dull brown to olivaceous, smooth or
finely pustulate, lower surface rather early to late glabrescent or with persistent
tomentum of stellate-dendroid rather woolly or ‘mealy’ hairs of mixed sizes, 0.5-1.0
mm long, when shed not leaving rough hair bases; without brown dots; midrib
above flattish, glabrescent except towards base; nerves 10-20(-30?, see notes) pairs,
usually at c. 45°-50° with the midrib, 5-20 mm apart, above thin and sunken or flattish,
below, the arches of the marginal nerve not very regular, prominent or not;
tertiary venation lax, distinct or not; petiole 5-12 x 2.5-4 mm, not winged; leaf bud
stoutish, 2.5-5 cm long, with dense tomentum of hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long. Inflore-
scences woolly-pubescent with hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, in CG’: rather many-flowered,
2 or 3 times ramified, c. 11 X 7 cm, common peduncle 5-20 mm long; flowers in
loose clusters of 2-6 each, perianth 2-valved, completely pubescent with hairs
0.2-0.3 (-0.5) mm; pedicels slender, pubescent, at base inarticulate; bracts broadly
elliptic, obtuse, 2-3 mm long. Male perianth in lateral view subcircular, c. 2.5 X
2.7-3 mm, somewhat laterally compressed, sub-membranous, not collapsing on
drying; pedicel 1-1.5 mm long; perianth at anthesis split to 4-%; valves c. 0.2 mm
thick. Androecium laterally compressed, c. 1-1.3 x 1.3-1.6 mm, above broadly
rounded-truncate, the column inside narrowly hollowed for c. % (c. 0.3 mm),
anthers 10-14, erect touching each other, somewhat septate when young, 1-1.1 mm
long, free apices c. 0.2-0.3 mm, not or but faintly incurved; androphore + 0.
Female flowers not seen. Infructescences 6-12 cm long, branched. Fruits 2-8 per
infructescence, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose (seed ellipsoid), apex obtuse or
broadly rounded, 2.0-2.4 x 1.6-2.0 cm, largely glabrescent but with minute vesti-
gial hairs towards the base, tubercles coarse, pale, lenticel-like, valves woody-
coriaceous, 4-7 mm thick; stalk 5-10 mm long; perianth not persisting.
138 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
Distribution. New Guinea: Irian Jaya (Vogelkop, doubtful; Fak-Fak), Papua
New Guinea (West Sepik).
Ecology. Secondary and primary forest, ridge forest, on clay soil over limestone;
0-600 m. Flowering and fruiting apparently not seasonal.
NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya: BW (Koster) 10763 (doubtful, see notes), Vink 12194, (Moll) 12952;
Pleyte 553; Pulle 343. — Papua New Guinea: West Sepik, LAE 52962; NGF 25241.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Bark recorded as greenish black; blaze with pinkish red serous sap.
2. The male perianths are deeply cleft, to c. /4-%, much deeper than in the other
species of the H. hellwigii complex. The fruits with their coarse lenticels and
tubercles are strongly reminiscent of those in H. laevigata; there is likely to be a
true close relationship with this species.
3. A doubtful sterile specimen from Vogelkop, BW 10763, is tentatively included
in the present species, mainly because of its locality. It deviates by its numerous
side-nerves, c. 30-33, which are almost parallel and depart from the midrib at an
angle of c. 70°; the marginal nerve is distinct and loops very regularly, both
characters predominant in the related H. pulverulenta. However, the tomentum on
the lower leaf surface is rather mealy and is composed of hairs of rather mixed
sizes, and the Jeaves are membranous in texture, not rough. The specimen might
likewise belong to one of the other related species of the H. hellwigii complex.
44. Horsfieldia hellwigii (Warb.) Warb. Fig. 1B(44); 21
Myristica hellwigii Warb., Bot. Jahrb. 18 (1893) 192 — Horsfieldia hellwigii (Warb.) Warb., Mon.
Myrist. (1897) 343; Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 150; A.C. Smith, J. Arn. Arb. 22, 1 (1941) 61;
Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 49 (for the type variety only) — Type: Finschhafen (Papua New
Guinea), Hellwig 416 (B, t+, n.v.).
H. glabrescens Warb. in K. Schum. & Lauterbach, Fl. Deutsch. Schutgeb. Siidsee (1900) 325 — Type:
Papua New Guinea (Madang), Tappendeck 74 (B, +; WRCL, seen by Sinclair).
Tree 5-30 m. Twigs stout, terete or rarely + ridged, often hollow, towards apex
(4-)5-15 mm diam.; early to late glabrescent from rusty woolly or felty tomentum of
hairs 0.5-1.0(-1.5) mm long; bark finely or coarsely striate, when older not flaking;
lenticels present, usually distinct. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous or rarely
chartaceous, elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, broadest at or above the middle,
or sometimes + parallel-sided, 17-40(-50) x 5-14 cm, base + rounded to (short-)
attenuate, tip acute-acuminate (in New Britain specimens rarely short-caudate);
upper surface drying usually dull olivaceous, minutely pustulate, lower surface
late glabrescent or with persistent tomentum of hairs of mixed to subequal sizes
0.3-1.0 mm long, when shed not leaving thickened hair-bases; without brown dots;
midrib above flat or slightly sunken, late glabrescent or usually with persistent
tomentum towards base; nerves 12-33 pairs, thin, + flat above, generally at an
angle of c. 45° with the midrib, the marginal nerve with arches usually rather thin
and + irregular beneath; tertiary venation lax and thin, faint above; petiole (2-) 5-8
2.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 139
x 2.5-5 mm, not or hardly winged; leaf bud generally stout, 3-7 cm long, densely
pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.5 mm long. Inflorescences woolly-pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.0
mm; in CG: 3.5-15 x 2-10 cm, 2-3 times ramified, flowers in clusters of 3-6 each; in 2
up to c. 8 X 5 cm, flowers in clusters of up to 4; common peduncle up to 30 mm;
bracts elliptic to broadly ovate, acutish, 3-7 mm long, caducous; perianths 2- valved
(flowers not known in var. lignosa), glabrous or early glabrescent except at base,
pedicels pubescent by stellate-dendroid hairs 0.2-0.5 mm, at base inarticulate. Male
perianths, as seen laterally, subcircular, 1.8-3.2 x 2.3-3.5 mm, somewhat laterally
compressed, top and base broadly rounded, pedicel slender, 1-3(-4) mm; perianth
at anthesis split to (14-) 12-%4, valves c. 0.2 mm thick. Androecium (1.2-) 1.5-2 x
(1.3-) 1.7-2 mm, laterally compressed to c. 0.8-1 mm thick, above + broadly
rounded-truncate, column c. 0.3-0.5 mm, narrowly hollowed for the upper c.
Y4(-5), anthers (10-) 12-18 (i.e., 12-18 thecae at each side), erect, not septate, c.
1.2-2 mm long, completely sessile, mutually touching, free apices 0-0.1 mm, not
incurved; androphore + broad, up to 0.1 mm long. Female perianth subglobose or
broadly ovoid, c. 2.8-3.5 x 3 mm, split at anthesis to 3-12, valves 0.2-0.3 mm thick;
pedicel 1-2 mm long; ovary subglobose, c. 2 mm diam., densely pubescent with
hairs 0.2-0.4 mm long, stigma largely sessile, faintly 2- lobed, c. 0.1 mm high. Fruits
3-15 per infructescence, subglobose or broadly ellipsoid to fusiform, top rounded or
generally acutish (when dry), 1.2-2.8 x 1.0-1.8 cm, densely pubescent or partly
glabrescent with hairs c. 0.5 mm, usually rather finely lenticellate-tuberculate, dry
valves 1-3 mm, or in var. lignosa 4-8 mm thick; stalk 1-4 mm long; perianth not
persisting.
Distribution. Papua New Guinea, New Britain and New Ireland; not yet found in
Irian Jaya.
Ecology. Primary and secondary forest, regrowth; in primary forest an
understorey or second storey tree, in secondary forest often common; lowland rain
forest, ridge forest, also monsoon forest, gallery forest; on alluvial soils, also
limestone; 0-1200 m. Flowers throughout the year, fruits predominantly from July
to December.
Vernacular names. Apaap (Wanigela lang.), Camarngur (Lae subdist., Morobe),
Fohja (Okema lang. Aku), Guma (Waskuk lang., Sepik Dist.), Hota (Garaina
lang., Bulolo), Lagele Kuku (W. Nakanai, New Britain), Naufora (Talasea, New
Britain), Mamasoh (Onjob lang., Koreaf), O’hénga (Orakaiva lang., Mumumi).
Uses. Fruits sometimes recorded as edible.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes: Bole straight, unbuttressed, bark finely longitudinally fissured;
crown narrow, dense; branches often tending to be whorled, horizontal, later on
drooping; leaves drooping; wood rather soft and light, whitish or straw, heartwood
pinkish. Flowers yellow. Fruits green turning yellow or orange, aril orange.
Fig. 21.
140
he
|
:
;
:
|
:
\ \ | {\ ( WZ
Horsfieldia hellwigii (Warb.) Warb. var. hellwigii
a, apical portion of leafy twig, x '; b, portion of twig with male inflorescence, x 1/2; ¢,
mature male flower, lateral view, x 6; d, ditto, longitudinally opened, showing androecium,
x 6; e, portion of twig with female inflorescences axillary to leaf-scars, x 12; f, female flower
at anthesis, X 6; g, ditto, longitudinally opened, showing pubescent ovary and small bi-lipped
stigma, X 6;h, infructescence with mature fruits. — a, from NGF 26412; b-d, from NGF 4019;
e-g, from Hoogland 3431; h, from LAE 67101.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 141
2. Taxonomy. The present species, here comprising three varieties, is largely
identical with Sinclair's H. hellwigii var. hellwigii. Sinclair's var. pulverulenta
(Warb.) and his var. pulverulenta, Vink BW 12104, are here referred to different
species. Also, H. ralunensis, which Sinclair cited in the synonymy of H. hellwigii
var. hellwigii, is presently accepted as a separate species. His var. novobritannica is
presently partly, almost exclusively the type, referred to a variety of H. laevigata.
Horsfieldia hellwigii, as presently accepted, is still rather variable, especially in
fruit size and shape; for some very small-fruited specimens and for specimens with
conspicuously woody fruits, separate varieties are accepted.
KEY TO THE VARIETIES
la. Fruit slightly asymmetrically subglobose; pericarp woody, 4-8 mm thick, the surface not wrinkled on
OST 2 ee UR SS 2 PB URE ED 5 ney Se a c. var. lignosa
b. Fruit subglobose, or ellipsoid, or fusiform; dry pericarp c. 2 mm thick, the surface usually somewhat
oe bal Se a on AS Sea SoS ES) TRS cep pe Oh ee ee ar eee 2 | 2
2a. Fruit broadly ellipsoid to nearly globose, 12-15 mm long ............................ b. var. brachycarpa
b. Fruit broadly ellipsoid to fusiform, 16-28 mm long. ............. 00... e cee ee eee ee scene eee ee ees a. var. hellwigii
a. Var. hellwigii Fig. 1B(44); 21
Lower leaf surface usually rather densely pubescent with hairs c. 0.3-1.0 mm.
Male perianth (in bud) 2.2-3.2 x 2.4-3.5 mm, split at anthesis to 12-73. Anthers
(12-)14-18. Fruit broadly ellipsoid to fusiform, 1.6-2.8 x 1.0-1.8 cm, pericarp 2-3
mm thick.
Distribution. As for the species.
NEW GUINEA. Papua New Guinea — Bismarck Arch. (New Britain, New Ireland): Floyd 6410;
Hoogland 3431; LAE 75366; NGF 10018, 10832, 24233, 26253, 26310, 27248; Sands et al. 2013;
Waterhouse 877 — Main Island (Madang, Morobe, Northern, Milne Bay. Western, Central): Brass
24386; Carr 11962, 13901; Clemens s.n. (8.11. 1936), 78, 10908; Fallen et al. 282; Floyd & Hoogland
3813; Frodin UPNG 2139; Fryar 4019; Hartley TGH 9970, 10013; Hoogland 3256; 4386, 5210; LAE
67101; NGF 204, 857, 4019, 1617, 7331, 9677, 9681, 9770, 10540, 10981, 17129, 24003, 24329, 26412,
28553, 28776, 31697, 33857, 34154, 34339, 36304, 36773, 37659, 41170, 41421, 41823, 44388, 45861,
45921, 47431, 48290; Saunders 483; Womersley & Hoogland 5156 — Fergusson Isl. (Milne Bay Prov.):
Brass 25949; LAE 52558 — Deviating specimens: LAE 66008 (Morobe Prov.): NGF 40599 (W. New
Britain); see notes.
NOTES
1. NGF 24233, from limestone at c: 1200 m, has rather chartaceous leaves.
2. The twigs are normally terete, and not or faintly ridged, in NGF 37656 the
twigs are very distinctly ridged in between the bases of the petioles.
3. Further deviating specimens: NGF 40599 from W. New Britain, and LAE
66008 from nearby Umboi Isl. rather differ one from the other, the former being
much more pubescent. Both deviate from normal H. hellwigii var. hellwiggi by the
rather more pear-shaped, i.e., at base more tapering male perianths. Possibly the
specimens are a hybrid, e.g., with H. tuberculata, and they may appear to represent
a separate taxon.
142 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
b. var. brachycarpa de Wilde, var. nov.
Differt a var. hellwigii fructibus siccis fere globosis, 12-15 mm longis, pericarpio 2 mm crasso — Type:
Lauterbach 1191 (L; iso: BRSL & S, n.v.).
Lower leaf surface rather sparsely hairy, the hairs c. 0.3 mm long. Male perianth
c. 2 mm diam. (1.9 X 2.3 mm), split at anthesis to c. 43. Anthers 10-12. Fruits
subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 1.2-1.5(-1.7) x 1.0-1.3 cm; pericarp 1-2 mm thick.
Distribution. Papua New Guinea (Sepik, Madang, Morobe Prov.).
NEW GUINEA. Papua New Guinea (Northern): Hoogland & Craven 10312; Lauterbach 1191; NGF
9146, 10258.
Ecology. Twice collected in levee-forest; 0-100 m. alt.
NOTES
1. The original description of H. hellwigii was based on Hellwig 416, now lost. In
his monograph of 1897, p. 344, Warburg mentions Lauterbach 1191, with fruits, as
a specimen assigned to H. hellwigii. It was accepted later by Markgraf (p. 150) and
Sinclair (p. 52) under H. hellwigii. Now it serves as type of my present new variety
brachycarpa.
2.1 have accepted NGF 9146, with male flowers, as belonging to var.
brachycarpa. It has slightly smaller perianths and fewer anthers as compared with
the type-variety.
c. var lignosa de Wilde, var. nov.
Differt a var. hellwigii fructibus siccis pericarpio lignoso 4-8 mm crasso — Type: Milne Bay Prov.,
Leach LAE 56060 (L: iso: K; A, BISH, BO, BRI, CANB, SING, SYD, PHN & US, n.v.).
Lower leaf surface rather sparesely hairy, the hairs c. 0.2-0.3 mm long (on leaf
buds c. 0.5 mm long). Flowers unknown. Fruits somewhat asymmetrically
subglobose, slightly flattened or not, c. 1.6-1.9 cm diam (immature); pericarp very
woody, 4-8 mm thick, the surface not wrinkled on drying, densely rusty tomentose
with hairs c. 0.3(0.5) mm long.
Distribution. SE. Papua New Guinea: Central and Milne Bay Provinces.
Ecology. Lowland and mountainous forest, 300-1150 m alt. Fruits in June and
September.
NOTES
J. One suspects the immature fruits in both cited collections as being diseased,
e.g., infected by a gall, but on closer inspection all fruits seem healthy. The fruits of
both collections are recorded as green.
2. The specimen NGF 32401 has the lower leaf surfaces finely, iregularly, more
darkly mottled; mottles are absent in the type. In the NGF 32401 the older twigs
are rather markedly ridged in-between the petiole scars.
New account of Horsfieldia 2 . 143
3. The specimens cited were collected after Sinclair’s revision Horsfieldia. Flow-
ers are unknown; when these get collected, it may turn out that the present taxon
can better be regarded as a separate species. Vegetatively it is very like the typical
H. hellwigit.
45. Horsfieldia ralunensis Warb. Fig. 1B(45)
Horsfieldia ralunensis Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 336; K. Schum.. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berl.-Dahl.
(1898) 117: Sch. & Laut., Fl. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Siidsee (1900) 324); Markgraf. Bot. Jahrb. 67,
(1935) 150 — Type: New Britain (Neu Pommern), Gazelle Penins., Ralum, Warburg 20709 (B. 7.
n.v.).
ho bo
Tree 5-18 m. Twigs terete, towards apex 5-10 mm diam., early to late glabrescent
from light rusty or yellow-brown tomentum with hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, bark rather
finely striate, when older not flaking; lenticels present but not distinct. Leaves in 2
rows, membranous, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, broadest towards the base or
usually + parallel-sided, 30-60 x 7-11 cm, base nearly rounded to
(short-)attenuate, tip long acute-acuminate, usually 1-2 cm caudate: upper surface
drying dull olivaceous, minutely, palely punctate-pustulate, lower surface with
persistent tomentum of pale brown softish dendroid hairs of mixed sizes 0.5-1 mm,
when shed, not leaving thickened rough hair bases; without brown dots; midrib flat
above, glabrescent except at the very base; nerves 30-40 pairs, generally + striaght,
at an angle of 50-70° to the midrib, 8-15(-20) mm apart, thin and flat above;
beneath, the marginal nerve rather distinct, not very regularly looping; tertiary
venation lax, indistinct above; petiole 5-16 x 3-4 mm, not or hardly winged; leaf
bud stout, 4-6 cm long, with dense velvety tomentum with hairs (0.5-) 1 mm.
Inflorescences woolly pubescent, hairs 1-1.5 mm long, in CO and Q: 2 or 3 times
ramified, rather many-flowered, 4-15 x 3-10(-12) cm, common peduncle 5-50 mm
long; bracts broadly ellipsoid, subacute, 5-10 mm long. Flowers in loose clusters of
3-6 each, perianth 2-valved, glabrous except at the very base, pedicels pubescent
with hairs 0.3-0.8 mm long, at base inarticulate. Male perianths obovoid-ellipsoid,
at apex acutish, c. 2-2.3 x 1.5-1.7 mm, pedicel 1(-2) mm long, perianth at anthesis
split toc. 44, valves c. 0.2 mm thick. Androecium c. 1-1.1 X 1.2-1.3 mm, = laterally
flattened, broadly rounded above, column at apex narrowly hollowed for c. 4
(0.2-0.3 mm), anthers c. 10(-12), + completely sessile, erect, mutually touching, c.
1-1.2 mm long, free apices c. 0.2 mm; androphore slender, 0.3-0.4 mm long.
Female perianth obovoid, c. 4 x 2.5-3 mm, split at anthesis to c. %4, valves c. 0.3
mm thick; pedicels 1-1.5 mm; ovary ovoid, c. 2 X 1.5 mm, densely pubescent with
hairs c. 0.5 mm, style and stigmas minute, + elongate, minutely 2-lobed, c. 0.2 mm
long. Fruits 2-10 per infructescence, ellipsoid, top obtusish, base broadly rounded,
2.5-3.0 X 1.5-1.9 cm, pubescent, hairs c. 0.5 mm long, coarse, paler-coloured
lenticel-like tubercles present, dry valves 3-5 mm thick; stalk 1-3 mm long; perianth
not persisting.
Distribution. West and E. New Britain (Gazelle Penins.)
BISMARCK ARCH. New Britain: LAE 52084; NGF 7060, 7092, 36304 A, 36773, 38152, 44388,
Warburg 20709 (B, 7 n.v.).
Ecology. Lowland rain forest, recorded from well-drained pumice terrain, sandy
soil, ridge forest, at edge of swamp; 0-100 m. Flowering and fruiting apparently not
seasonal.
144 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(1) (1985)
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. A small or medium sized tapered understorey or subcanopy tree;
bole straight, branches horizontal but drooping terminally; once recorded as slight-
ly buttressed. Bark dark coloured, mottled, or with short vertical fissures. Wood
straw, moderately soft. Flowers yellow. Inflorescences (with flowers) recorded as
erect. Mature fruit green or brown-green.
2. Related to H. leptantha, H. pulverulenta, and H. hellwigii, the last also
occurring on New Britain. Distinguished from H. hellwigii by the larger fruits,
smaller and narrower male flowers (with a somewhat different androecium), and
the generally more elongated leaves.
3. Sinclair included the present species in H. hellwigii var. hellwigii.
4. I have not seen the type, which was apparently lost in B, but Warburg notes
that the anthers do not reach the top of the androecium and leave a sterile narrow
appendix. This latter is at variance with the material seen by me.
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VOL. 38 (Part 2) lst December 1985
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N PAGES
HOLTTUM, R.E.:
Two New Species of Tectaria from Limestone in Peninsular Malaysia, with Comments
UN IN eRe O85 Sn wep crisp te ier cabs ete ce oes vce eet a lity pacsescsvtacverscesees 145-148
KENG, HSuan:
eee IshOl occu t lants Of Singapore. (1X) Slee sal i PRC idee cae eee eee deness sees 149-174
LIM-HO CueEE LEN and LEE SING Kona:
Micropropagation of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. ............0cccecececeee ee ee ee eneneneeees 175-184
WILDE, W. J.J.O. bE:
A New Account of the Genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt3 ............ cece eee eee eee 185-225
BIDIN, Aziz, and TREVoR WALKER:
Comparative Anatomy of the Stipe of the Fern Genus Adiantum L. .......................... 227-233
Published by the Botanic Gardens
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THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN
VOL. 38 (Part 2) lst December 1985
CONTENTS
PAGES
HOLTTUM, R.E.:
Two New Species of Tectaria from Limestone in Peninsular Malaysia, with Comments
a 8 IE a os a ie Lie clot oA Ry Si Sele 145-148
KENG, Hsuan:
Pease Laer See F tants Of Singapore (IX) oe cae oso ce- eon seen ecw ewer reece eee egees 149-174
LIM-HO CueE LEN and LEE SING Kona:
Micropropagation of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. .............6..00 cc ccec ence eee e ences eee 175-184
WILDE, W.J.J.O. DE:
A New Account of the Genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt3 ........... 0... c cece eee 185-225
BIDIN, Aziz, and TREVOR WALKER:
Comparative Anatomy of the Stipe of the Fern Genus Adiantum L. .......................... 227-233
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Two New Species of Tectaria from Limestone in Peninsular Malaysia,
with Comments on Some Other Species
R. E. Holttum
Royal Botanic Gardens
Kew, Surrey, England
EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 15 FEB. 1986
SUMMARY
Tectaria curtisui and T. translucens are described as new species, with comments on T. coadunata (J.
Sm.) C. Chr.. T. brachiata (Zoll. & Mor.) Morton and TJ. variolosa (Hook.) C. Chr. Evidence is
presented that the type specimen of Pieridrys acutissima Ching was probably collected on limestone and
that the single collection of Hypodematium on limestone in Kelantan represents the species Hypodema-
ttum glabrius (Copel.) Holttum, comb. nov.
THE NEW SPECIES
Tectaria curtisii Holttum sp. nov.
Stipes usque 70 cm longus, basin versus castaneus, paleis angustis fuscis vestitus, sursum pallidior,
minute pilosus; lamina usque 60 cm longa, tenuis, pinnis stipitulatis 3-paribus etiam sessilibus vel adnatis
3-paribus constituta: pinnae infimae ultra 30 cm longae, longe stipitulatae, pinnulas liberas unijugatas
ferens, pinnula infima basiscopica 20 x 7 cm, profunde lobata, lobis acuminatis lobulatis, lobo infimo
libero; pinnae suprabasales 30 cm longae, pinnulis liberis unijugatis subaequalibus praeditae: venae in
areolis angustis costalibus et costularibus ordinatae, venulis retrorsis inclusis. areolis alliis ut in T.
coadunata sed paucioribus et nonnullis venulis brevibus liberis instructis; costae, costulae venaeque
subtus pilis patentibus tenuibus 0.2-0.3 mm longis vestitae, pagina inter venas pilis erectis multis
brevioribus praedita; costae supra pilis brevibus dense vestitae, pili ad et inter venas rares, margines
(sinubus inclusis) pilis destitutae: sori plerique ad venas breves in areolis terminales; indusia tenuia,
glabra.
Typus: near Ipoh, on limestone, C. Curtis 3376, December 1895 (holotypus K:
isotypus SING). No other specimen is known.
This species differs from the small Peninsular plants of Tectaria coadunata (J.
Sm.) C. Chr. in having much larger and more amply branched fronds with abun-
dant hairs between veins on the lower surface and practically glabrous on the upper
surface (hairs are lacking even at the sinuses). The new species differs also in the
presence of small free veinlets arising from the outer veins of the costal areoles and
directed towards the costae; such veinlets are absent in 7. coadunata. Short free
unbranched veinlets are also present in other areoles, often directed towards the
costa; branched included veinlets have not been noticed.
Tectaria translucens Holttum sp. nov.
Caudex brevis, erectus; stipes usque 35 cm longus, modice castaneus, sparsim brevipilosus, basi paleis
usque 15 x | mm, apice capillaceis, vestitus; lamina usque 40 cm longa, tenuis, translucens, pinnis
stipulatis 2-jugatis etiam sessilibus vel adnatis 2-jugatis constituta: pinnae infimae usque 19 cm longae,
pinnulis unijugatis praeditae, pinnula infima basiscopica 12 cm longa, basin versus profunde lobata:
venae in areolis angustis costalibus et costularibus venulis liberis retroversis inclusis ordinatae, venulae
liberae etiam in areolis alliis pleraeque costam versus currentes, raro furcatae, adsunt: axes frondis
subtus sparsim brevipilosi, pagina inter venas utrinque glabra: sori plerique ad venas exteriores costular-
um, in lobis pinnarum distaliter ad venas liberas terminales siti; indusia tenuia, pilis brevibus interdum
praedita.
146 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
Typus: Pahang, Taman Negara, on limestone, B.S. Parris and P.J. Edwards
10450 (K).
Young plants may have some hairs between veins on both surfaces.
A distinctive feature of these two new species is the presence of free veinlets in
the costal areoles. Such veinlets occur also in T. cherasica (Holttum 1981, p. 141)
and in 7. brachiata (discussed below). This character distinguishes all four species
from T. coadunata, which has the basic vein-pattern on which Presl (1836) based his
genus Sagenia. Another difference 1s that in T. coadunata free veinlets in non-costal
areoles are few, unbranched and outwardly directed, whereas in the other species
many free veinlets are directed towards the costa and in some cases are branched.
Branched veinlets are frequent in the sterile fronds of T. brachiata but rare in T.
cherasica and T. translucens and they have not been noted in T. curtisii. Apart from
these species there is, within Tectaria, a rather clear distinction between the species
which show the Sagenia pattern and those which have abundant branched free
veinlets in areoles (see Holttum 1983, p. 108 and fig. 1). It is notable that in SE
Asia there is a species (7. fuscipes (Bedd.) C. Chr.) which has Sagenia-type
venation in sterile fronds but free veins in fertile ones. This bridges the gap between
species with anastomosing veins and those with free veins which Ching and others
have included in a genus Ctenitopsis. A majority of such free-veined species occur
in mainland SE Asia and the Philippines. Combining this information with the fact
that there are far more species of Tectaria in the Palaeotropics than in the Amer-
icas, I suggest that the genus Tectaria originated in SE Asia. Taxonomically, it is
unfortunate that the type species of the genus is a West Indian one.
TECTARIA VARIOLOSA AND T., BRACHIATA
In Holttum 1981, p. 137, the name 7. variolosa is placed as a synonym of T.
brachiata, but in fact the type specimens of the two differ in venation, and the
characters specified for 7. brachiata in the key on pp. 133-134 are those of T.
variolosa.
In both species the pinnae of fertile fronds are contracted as compared with
sterile ones (intermediate fronds may sometimes occur), and in both the only hairs
between veins on the upper surface are small ones near the sinuses between
pinnalobes. The pinnae of sterile fronds of T. brachiata are much less deeply lobed
than those of 7. variolosa and there are many free and branched veinlets both in
costal and some other areoles (Fig. 1).
LS,
i
Fig. 1. Venation in a lobe of a middle pinna of a sterile frond of A: Tectaria variolosa (Toppin 4183,
Upper Burma) and B: Tectaria brachiata (Curtis 1608, Penang), both x 2.
Two new species of limestone Tectaria 147
The name 7. variolosa (originally in the genus Aspidium) was copied from
Wallich’s catalogue and based on Wallich 379. Under this number Wallich included
specimens from NE India (of which Ching selected one as lectotype) and also from
Penang. The Penang specimens (of which two sheets are at Kew) are 7. brachiata.
Accepting Ching’s choice of a type, T. variolosa occurs from NE India southwards
into Burma, Thailand and Vietnam. Specimens so named from Hainan and Taiwan
seen by me have broader fertile pinnae with a more ample venation and a greater
number of smaller sori; they are more like 7. subtriphylla (Hook. & Arn.) Copel.
and need further study. It is possible that the type of Phlebigonium impressum Fée
(Griffith, Pl. Indic. 34, now at Rio de Janeiro; see Windisch 1982, p. 59) is
conspecific with the type of 7. variolosa; if this should be established, Fée’s name
(1852) is the older and his specific epithet should be substituted for variolosa.
T. brachiata is widely distributed, but specimens are known from few localities.
There are several collections from Peninsular Thailand and the northern part of
Peninsular Malaysia; those for which a habitat is recorded indicate granite rocks,
not limestone. The other specimens known to me are from Java (including the
type), the Tenimbar Islands (Buwalda 4262) and the Cape York Peninsula in
Queensland (Brass 19445, Coveney 7146). The species is evidently adapted to a
continuously warm climate with a regular dry season.
Key to the species of Tectaria mentioned in this paper
1. Free included veinlets lacking in costal areoles
2.eipper surface Dearine many hairs DEtWEEN VEINS. 2:1... coz ese es nee dine op eceennes sees nee T. coadunata
2. Upper surface lacking hairs between veins except a few near sinuses between pinna-lobes ...........
Als wept ap A aes nad «Sm Bay 23 ead bake Abas Cred, Naeeiane aie rent od ws Bnei aE ro a A ne T. variolosa
1. Free included veinlets present in costal areoles
3. Fronds dimorphous; free veins present in costal and other areoles in sterile fronds, forked ones
YOO SSE ee AS UC) ts ee ern eee oe eee ee er oe T. brachiata
3. Fronds not or little dimorphous; fewer free veins in areoles, forked ones infrequent; limestone
plants
4. Scales at base of stipes thin, light brown, becoming crumpled ......................265. T. cherasica
4. Scales at base of stipes firm, dark, much narrowed towards their tips
5. Fronds to 60 cm long; a free tertiary leaflet present on basal pinnae; lower surface copiously
Ce EPI SETS Zin (>) a ea aoe ae on eon ae ae ere 2 eee or T. curtisii
5. Fronds smaller, no free tertiary leaflet; lower surface between veins glabrous in fronds of
i ey Ag be Sipe De be a an peel Aelia ie 2 toe gine ile SR Ce one T. translucens
PTERIDRYS ACUTISSIMA CHING
This species is described in Holttum 1955, p. 531. The type was collected by
Mohamed Haniff on a journey to Gunung Korbu with B.H.F. Barnard (Forestry
Dept.) in 1909. The route was by way of the Korbu River, G. Yong Blar and G.
Bal; thus he passed near limestone hills. The labels on the specimens at Singapore
and Kew were written by H.N. Ridley, who named them Lastrea syrmatica and
wrote on them the altitude 6000 ft, giving them a number (14142) in his own series.
Haniff’s labels are lost. No other collection of this species has since been reported.
Recently, however, Dr. B.S. Parris collected an almost identical specimen in
Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, at an altitude of 100 m, ‘‘on slopes of bat
guano in cave mouth’’.
No specimen of this genus has been collected at a high altitude in Malesia, and
the related species P. syrmatica (Willd.) C. Chr. & Ching, widely distributed, is
nearly always recorded as growing on limestone.
148 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
THE GENUS HypPoDEMATIUM
There is only one record of the existence of this genus in Peninsular Malaysia; the
specimen is M.R. Henderson 29682, from Gua Teja, Kelantan. In Holttum 1955, p.
501, this is named H. crenatum (Forsk.) Kuhn, with a note that it differs from the
typical form of that species which was first described from Arabia and is widely
distributed in Mainland Asia. On comparison with other specimens in the herbar-
ium at Kew, I find that the Kelantan specimen agrees closely with the type of
Dryopteris glabrior Copel., collected by C.J. Brooks at Bidi, Sarawak in 1908.
Copeland’s species was not transferred to Hypodematium by Ching in his paper of
1935 (probably he did not know of it). The tronds are much more open in branching
than those of T. crenatum and the leaflets are thin and quite flat when dried.
Acicular hairs are rather few, and capitate hairs are also present. The new com-
bination Hypodematium glabrius (Copel.) Holttum is therefore proposed
(basionym: Dryopteris glabrior Copel., Phlip. Journ. Sci. 5C (1910) 283).
In Malesia all recorded plants of the genus have been found on limestone, and
though they may be locally abundant few specimens have been collected. In the
herbarium at Kew are three other specimens from Sarawak, all H. glabrius; from
Sumatra are two collections which appear to represent two different species; one
specimen from New Guinea which has very abundant very long hairs; and a
specimen from the Philippines which appears to be true H. crenatum, said by
Copeland to be known from several localities. A new study of the genus in Malesia
is desirable, but more field work would first be needed.
The genus is isolated taxonomically and its affinity is uncertain. Chromosome
counts show the base numbers 40 and 41. Ching at first suggested an affinity with
Cystopteris, but later thought Lastreopsis more likely. The frond-form resembles
that of Lastreopsis but hairs and scales are very different. Recently Iwatsuki (1964)
suggested an alliance to Athyrioid ferns, perhaps nearest (but not near) Woodsia.
LITERATURE CITED
Ching, R.C. (1935). On the genus Hypodematium Kunze. Sunyatsenia 3: 3-15.
Holttum, R.E. (1955). A Revised Flora of Malaya, 2, Ferns of Malaya. Singapore,
~ Government Printer.
______ (1981). The genus Tectaria Cav. in Malaya. Gard. Bull. Singapore 34:
132-147.
(1983). The fern-genera Tectaria, Heterogonium and Ctenitis in the Mas-
carene Islands. Kew Bull. 38: 107-130.
Iwatsuki, K. (1964). On Hypodematium Kunze. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 21: 43-54.
Presl, K.B. (1836). Tentamen Pteridographiae. Prague.
Windisch, P. (1982). Specimens from Feé’s pteridological collection at the Botanic
Gardens of Rio de Janeiro. Amer. Fern Journ. 72: 56-60.
Annotated List of Seed Plants of Singapore (IX)*
HsuAN KENG
Department of Botany, National University of Singapore
Index to Families
Page Page
CRIB AMUEAS ein ons <fe0525~-<~ 166 DrRRRGCMMCCAG. 8 cccc--. ces oe .. 167
(opemoncee 952 p654<-5--,2--) 166 US DTS 2 ee ee ea 149
ee ee eee eae 167 iyMGIAGedes ce. 4 2-5-2282 5-- 167
II. Angiospermae-Dicotyledons (cont’d)
125. RUBIACEAE
Synoptic key to the generat
1. Ovary containing numerous (rarely few) ovules in each locule
2. Fruit dry, capsular
3. Flower-clusters in globular heads ..........................04. Adina, Nauclea, Neonauclea, Uncaria
3. Flowers in cyme, corymbose or paniculate
Pees On dees OF Wondy Cumbre (1.55.50 2 227-2. 6 eack Sncn cess o< 02 Coptosapelta, Mussaendopsis
4. Herbs or herbaceous twiner!s .................--. Argostemma, Dentella, Hedyotis, Ophiorrhiza
2. Fruit drupaceous or baccate
5. Corolla-lobes valvate in bud
om OE UMP 2 8 yo" 2 eta dpe aed elt atte I ae eee an Lecananthus, Lucinaea
6. Flowers in cymose clusters, corymbose or paniculate ..... Mussaenda, Mycetia, Urophyllum
5. Corolla-lobes twisted in bud ............... Diplospora, Gardenia, Hypobathrum, Jackia, Randia
Scyphiphora
1. Ovary containing a single (rarely 2 or few) ovule in each locule
7. Epiphyte with tuberous stems tenanted by ants .........................0.. Hydnophytum, Myrmecodia
7. Not as above
8. Corolla-lobes imbricate or twisted in bud .............. Ixora, Coffea (introduced), Gardeniopsis,
Guettarda, Pavetta, Tarrena
8. Corolla-lobes valvate in bud
fe eae ee ee eee Prismatomeris, Timonius
9. Flowers bisexual
10. Flowers 1-3 together on a terminal, slender stalk; creeping herbs ................ Geophila
10. Flowers many in compact umbels or heads, terminal and axillary; trees, shrubs or
SOO CUNIIIOTS 55.5.5. - osu s9- ores canes Cephaelis, Coelospermum, Gynochthodes, Morinda
10. Not as above
11. Flower cymes in axillary fascicles
pe LS Bb Ls SEA aie 6 0 Rte a Canthium, Lasianthus, Saprosma
Sia en ACOCOMUS JO SIR pitt dito: 08, ot iil yee A. Borreria, Diodia
11. Flower-cymes in corymbs or panicles ................. Chassalia, Paederia, Psychotria
* Continued from Gdns’ Bull. Sing. 36: 124, 1983. . .
The author is indebted to Dr. Richard T. Corlett and Mr. Hugh T.W. Tan for going through the entire
manuscript and the Rubiaceae respectively, and for their many suggestions.
+ Based on Ridley, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1923) 3, modified and simplified; some cultivated genera are not
included.
149
150 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
Adina rubescens Hemsl. (alt. name: Pertusadina eurhyncha (Miq.) Ridsdale)
Tall tree, the trunk full of elliptic holes so the bark appears reticulate; leaves
elliptic, 6-10 cm long; flowers in small heads, 6-8 mm across, usually 3 heads
together on a slender peduncle. Scattered in forests; Bukit Timah (Keng &
Jumali 3483). Vern. Berambong.
Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC. (= B. latifolia K. Sch.)
Fleshy herb, to 60 cm tall; stems winged; leaves obovate or elliptic, 2-7 cm long,
hairy on both sides; flowers in axillary clusters; corolla 3-6 mm long, white;
fruit subglobose, of two 1-seeded cocci, hairy. A weed of West Indian and S.
American origin.
Bor. articularis (L.f.) F.N. Will. (= B. hispida K. Sch.)
Diffused herb, about 30 cm high; hairy; leaves obovate or oblong, 1.5-4 cm long;
flowers in axillary clusters; corolla 4.5-7 mm long, pale purple. In waste ground
and sandy spots; Changi (Md Nur 29739).
Bor. laevicaulis (Miq.) Rid.
Slender herb, to 45 cm long, glabrous, often tinted purple; leaves sessile; oblong-
lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm long; flowers in dense axillary clusters; corolla 2-3 mm long,
white. In roadsides and sandy waste places; Pulau Ubin (Furtado 18343).
Bor. setidens (Miq.) Bold.
Diffused herb, sometimes creeping, 5-20 cm tall; branches winged; leaves lan-
ceolate or ovate, 0.8-1.5 cm long; flowers in small axillary clusters; corolla very
short, 2-3 mm long, white. In waste ground, Pasir Panjang (Ridley 8109).
Canthium confertum Korth.
Small tree, to 10 m tall, glabrous; leaves leathery, elliptic, 5-15 cm long, nerves
3-4 pairs; flowers in small clusters, 1.5-2 cm across; corolla 2-3 mm long,
short-tubed, 5-lobed. Along tidal rivers near the sea, P. Tekong (Ridley 4893).
Canth. dicoccum (Gaertn.) T. & B. (= C. didymum Gaertn.)
Small tree, 7-8 m tall; leaves thin-leathery, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, 6-10 cm
long, nerves 4-5 pairs; flowers in clusters, 3-5 cm across. In forests or in man-
groves, Pulau Serimbun (Sinclair 39530), Chua Chu Kang.
Canth. glabrum BI.
Small tree to 13 m tall, glabrous; leaves ovate, 12-18 cm long; flowers in small
cymose clusters; corolla 3-4 mm long, 5-lobed; berry ellipsoid, 2-3 cm long,
greenish, with 2 flattened stones inside. In forests; Bukit Mandai (Ridley 4434),
Tuas.
Canth. horridum BI.
Spiny shrub, pubescent; spines straight or curved, 3-5 cm long; leaves ovate or
elliptic, 2-3 cm long; nerves 3-4 pairs; flowers in cymose clusters; corolla 2-3 mm
long, pale green. In forest edges or open places; Gardens’ Jungle; Bukit Timah
(Ridley s.n. in 1893).
Canth. molle K. & G.
Spiny climber, velvety; spines decurved, 1.5-2 cm long; leaves lanceolate to
ovate, 5-7 cm long, brown-hairy; nerves 4-5 pairs; cymes small, axillary. In
forests, Gardens’ Jungle, MacRitchie Reservoir (Sinclair SF 39147).
Seed plants of Singapore 1X 151
Cephaelis singaporensis Ridley
Low shrub; leaves oblong, 2-6 cm long, narrowed at base; nerves 14-16 pairs;
cymose heads 2-2.5 cm across; corolla trumpet-shaped, 2-3 cm long, yellow;
drupe light blue, flattened. In forests; Bajau (Ridley 4966).
Chassalia curviflora (Wall.) Thw. (= C. chartacea Wall.)
Small shrub, 1-1.5 m tall, glabrous; leaves membranous, variable elliptic to
oblanceolate, 6-20 cm long, nerves 5-6 pairs; cymes terminal, 3-5 cm long,
peduncles and its branches purple or white tinted purple; flowers subsessile;
corolla 1.5-2 cm long, 5-lobed. Berry ellipsoid or globose, 5-6 mm across,
2-seeded, seated on the swollen white branches of the inflorescence. In forests;
Bukit Mandai (Ridley s.n. in 1889). (The generic name often spelled as Chasalia;
some authors have reduced it to Psychotria).
Chas. pubescens Rid.
Small shrub, much branched, hairy; leaves lanceolate,.12-15 cm long; pubescent
beneath; nerves 7-8 pairs; compound cymose dense, 2-3 cm long, hairy; flowers
in small clusters, rosy white; corolla 6-8 mm long. In forests; once collected at
Bukit Timah (Ridley s.n. in 1884).
Coelospermum scandens BI.
Slender climber; leaves elliptic or obovate, 6-12 cm long; nerves 4-7 pairs;
flower-cymes umbellate, fragrant, arranged in a small terminal panicle, 3-4 cm
long; corolla 2-3 mm long, 5-lobed, white. Berry depressed globose, 1-1.5 cm
across, 2-4 seeded. Climbing on trees in forests; Changi (Ridley 5926), Bukit
Timah. (The generic name sometimes spelled as Caelospermum).
Coffea liberica Bull. ex. Hiern.
Stout herb or small tree; leaves obovate, thick-leathery, 16-35 cm long, nerves
6-12 pairs; cymes axillary, subsessile; corolla white, 2.5-3 cm long, 6-8 lobed;
berry subglobose, 1.5-2.5 cm long, red, with 2 flattened stones inside. Native to
W. Africa, formerly planted.
Cof. robusta Linden ex De Wild.
Stout shrub; leaves broadly oblong, 15-30 cm long; nerves 10-12 pairs; cymes 3-5
flowered, axillary; corolla 1.5-2 cm long, 5-7 lobed; berry ovoid-globose, 1-1.5
cm long, red. Native to tropical Africa, formerly planted. Some authors have
reduced this species to a variety of Cof. canephora Pierre ex Froehner.
Coptosapelta griffithii Hook.f.
Climbing shrub; leaves ovate-orbiculate, 4-6 cm long; nerves 3-4 pairs, hairy
beneath; panicles terminal and axillary; corolla salver-shaped, 1.5-2 cm long,
white, throat woolly, 5-lobed; capsule obovoid, pubescent, 0.8-1 cm long, seeds
numerous. In forests; Gardens’ Jungle, Chua Chu Kang (Che Mat 6891).
Copt. parviflora Rid.
Lofty climber; leaves elliptic, narrowed on both ends, 6-8 cm long; nerves 4-5
pairs; panicle terminal, spreading, 6-8 cm long; corolla 6-8 mm long, green;
capsule obovoid, glabrous, 2-4 mm long. Climbing to tops of trees in forests;
Bukit Timah (no specimens available).
152 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
Copt. tomentosa (BI.) Val. ex K. Heyne (= C. flavescens Korth.)
Lofty climber; leaves ovate or elliptic, 5-10 cm long, nerves 4-5 pairs, soft hairy
beneath; corolla 2-2.5 cm long, white, fragrant; capsule obovoid, 4-6 mm long,
glabrous. In forests, climbing on trees; Bukit Timah (Ridley 14117).
Dentella repens (L.) J.R. & G. Forst.
Creeping branched herb; leaves oblong to elliptic, 4-10 mm long; flowers solit-
ary, in one axil of the paired leaves, 5-merous; corolla 0.5-1.5 cm long, yellowish;
fruit ovoid, 2-3 mm long, dry, indehiscent; seeds numerous. In waste ground and
damp places; Tanglin, Kallang, Sembawang (Keng et al 4070).
Diplospora malaccensis Hook.f.
Small tree, to 10 m tall, glabrous; leaves elliptic, 5-15 cm long; flowers 4-5 in
small axillary clusters; corolla tubular, 2-3 mm long, 4-lobed, greenish white;
berry globose, orange, few-seeded. In forests; Water Catchment Area, Bukit
Timah (Maxwell 8146).
Diodia ocymifolia (Willd. ex R. & S.) Bremek.
Rough herb, to 1 m tall; leaves oblong-ianceolate, 3-7 cm long; nerves 5-8 pairs,
hairy on nerves and near margin; flowers 6-many, in axillary clusters; corolla 2-4
mm long, 4-lobed; fruit of two 1-seeded cocci. A native of S. America; in damp
places, forest edges and grassland.
Diodia sarmentosa Swartz
Herb; leaves oblong-ovate, 3-6 cm long, nerves 3-5 pairs, scabrous above, nerves
hairy beneath; flowers 1-8, in axillary clusters. In forest edges and grassland.
Native to S. America.
Gaertnera grisea Hook.f. ex Clarke
Shrub, to 1.2 m tall; leaves thin leathery, oblong or oblanceolate, apex acumin-
ate, 20-35 cm long, densely hairy beneath, nerves 7-8 pairs; petiole 6-8 mm long,
thick; stipule-sheath tubular, 2-2.5 cm long; cymes terminal and axillary, 6-8 cm
long, hairy; corolla white, cylindric, 6-8 mm long; lobes valvate. In forests; Bukit
Timah, Bukit Panjang, Ponggol (Burkill 7613), Changi. This genus differs from
almost all the rubiaceous genera in having a superior ovary, therefore it was
classified under Loganiaceae in Ridley’s Flora.
Gaert. obesa Hook.f. ex Clarke
Stout, fleshy shrub, 1.2 m tall; leaves fleshy leathery, oblong or lanceolate, apex
short-acuminate, 25-35 cm long; nerves 9-12 pairs; stipule-sheath 3-4 cm long;
cymes dense, umbellate, 4-5 cm across; corolla white, 6-8 mm long, sessile or
subsessile, densely hairy in the mouth. In forests; Gardens’ Jungle, Tuas, Chua
Chu Kang (Ridley 2680).
Gaert. vaginans (DC.) Merr. (= G. acuminata Benth.)
Shrub; leaves membranous, elliptic, apex acute, 7-9 cm long; stipule-sheath 1-1.5
cm long; panicles terminal, 8-12 cm long; corolla 5-6 mm long, white, lobes
acute, as long as the tube, mouth hairy. (In forests, collected in Singapore only
once (Wallich 8342, not seen).
Seed plants of Singapore 1X 153
Gaert. viminea Hook.f. ex Clarke
Slender shrub, 1 m tall; leaves membranous, narrowly lanceolate, apex caudate,
6-9 cm long, nerves 6-7 pairs; cymes 4-6 cm long, 3-chotomously branched;
corolla short-cylindric, 5-6 mm long, white, lobes 4, broadly ovate, as long as the
tube. In forests; Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Mandai, Changi.
Gardenia carinata Wall. ex Roxb.
Small tree to 7 m tall; leaves thin-leathery, obovate or oblanceolate, 10-40 cm
long; flowers solitary, in upper axils; calyx tube 1.5 cm long, 5-6 ribbed; corolla
golden yellow, the tube 2.5 cm long, the limb 6-7 cm across, 6-9 lobed; fruit
ellipsoid, 3-4 cm long, ribbed, crowned with the calyx lobes. Introduced from N.
Malaya, planted as a roadside tree.
Gard. griffithii Hook.f.
Shrub or small tree, to 7 m tall; leaves obovate, thick-leathery, narrowed at base,
12-20 cm long; nerves 12-13 pairs; flowers solitary, terminal; calyx tubular, 6-8
cm long, the mouth expanded; corolla cylindric, 8-10 cm long, orange; fruit
globose, woody, 4-5 cm across, crowned by the calyx-lobes. In edge of forests;
Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai (Ridley 6673).
Gard. jasminoides Ellis (= G. angusta Merr.; G. florida L.)
Shrub, 1-2 m tall; leaves obovate, thick and shining, 8-10 cm long; flowers
solitary, axillary; calyx tubular, angled or winged; corolla waxy white, turning
yellowish, 3-5 cm long, 5-10-lobed, fragrant. Native of S. China, in several
horticultural forms, some double-flowered, sometimes planted in gardens. Vern.
Bunga Susu, Bunga China, te--té
Gard. tubifera Wall.
Shrub, to 2 m tall; leaves oblanceolate, much narrowed at the base, 8-24 cm long,
nerves 15-18 pairs; flowers terminal; calyx tubular, 1.5-2 cm long; corolla 12-14
cm long, creamy white turning orange-yellow, fragrant; fruit globose, 3-5 cm
across. Along river banks in mud; Chua Chu Kang (Ridley s.n. in 1895).
Gardeniopsis longifolia Miq.
Shrub, with few stout branches, 2-3 m tall; leaves oblanceolate, 20-30 cm long;
flowers sessile, in axillary clusters; corolla cylindric, 2-2.5 cm long, 5-lobed, rosy
white; fruit ovoid or ellipsoid, with 10 ridges, 2-2.5 cm long, crowned with the
enlarged, incurved calyx-lobes. In dense forests, Bukit Timah (no specimens
available).
Geophila pilosa Pears
Small creeping herb, hairy; leaves ovate-cordate, 1-2.5 cm long; flowers termin-
al, solitary or 3 together on a slender stalk; corolla small, white, funnel-shaped,
4-6 lobed; drupe globose, black, with 2 stones inside. Rare in forests; Bukit
Timah, (Ridley 9516), Reservoir woods.
Guettarda speciosa L.
Small tree, 5-10 m tall; leaves obovate, 10-25 cm long, the base heart-shaped;
cymes axiillary, 4-11 cm long; corolla trumpet-shaped, 6-11 cm long, limb 6-8-
lobed, white, fragrant; fruit depressed globose, 2-2.5 cm across, greenish, faintly
and closely ribbed, with a circular calyx-scar on the top. On sandy and rocky
shores; Pulau Seletar (Samsuri SA 1214).
154 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
Gynochthodes coriacea BI.
Woody climber, glabrous; leaves leathery, ovate-lanceolate, 6-10 cm long, tip
blunt; nerves 4-6 pairs; flowers small, few in an axillary cluster; corolla 2-4 mm
long, woolly inside; drupe globose, 1 cm across, white, with 2-4 stones inside. In
forests, climbing on trees; Changi, Gardens’ Jungle, Mandai (Samsuri 1388).
Gynoch. sublanceolata Miq.
Slender woody climber; leaves thin-leathery, elliptic-lanceolate, 5-8 cm long, tip
acuminate, nerves 5-6 pairs; flowers sessile, few on very short axillary branches;
corolla white; drupe globose, 4-5 mm across. In open country, often near the sea;
Changi, Pulau Tekong (Goodenough 2836).
Hedyotis.auricularia L.
Perennial, to 50 cm high; stems 4-angled, covered with white hairs; leaves
lanceolate-oblong, 4-8 cm long; flowers in axillary, sessile, dense cymes; corolla
salver-shaped, 2-3 mm long, white; capsule globose, hairy, indehiscent, few-
seeded. In open places and road sides; Tuas, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 4125).
Hedy. biflora (L.) Lamk. (= Oldenlandia paniculata L., O. biflora L.)
Ascending herb, to 20 cm high; leaves oblong or ovate, slightly fleshy, 5-10 mm
long; flowers 3-10 in peduncled and often branched (terminal and axillary)
cymes; corolla 2-2.5 mm long, white or purplish; capsule ribbed. In waste places;
Tanglin (Kassim 518).
Hedy. capitellata Wall. ex G. Don
Climbing shrub, glabrous; ledves from branches lanceolate to oblong, 3.5-11 cm
long; terminal panicles consisting of umbellate heads (1-1.5 across); corolla
creamy coloured, 4-merous, fragrant, hairy inside. Climbing over bushes and
hedges; Tanglin (Ridley 15429).
Hedy. congesta Wall. ex G. Don
Shrubby herb, to 2 m high; leaves leathery, lanceolate or elliptic, 10-15 cm long;
flowers in axillary dense cymes, sessile; corolla campanulate, 3-4 mm long; fruit
fleshy, oblong, white.In forests; Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit Timah (Burkill HMB
1894).
Hedy. corymbosa (L.) Lamk. (= Oldenlandia corymbosa L.)
Erect or ascending herb, to 30 cm high; leaves oblong, acute, 1-3 cm long;
flowers axillary, solitary or 2-8 in peduncled cymes; corolla white or pale purple, 2
mm long. In sunny places or rocky areas. Singapore (Furtado s.n. in 1924).
Hedy. dichotoma Koen. ex Roth (= Oldenlandia dichotoma Hook.f.)
Slender, diffused herb, 30-40 cm tall; leaves lanceolate or oblong, 1.5-3 cm long;
cymes axillary, and terminal, in several dichotomous branches; corolla bell-
shaped, 1.5-2 mm long, the lobes spreading. In dry sandy places near the sea;
Geylang (Ridley 11512).
Hedy. diffusa Willd. (= Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb.)
Prostrate herb, to 40 cm high; leaves sessile, linear lanceolate, 1-2 cm long;
flowers solitary or in pairs, axillary sessile or nearly so; corolla white or purple;
capsule depressed globose, 2-3 mm long, usually nodding. In open sandy places;
Chua Chu Kang (Hullett 333), Water Catchment Areas. {1 {i We 4 4
Seed plants of Singapore IX 155
Hedy. herbacea L.
Annual, to 20 cm high; leaves sessile, linear or narrowly elliptic, 1-2.5 cm long;
flowers axillary, solitary or 2-4 in peduncled cymes; corolla white, 2 mm long. In
open places, Singapore (Ridley s.n. in 1892).
Hedy. pinifolia Wall. ex G. Don.
Prostrate annual, to 30 cm high; leaves thick, sessile, linear to lanceolate, 1-1.5
cm long; flowers solitary, or 2-4 in peduncled cymes, axillary; corolla 3 mm long,
white or purple; capsule with long bristles. In sandy places by the sea; Jurong
(Ridley 8924).
Hedy. trinervia (Retz.) R. & S. (= Old. trinervia Retz.)
Prostrate annual, to 20 cm long; leaves thin, obovate, 0.2-0.5 cm long; flowers
solitary, sessile or nearly so, axillary; corolla 1.5 mm long, white. In open spaces
with sandy soil; Geylang, Pulau Sudong (Maxwell 82295).
Hydnophytum formicarium Jack
Epiphytic small shrub; fleshy tuber irregularly lobed, 16-20 cm across, glabrous,
tunnelled and perforated forming an ant’s nest; leaves leathery, elliptic, 4-10 cm
long, subsessile, nerves 7-11 pairs; flowers 3-5, in axillary sessile cymes; corolla
salver-shaped, 3-4 mm long, white; drupe narrowly ellipsoid, 4-5 mm long, with 2
stones inside. In secondary forests, often near the sea; Jurong, Changi (Ridley
303).
Hypobathrum coniferum (Ridl.) Bakh. f. (= Petunga conifera Ridl.)
Slender tree, 10 m tall; branches 4-angled, glabrous; leaves leathery, 15-22 cm
long, nerves 7-9 pairs; flowers small, in pairs on cone-like dense axillary spikes,
4-angled, 1-1.5 cm long; corolla funnel-shaped, 2-3 mm long, 4-lobed, white.
Only one tree formerly found in the Gardens’ Jungle (Ridley 10722, type).
Ixora chinensis Lamk.
Shrub, branched, to 2 m tall; leaves short-stalked, obovate-oblong, leathery,
6-10 cm long; flowers in dense cymose corymbs, 5-10 cm across; corolla 3-3.5 cm
long, 4-lobed, the lobes rounded, yellow turning red. Native to S. China and
Thailand, cultivated. {j\\ ?} fé
Ixora coccinea L.
Branched shrub; leaves sessile, ovate to obovate, 3.5-10 cm long, the base
heart-shaped, clasping the stem; corolla 3-4.5 cm long, red or sometimes yellow
or pink, often fragrant; the lobes pointed. Native of India, cultivated.
Ixora congesta Roxb.
Shrub or small tree, to 7 m tall; leaves elliptic-oblong, 12-30 cm long; corymbi-
form inflorescence 15-20 cm across; corolla yellow turning orange or pink. In
forests, Bukit Timah, Chua Chu Kang.
Ixora finlaysoniana Wall. ex G. Don
Shrub or small tree; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, leathery, 10-18 cm long;
flowers white, fragrant. Native to India and Andaman Islands, sometimes culti-
vated.
156 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
Ixora grandifolia Z. & M.
Bushy tree, to 2 m tall; leaves variable, lanceolate or obovate, 12-20 cm long,
narrowed at base; corymbiform inflorescence 10-20 cm across; corolla 1-1.5 cm
long, white tinged with pink; fruit ellipsoid, red, 6-8 mm long. In forests,
formerly collected from Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 4/20).
lxora javanica (Bl.) DC.
Shrub, variable; leaves elliptic oblong, 10-25 cm long, shortly stalked; corolla
2.5-3.5 cm long, yellow turning red; the lobes bluntly pointed. Native to Java,
cultivated.
Ixora lobbii K. & G.
Shrub, 2-3 m tall; leaves lanceolate or oblong, 10-25 cm long, many (15-25)-
nerved; corymbiform inflorescence 12-15 cm across; corolla 3-4 cm long, yellow-
orange turning red, the lobes acute. In forests; Sungei Morai, Gardens’ Jungle,
Changi (Hullett s.n. in 1893).
Ixora pendula Jack
Shrub, to 8 m tall, glabrous; leaves variable, oblong or elliptic, 10-25 cm long;
corymbiform inflorescence 10-20 cm across; corolla 2-3.5 cm long, rose-red. In
forests; Changi (Ridley 2868), Gardens’ Jungle.
Jackia ornata Wall.
Slender tree, to 10 m tall; leaves leathery, oblanceolate, 15-40 cm long, pubes-
cent, nerves 10-12 pairs; withering red; stipule-sheath with many long bristles or
teeth round the edge; flowers small in axillary hanging panicles, 15-35 cm long;
corolla funnel-shaped, less than 1 cm long, yellowish white; fruit obconic, nut-
like, 1.5 cm long, crowned by 3 enlarged calyx-lobes. In swampy forests, Kranji,
Dalvey Road (Ridley 4114).
Lasianthus appressus Hook.f.
Small shrub, densely covered with soft yellow hairs; leaves leathery, lanceolate
or oblong, 5-8 cm long; nerves 6 to 7 pairs; stipules prominent; flowers axillary,
few together, sessile, surrounded by linear hairy bracts; corolla trumpet-shaped,
4-5 lobed, 5-6 mm long; drupe globose, 2-3 mm across, blue, hairy, with 2-6
stones inside. In forests; Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 4122).
Las. attenuatus Jack (Syn. L. densifolius Miq.)
Shrub, covered with yellow hairs; leaves membranous, lanceolate-oblong, 5-8 cm
long nerves, nerves 7-8 pairs; flowers 1-3 in axillary cymes. In forests; Bukit
Timah, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 16704).
Las. chryseus Rid.
Small shrub, | m tall, covered with appressed yellow hairs; leaves thin leathery,
lanceolate, 10-12 cm long, nerves 8-9 pairs; cymes 5-6 flowered, sessile. In
forests: Gardens’ Jungle, Chua Chu Kang, Bukit Timah (Ridley 8126).
Las. constricta Wight
Shrub; leaves thin-leathery, elliptic-oblong, 8-11 cm long, nerves 3-5 pairs;
axillary cymes 4-6 flowered, sessile. In forests; Changi (Ridley s.n. 1892), Kranji,
Sungei Buloh.
Seed plants of Singapore LX 157
Las. cyanocarpus Jack
Shrub, hairy; leaves, leathery, oblanceolate to oblong, 10-16 cm long, the base
narrowed, unequal, nerves 7-10 pairs; axillary cymes 3-4-flowered, sessile. In dry
sandy places near the sea; Changi, Pulau Ubin (Ridley 9499).
Las. ellipticus Wight
Shrub, hairy; leaves thin-leathery, ovate or elliptic, 10-16 cm long, nerves 6-8
pairs; cymes few-flowered. In forests, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 6146), Pasir
Panjang.
Las. griffithii Wight
Small shrub, sparsely pubescent; leaves leathery, oblanceolate or elliptic, 20-30
cm long, nerves 13-15 pairs; flower-clusters 2-2.5 cm across; corolla white. In
forests; Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 4/21).
Las. maingayi Hook.f.
Small shrub, young parts covered with yellow hairs; leaves membranous, narrow-
ly elliptic, 12-17 cm long, nerves 4-5 pairs; cymes few-flowered. In forests; Bukit
Timah (Ridley 12550), Gardens’ Jungle.
Las. ridleyi K. & G.
Shrub, soft-pubescent; leaves thin-leathery, oblong or elliptic, 12-20 cm long:
flower-clusters 1-1.5 cm across. In forests, Gardens’ Jungle (Ridley 4894), Bukit
Timah.
Las. scabridus K. & G.
Shrub, densely hairy; leaves leathery, elliptic-oblong, 10-20 cm long, nerves
10-12 pairs; flower-clusters dense globose, 2-1.5 cm across. In forests; Jurong
(Burkill 713).
Las. singaporensis K. & G.
Shrub, soft-hairy; leaves thin-leathery, elliptic, narrowed to both ends, 12-15 cm
long; cymes 4-6 flowered. In forests; Bukit Timah (Ridley s.n. in 1891), Seletar.
Las. stipularis Bl.
Slender shrub, glabrous; leaves thin-membranous, lanceolate or oblong. base
narrowed, decurrent to the petiole, 12-16 cm long; stipules broad-deltoid, com-
pletely covering the flowering heads. In forests; Bukit Timah, Bukit Panjang
(Ridley 12547).
Las. tomentosus BI.
Shrub, densely hairy; leaves leathery, oblong-lanceolate, 5-8 cm long, nerves
7-10 pairs; flowers in dense axillary cymes, sessile. In forests: Woodlands, Kranji
(Ridley s.n. in 1891).
Lecananthus erubescens Jack
Woody climber; branches 4-angled, glabrous; leaves fleshy membranous, nar-
rowly oblong or elliptic, 7-20 cm long; flowers in axillary involucres, round or
oblong, clusters, 2-2.5 cm across; corolla funnel-shaped, white, tinted purple,
5-lobed. In wet forests, creeping on trees; Jurong, Kranji, Chua Chu Kang
(Ridley 3814).
158 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
Lucinaea membranacea King
Epiphytic climber, pubescent; leaves membranous, oblong or elliptic, 8-12 cm
long, nerves 8-9 pairs, midrib red beneath; flowers sessile, 8-10 in terminal and
axillary heads, 1.5-2 cm across; heads 1-3 together, peduncled; corolla funnel-
shaped, 2-3 mm long, 5-6 lobed; berry subglobose, fused at base forming a small
head 6-8 cm across, red. In forests; Bukit Mandai (Ridley s.n. in 1891), Chua
Chu Kang.
Luc. morinda DC.
Scandent shrub sometimes epiphytic, glabrous; leaves leathery, elliptic-
lanceolate to ovate, 3-6 cm long, nerves 8-11 pairs; flower-heads 2 cm across,
peduncled, 1-6 heads together terminal; corolla 5-6 mm long, white, fragrant;
fruiting heads 1.5-2 cm across. In open sandy spots near the sea; formerly
collected by W. Jack at Thomson Road, no specimens available.
Morinda citrifolia L.
Shrub or small tree, 3-4 m tall; leaves membranous, ellliptic, 15-20 cm long;
flowers sessile, in globose heads, 1.5-2 cm across, terminal and axillary; corolla
cylindric 1.5 cm long, white; fruit-cluster oblong-ovoid, 5-7 cm long, whitish,
formed by the fusion of small fruits with their succulent calyces and the axis.
Leaves are edible and fruits are used in local medicine; according to Ridley, it
was probably introduced from Moluccas. Vern. Mengkudu.
Mor. ridleyi (K. & G.) Ridl.
Large climber; leaves obovate or oblong, base round, 6-8 cm long, densely
red-hairy beneath, nerves 4 pairs; small heads 5-6 mm across, umbellate; berry
black. In forests; Gardens’ Jungle (Ridley 6470).
Mor. rigida Miq.
Stout climber, soft-hairy; leaves thick-leathery, elliptic, 6-10 cm long, nerves
18-20 pairs; fruiting heads 2-2.5 cm long, green. Usually near the sea; Changi,
Kranji (Ridley 4126).
Mor. umbellata L.
Climbing shrub; leaves thin-leathery, lanceolate or elliptic, 7-12 cm long, glab-
rous, nerves 5-7 pairs; flower-heads subglobose, 5-6 mm across, umbellate;
fruiting heads orange. In open sandy places; Kranji (Ridley s.n. in 1892), Changi,
Pulau Ubin.
Mussaenda erythrophylla Schum. & Thonn.
Shrub, drooping or climbing, 2-4 m high; the calyx-lobes directed to the outside
of inflorescence, enlarged, petaloid, obliquely ovate, 5-10 cm long, bright red
above, pale red beneath. Native to tropical Africa, cultivated in gardens.
Mus. glabra Vahl
Climbing shrub, glabrous; leaves leathery, variable, lanceolate or elliptic, 6-9 cm
long, nerves 5-6 pairs; cymes dense, terminal; calyx bell-shaped, the enlarged,
petaloid lobe broadly ovate, 8-10 cm long and wide, white; corolla trumpet-
shaped, dark red or orange-red. In secondary forests; Chua Chu Kang (Hullett
846). BER TE
Mus. flava (Verdcourt) Bakh. f. (= M. luteola Delile)
The enlarged, petaloid lobe lemon yellow, 2.5-3.5 cm long. Native to tropical
Africa.
Seed plants of Singapore IX 159
Mus. mutabilis Hook.f.
Glabrous shrub; leaves membranous, elliptic to ovate, 12-18 cm long, nerves 8-9
pairs; compound cymes terminal; calyx cylindric, the 5 lobes all narrow lan-
ceolate, similar, not enlarged; corolla tubular, 5-lobed, orange or bright red,
fading orange-yellow. In forests; Seletar (Goodenough 1643).
Mus. philippica L. C. Rich.
Shrub or rarely small tree, to 5 m tall; branches drooping; flowers prolifically
most of the year. Several hybrid forms: only one of the calyx-lobes enlarged, pale
pinkish (“‘Alicia’’), or all five of the calyx-lobes enlarged, creamy white (‘‘Dona
Aurora”) or pink (“Dona Luz’’). Introduced from the Philippines, widely
planted.
Mussaendopsis beccariana Baill.
Large tree, glabrous; leaves leathery, nearly orbicular, 8-15 cm long, nerves 5-6
pairs; cymes in panicles, 15-20 cm across; calyx bell-shaped, usually with 5 small
lobes and 1 large, the large lobes obovate, white, 2-3 cm long; capsule oblong,
1-1.5 cm long. In forests, Jurong, Sembawang, Chua Chu Kang (Goodenough
1850).
Mycetia malayana (Wall.) Craib (= Adenosacme malayana Wall.)
Shrublets, 50-70 cm high; bark white, shiny; leaves membranous, elliptic-
lanceolate, 15-25 cm long, densely hairy; flowers in terminal cymose panicles,
5-15 cm across; corolla yellow, very short (2-3 mm long), 5-lobed; berry subglo-
bose, 2-3 mm across, white, pulpy. In dense forests; Bukit Timah (Holttum
19794).
Myrmecodia armata DC. (= M. tuberosa Bl.)
Epiphytic shrub, tuber 10-20 cm across, strongly spiny, tunnelled and perforated
forming an ant’s nest; leaves leathery, elliptic, base narrow, 7-12 cm long, nerves
7-10 pairs; flowers solitary or few together at base of cup-shaped cavities in stem;
sessile; corolla cylindric, 3-4 mm long, 4-lobed; drupe oblong, orange, 2 cm long,
4-8 seeded. On trees near the sea, not common; Jurong (Ridley 3554), Bukit
Timah.
Nauclea officinalis (Pitard) Merr. & Chun (= Sarcocephalus junghuhnii Miq.)
Bushy tree, to 10 m tall; leaves leathery, elliptic to obovate, shortly acuminate.
10-15 cm long, nerves 5-7 pairs; flowers sessile, joined by the fused calyx-tubes
into axillary globular heads, 1-1.5 cm across; peduncles stout, 3-7 cm long;
corolla funnel-shaped, 2-3 mm long, creamy yellow, fruiting heads globose, 1.5-2
cm across. In forests; Upper Thomson Road (Sinclair SF 40379).
Nauc. subdita (Korth.) Steud.
Small trees, 4-10 m tall; branches glabrous; leaves thin-leathery, elliptic to
broadly oblong, 8-14 cm long, nerves 5-7 pairs; flowers in peduncled heads, 1.5-2
cm across; corolla 5-6 mm long, pale yellow. In forests; Bukit Timah (No
specimens available).
Ophiorrhiza singaporensis Rid.
Herb, 10-30 cm long; stems succulent, hairy; leaves lanceolate-oblong, 10-15 cm
long; flowers on the upper side of the branched terminal inflorescence; corolla
cylindric, white, 4-5 mm long, 5-lobed; capsule strongly flattened, broadly heart-
shaped, 4-5 mm long, hairy. In forests; Bukit Timah, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley
s.n. in 1890).
160 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. (= P. foetida L.)
Twining slender shrub, foetid; leaves opposite, lanceolate or ovate, 5-8 cm long,
nerves 4-5 pairs; flowers in terminal or axillary cymose panicles, 10-15 cm long;
corolla funnel-shaped, pubescent, 1-1.5 cm long, violet; fruit orbicular, thin-
walled, 4-6 mm wide, orange. In open places.
Paed. verticillata BI.
Like the above species, but stems stouter and the leaves thicker and larger (6-10
cm long), opposite or in whorls of three; fruit white, flattened. In forest edges;
Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 3647).
Pavetta indica L.
Shrub or small tree, Ixora-like; leaves oblanceolate or elliptic, 7-15 cm long,
velvety; flowers in corymbose cymes, 5-10 cm across; corolla 1.5-2 cm long,
4-lobed, white, style projecting 1.5-2.5 cm beyond the corolla-tube. In forests;
Chua Chu Kang, Kranji (Cantley 2699). A highly variable species, this plant
sometimes considered to be a variety of P. indica, namely P. indica L. var
canescens (Wall.) Ridl.
Pentas lanceolata (Forsk.) Deflers. (= P. carnea Beth.)
Herb or subshrub, hairy; leaves opposite, ovate, pointed, 3-8 cm long; cymes
congested in terminal corymbose or head-like, 6-8 cm across; corolla tubular, 2
cm long, 5-lobed, purple, pink or white. Native to tropical Africa, sometimes
cultivated in pots.
Prismatomeris tetrandra K. Schum. (= P. malayana Ridl.)
Shrub, 2-3 m tall, glabrous; leaves thin-leathery, variable, lanceolate to elliptic,
6-12 cm long, nerves 5-7 pairs; flowers with slender pedicels (1-1.5 cm long), in
terminal sessile fascicle; corolla slender, white, fragrant, 1.5 cm long, 5-lobed;
drupe globose, 1- or 2-seeded. In open places: Changi (Ridley s.n.in 1891), Chua
Chu Kang.
Psychotria angulata Korth.
Erect shrub, glabrous; leaves leathery, oblanceolate, 9-15 cm long, nerves 8-10
pairs; cymes paniculate, terminal, 2-3 cm across; corolla 2-3 mm long, tubular,
5-lobed, the lobes silky inside; drupe red or black, ellipsoid, 4-5 mm long,
2-seeded, the seed grooved. In forests; Changi (No specimens available).
Psych. cantleyi Rid.
Slender climber; leaves lanceolate or ovate, 5-8 cm long, nerves 5-6 pairs; flowers
in compact cymes. In forests; Chua Chu Kang (Ridley s.n. in 1892).
Psych. griffithii Hook.f.
Low shrub, glabrous; leaves leathery, oblong, 14-24 cm long, nerves 11-15 pairs;
cymes paniculate, 3-4 cm across; corolla fleshy. In forests; Bukit Timah (Md.
Shah & Ali 4144), Bukit Mandal.
Psych. helferiana Hook.f.
Tiny shrub, densely hairy; leaves membranous, lanceolate or elliptic, 15-22 cm
long; cymose heads globose; corolla white. In forests; Gardens’ Jungle, Chua Chu
Kang, Bukit Timah (Md. Shah 749).
Seed plants of Singapore 1X 161
Psych. maingayi Hook.f.
Slender climber, pubescent: leaves thick membranous, elliptic. narrowed at
base, 5-9 cm long, nerves 5-6 pairs: cymes terminal and axillary; corolla yellowish
green or white, 3-4 mm long. In woods near the sea: Kranji (Ridley 6924). Pasir
Panjang.
Psych. malayana Jack
Shrub, to 2 m tall; leaves leathery, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, narrowed at
base, 12-24 cm long, nerves 12-18 pairs; cymes corymbiform, 6-8 cm across. In
edge of forests; Bukit Timah, Bukit Panjang (No specimens available).
Psych. obovata Wall.
Climbing shrub, glabrous; leaves ovate to obovate, leathery, 5-8 cm long. nerves
5-6 pairs: corymbiform inflorescence large, many-flowered: corolla greenish
white, 2-3 mm long, the tube very short, 5-lobed. In forest edges: Gardens’
Jungle, Kranyi (Ridley 2874).
Psych. ovoidea Wall.
Slender climber, hairy: leaves leathery, ovate or cordate, 4-6 cm long, nerves 5-7
pairs: cymes dense, 2 cm across: corolla white. 4-lohed. In forests, Seletar,
Gardens Jungle, Bajau (Ridley s.n. in 1894).
Psych. penangensis Hook.f.
Woody climber, glabrous: leaves fleshy, leathery, obovate-elliptic, 7-11 cm long.
nerves 5-9 pairs; cymes 4-5 in corymbiform inflorescence. 8-10 cm across: corolla
white. In forests; Gardens’ Jungle (Ridley s.n. in 1900); Water Catchment Areas.
Psych. ridleyi K. & G.
Low climber, 2 m tall, glabrous; leaves membranous, lanceolate to oblong-
elliptic 10-14 cm long, nerves 8-10 pairs: branched cymes 4-5 cm across; corolla
white. In forests; Gardens’ Jungle, Bukit limah (Ridley 10818).
Psych. rostrata Bl.
Erect shrub: leaves thin membranous, elliptic-oblong, narrowed at base, 7-14 cm
long, nerves 5-6 pairs: cymes in small panicles: corolla white. In forests: Seletar.
Pulau Ubin (No specimens available).
Psych. sarmentosa BI.
Climber. often creeping with aerial roots on tree trunks: leaves thin leathery,
elliptic, 6-10 cm long, nerves 7-10 pairs; cymose corymbs 4-5 cm across: corolla
greenish. In forests; Kranji, Serangoon, Changi (Ridley 2875).
Psych. stipulacea Wall. ex Roxb.
Stout low shrub, glabrous; leaves membranous, oblanceolate or elliptic, 12-22 cm
long, nerves 10-12 pairs; cymes densely flowered, 1-1.5 cm across; corolla green-
ish white. In forests; Bukit Timah (No specimens available).
Randia anisophyllea (Jack ex Roxb.) Hook.f. (Alt. name: Porterandia anisophylla
Ridl.)
Small tree, to 10 m tall, often much branched, hairy: leaves obovate or elliptic,
the base subequal, 10-30 cm long, nerves 10-14 pairs: cymes terminal, in dense
clusters, 3-6 cm across; corolla tubular, 1.5-1.8 cm long, 5-lobed, white; berry
162 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
ovoid, 3-4 cm across, green, many-seeded, crowned by the 5-lobed calyx. In
forests; common in Bukit Timah (Burkill HMB 318). (Randia as noted by Backer
and Bakhuizen f. is an “extremely heterogenous” genus. The Malayan species
were formerly dispersed in seven sections. Recently it was revised by Mr K. M.
Wong (in Mal. Nat. J. Vol. 38). The names which appear in Mr Wong’s paper are
cited here as alternative names).
Randia auriculata (Wall.) Steud. (Alt. name: Aidia corymbosa (Bl.) Wong)
Stout climber; leaves leathery, elliptic or oblong, 10-15 cm long, nerves 6-8 pairs;
cymes in terminal and axillary corymbs, 6-8 cm across, hairy; berry globose, 5-6
mm across, 2-loculate, many-seeded. In forests; Singapore (Wallich).
Randia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. (Alt. name, Aidia cochinchinensis Lour.)
Shrub or small tree, to 12 m tall; leaves lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, 10-15 cm
long; leathery; cymes in small dense clusters, axillary, 4-6 cm across, many-
flowered; corolla 2-3 mm long. In forests; Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 5662).
Randia fragrantissima Rid]. (Alt. name: Oxyceros fragrantissima (Ridl.) Wong)
A stout climber, with paired recurved wood thorns, glabrous; leaves elliptic or
ovate, leathery, 11-16 cm long; corymbiform inflorescences terminal and axil-
lary, 4-5 cm across, of many fragrant flowers; corolla tubular, 2.5-3.5 cm long,
creamy white. In forests, climbing on trees; Bukit Timah (Ridley 13022), Pulau
Tekong, Changi.
Randia longiflora Lam. (Alt.: name, Oxyceros longiflora (Lam.) Yamazak1)
Climber with paired hooked thorns; leaves leathery, obovate or oblong, 4-8 cm
long; umbellate cymes terminal or axillary; corolla 3-4 cm long, white. In tidal
rivers and mangrove swamps; Changi, Pasir Ris (Furtado SFN 18640).
Randia macrophylla R. Br. ex Hook.f. (Alt. name: Rothmannia macrophylla
Bremek).
Slender shrub, to about | m high, pubescent; leaves membranous, oblanceolate,
18-30 cm long, subsessile, nerves 11-14 pairs; flowers 1 or 2, in upper axils,
pendulous; corolla trumpet-shaped, 15-20 cm long, 8-10 cm across at the mouth,
white with purple spots inside (“‘purple trumpet’’). In forests; Singapore (Hullett
339).
Randia macrantha DC. (Alt. name: Euclinia longiflora Salisb.)
A garden shrub, 3-4 m tall, with a cluster of long (20-23 cm long) white flowers at
the end of a branch. Native to tropical Africa, sometimes cultivated.
Randia penangiana K. & G. (Alt. name: Oxyceros penangianus Tirvang.)
Woody climber with stout paired axillary thorns (to 1 cm long); leaves elliptic,
thin-leathery, 8-10 cm long, nerves 5-7 pairs; cymes 3-4-flowered, terminal and
axillary; corolla 3-4 cm long, white. In forests; Gardens’ Jungle (Ridley s.n. in
1902), Bukit Timah.
Randia scandens (BI.) DC. (Alt. name: Oxyceros scandens (Bl.) Tirvang.)
Climber, with paired recurved hooks, glabrous; leaves elliptic-oblong, thick
leathery, 10-15 cm long; flowers 3 in a cyme; corolla tubular, 4-5 cm long, white.
In forests, climbing on trees; Bukit Timah (Ridley s.n. in 1894).
a 5 iti
Seed plants of Singapore 1X 163
Saprosma glomerulatum K. & G.
Low shrub, glabrous, twigs and leaves foetid when bruised; leaves thin-leathery.
elliptic or ovate, 10-16 cm long, nerves 7-9 pairs; flowers 4-5 in a sessile axillary
cluster; corolla salver-shaped, 3-4 mm long, 4-lobed; fruit depressed globose,
blue. In forests; Bukit Timah (Md. Shah & Samsuri 3896), Bukit Mandai.
Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn.f.
Shrub, rarely a small tree, glabrous; twigs and petioles reddish when young;
leaves ovate, leathery, upright, 3-5 cm long; flowers in dense cymes, 3-4 cm
across; corolla about 1 cm long, cylindric, 4-lobed, pinkish; drupe green then
whitish, 1 cm long, 6-8 grooved with two ribbed pyrenes inside. Common in
mangroves and along muddy seashores; Jurong (Ridley s.n. in 1894). Vern.
Cengan.
Tarenna adpressa (King) Corner (= Stylocaryna adpressa King, Tarrena lancifoiia
Rid.)
Shrub, to 2 m tall; branches 4-angled, pubescent; leaves lanceolate or narrowly
elliptic, thin-leathery, 15-20 cm long, nerves 6-10 pairs; many-flowered cymes
forming dense corymbs, terminal; corolla cylindric, 1 cm long, 5-lobed; berry
globose 5 mm across, whitish, with 2 pyrenes inside. In damp forests; Bukit
Timah (Ridley s.n. in 1896).
Taren. fragrans (BI.) K. & V.
Shrub, to 2 m tall; leaves oblong or elliptic, 6-15 cm long; corymbs 5-7 cm
across; berry globose, black. In forests; Geylang (Ridley 10933), Katong.
Taren. grandifolia (Hook.f.) Ridl.
Shrub, 1 m tall; leaves oblong-elliptic, thin-leathery, 10-20 cm long, nerves 8-12
pairs; cymes 2-3 cm across, in corymbs, pubescent; corolla 1.2 cm long, white. In
forests; Bukit Timah, Seletar (No specimens available).
Taren. ridleyi (Pears.) Ridl.
Shrub, 60 cm high, glabrous; leaves broad-elliptic, thin-leathery, 12-15 cm long,
nerves 10-14 pairs; corymbs 5-6 cm across; berry fusiform. In open damp forests;
Chua Chu Kang (Ridley s.n. in 1892).
Taren. mollis (Wall.) Rid.
Small tree, hairy; leaves lanceolate to ovate, leathery, 10-15 cm long, nerves
10-12 pairs; corymbs 4-5 cm across; corolla white; berry black. In forests, Tanglin
(Ridley s.n. in 1905).
Taren. stellulata Rid].
Shrub, to 1 m tall; leaves elliptic, cuspidate, 10-20 cm long, nerves 7-10 pairs:
corymbs 3-5 cm across; corolla 1 cm long; berry ovoid, 1 cm long. In forests;
Woodlands (Ridley 11645); Bukit Mandai.
Timonius compressicaulis (Miq.) Boerl. (= T. finlaysonianus Hook.f.)
Shrub; leaves fleshy-leathery, oblanceolate or elliptic, 8-15 cm long, nerves 4-5
pairs; flowers unisexual, on separate trees; male in short cymes about 2 cm long;
corolla silky white, 2-3 mm long; female solitary; berry globose, bluntly 4-angled,
many-seeded. In tidal mud along seashores; Serangoon (Ridley 2762).
164 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
Timon. flavescens (Jack) Baker (= T. peduncularis Ridl.)
Small tree; leaves thin-leathery, elliptic, narrowed at both ends, 6-10 cm long,
nerves 4-7 pairs; male cymes 3-7 flowered; corolla yellow, 1-1.2 cm long; berry
oblong, 5-6 mm long, 4-angled, red. In open places; Bukit Mandai, Kranji,
Seletar (Kadim Tassim 512).
Timon. wallichianus (Korth.) Valeton
Small tree; leaves lanceolate, 6-9 cm long, glabrous above, silvery hairy beneath,
nerves 7-11 pairs; male cymes in dense clusters, 1.5-2.5 cm across; female cymes
3-flowered, stalked; berry oblong, 1.2-1.5 cm long, bluntly 4-shouldered. In
forest edges; Bukit Timah, Changi, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley s.n. in 1889).
Timon. wrayi K. & G
Tree, 15 m tall; leaves leathery, obovate-elliptic, base narrow, 12-20 cm long,
nerves 6-7 pairs; male flowers 6-8 in a cyme, pubescent; berry solitary, ellipsoid
or globose, crowned by calyx-lobes. Changi (No specimens available).
Uncaria attenuata Korth.
Slender climber; leaves elliptic, 6-12 cm long, nerves 6-8 pairs; flowers in a
globose head, 3-4 cm across; peduncles 2-5 cm long, hairy; corolla slender, 8-10
mm long; capsules fusiform, 2-valved, many-seeded. In forests; Bukit Mandai,
Bukit Timah (Ridley s.n. in 1889). (Species of Uncaria are climbers, climbing by
the aid of short, hook-shaped modified lateral branches. They can supply clear
drinking water).
Uncar. cordata (Lour.) Merr. (= U. pedicellata Roxb.)
Climber; leaves coriaceous, ovate-elliptic, 8-12 cm long, nerves 7-8 pairs; heads
4-5 cm across; peduncles 4-5 cm long; corolla slender, 1.5-2 cm long. In open
forests; Bukit Timah, Tuas (Goodenough 2852).
Uncar. gambir Roxb.
Slender climber or bush (in cultivation); leaves ovate-oblong, 8-14 cm long,
nerves 4-5 pairs; flower-heads 3-4.5 cm across; peduncles 2.5 cm long, slender,
glabrous; corolla 1-1.2 cm long, tubular, slender, red, the lobes oblong, white.
Native to Sumatra and Borneo, formerly cultivated in large plantations. An
astringent extract, the gambier or pale catechu, prepared by boiling down the
leaves and stems, is used by tanners and dyers.
Uncar. glabrata (Bl.) DC.
Slender climber, glabrous; leaves oblong, 6-8 cm long; flower-heads 2-2.5 cm
across; peduncle thick, 2.5 cm long; corolla tubular, 6-8 mm long. In forests;
Jurong, Bukit Mandai (Ridley 2846), Pulau Ubin.
Uncar. jasminiflora Hook.f.
Slender climber; leaves thin-leathery, elliptic, acuminate, 6-12 cm long, nerves
5-6 pairs; flower-heads about 3 cm across; corolla slender, 1-1.2 cm long. In
forests and mangrove swamps; Jurong, Bukit Mandai (Ridley 1041/5).
Uncar. longiflora (Poir.) Merr. (= U. pteropoda Miq.)
Large climber; leaves leathery, glabrous, elliptic, 12-16 cm long, nerves 7-8 pairs;
petioles winged; flower-heads 2.5-3 cm across; peduncle as long. In forests; Bukit
Timah (Ridley 2854), Gardens’ Jungle.
i — =
Seed plants of Singapore 1X 165
Uncar. ovalifolia Roxb.
Slender climber; leaves membranous, elliptic, shortly acuminate, 4-7 cm long,
nerves 3-4 pairs; flower-heads 2-2.5 cm across; peduncle 1.5-2.5 cm long, slen-
der; corolla tubular, 1.5 cm long. In damp forests; Chua Chu Kang, Ang Mo Kio
(Ridley s.n. in 1889), Gardens’ Jungle.
Uncar. roxburgiana Korth.
Slender climber, soft hairy; leaves thin-leathery, ovate 5-8 cm long, nerves 5-6
pairs; flower-heads 1.5-2 cm across; peduncles 1 cm long; corolla 1-1.2 cm long,
slender, pinkish. In forest margins; Bukit Timah, Bukit Panjang, Chua Chu
Kang (Ridley 6716).
Uncar. sclerophylla Roxb.
Large climber, covered with red soft hairs; leaves leathery, ovate or oblong,
10-15 cm long, nerves 9-10 pairs; flower-heads 7-10 cm across; peduncle 6-8 cm
long; corolla 2-3 cm long; silvery hairy. In thickets; Jurong, Gardens’ Jungle,
Water Catchment Areas (Ridley 10635).
Urophyllum glabrum Wall. ex Roxb.
Slender shrub, to 2 m tall, glabrous; leaves thin-leathery, elliptic, acuminate,
10-14 cm long, nerves 5-8 pairs; axillary clusters few-flowered, shortly pedun-
cled; corolla greenish-yellow; berry globose, top flattened, orange, many-
seeded. In forests; Ang Mo Kio (Ridley 61160).
Uroph. griffithianum Hook.f.
Shrub or small tree; leaves leathery, elliptic or oblong, 12-18 cm long, nerves 7-8
pairs; axillary cymes many-flowered. In forests; Gardens’ Jungle, Changi, Mac-
Ritchie Reservoir (Md. Shah & Md. Ali 3873).
Uroph. hirsutum Hook.f.
Shrub, or small tree, soft hairy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 7-12 cm long, nerves
8-10 pairs; flowers in small cymes; corolla 2-3 mm long, hairy. Common in
forests; Gardens’ Jungle, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 3906, ©’).
Uroph. macrophyllum (BI.) Korth.
Shrub or small tree; leaves elliptical oblong, acuminate, 3-8 cm long, nerves 9-11
pairs; flowers in dense short-peduncled umbels, pubescent; corolla cylindric, 2-3
mm long. In forests; Kranji.
Uroph. streptopodium Wall.
Slender shrub, to 2 m tall; young branches 4-angled, yellow, soft-hairy; leaves
thin-leathery, elliptic-oblong, 5-15 cm long; flowers in short, dense cymes about
1 cm long. In forests; Bukit Timah, Jurong, Pulau Ubin, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley
4906).
Uroph. trifurcum Pears.
Shrub or small tree, glabrous; leaves leathery, oblong-elliptic, 12-18 cm long,
nerves 10-12 pairs; flowers in small umbels, usually 3 umbels in a common
peduncle. In forests; Changi, Kranji.
Warszewiczia coccinea (Vahl.) Klotzsch.
Shrub, 3-6 m tall; leaves oblong or obovate, 15-60 cm long; cymes in terminal
panicles; one of the calyx-lobes of the outermost flowers enlarged, petaloid,
elliptic, bright red, 3-11 cm long; corolla-tube yellow or orange, 1 cm long,
5-lobed. Native to tropical America, sometimes cultivated in gardens.
166 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
126. CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Key to the Genera
A. Leaves pinnately or bipinnately compound; flowers regular, in terminal corymbose inflorescence ....
sigavaun sd bie tnaere sens ace cn brussseeeeust@ae alt Ca@Myat ep Reeds sy othe yeas 1 ote ee ane Sambucus
A. Leaves simple
By) Flowers regular) in terminal panicles! .31.................cc.cssecaecesed een tee Viburnum
B, Flowers irregular, in axillary pairs: visti 3) .di451) 08. SO ee eee Lonicera
Lonicera japonica Thunb.
Twining shrub; leaves simple, opposite, ovate, 3-7 cm long; flowers axillary, in
pairs; corolla tubular, 2-lipped, 4-5 cm long, at first yellow, then becoming white,
very fragrant; the bract below each flower-pair leaf-like, 1-1.8 cm long. Native to
S. China and Japan. Another introduced species with smaller bracts is probably
referable to L. confusa DC. of S. China.
Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex BI.
Erect shrub, 2-3 m tall; leaves simple pinnate; flowers small, white, fragrant, in
a large terminal corymbose inflorescence. Native to Java, sometimes cultivated.
Another species, S. canadensis L. from N. America, with bi-pinnate leaves,
occasionally also cultivated.
Viburnum sambucinum Bl.
Large shrub; leaves lanceolate-elliptic, 12-20 cm long; flowers small, white;
drupe red. Formerly found in Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 6829), Kranji, Bukit
Panjang and Bukit Mandai, now probably extinct.
127. CAMPANULACEAE
Key to the Genera
A. Flowers regular; anthers free; inflorescences axillary, in scorpioid cymes ................ Pentaphragma
A. Flowers irregular; anthers mostly joined to form a tube
B. Corolla-tube long and narrow, the limb not 2-lipped ...............ccececeeeeeeeneee eee enen es Laurentia
B. Corolla-tube short, the limb .2-lipped tid) AR pe ARR ee eee Lobelia
Laurentia longiflora (L.) Peterm. (= Isotoma longiflora (L.) Presl)
Herb, 30-50 cm high, thick-stemmed, with milky sap; leaves simple, narrowly
oblanceolate, 8-11 cm long, dentate or pinnatifid; flowers axillary, solitary;
corolla white, tubulate, 7-11 cm long, 5-lobed near the top. Native to the West
Indies, under hedges or along roadside. Vern. Star of Bethlehem.
Lobelia zeylanica L. (= L. affinis Wall.)
Ascending herb, to 15 cm long, usually pubescent; leaves ovate, acute, 1.5-4 cm
long; flowers solitary, axillary; corolla white or pale blue, 2-lipped, upper lip
2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, 6-8 mm long; capsule ribbed. In damp spots; Bukit
Timah, Kranyji (Ridley s.n. in 1890).
Pentaphragma horsfieldii (Mig.) Airy-Shaw (= P. scortechinii K. & G.)
Succulent, woolly herb; leaves alternate, ovate-elliptic, slightly unequal-sided;
flowers small, densely arranged in thick, curved scorpioid cymes, 5-6 cm long;
corolla campanulate, yellowish; berry many-seeded. In damp forests, often on
banks; formerly found in Bukit Timah, Sungei Morai, Pulau Damar (Ridley s.n.
in 1894), Chua Chu Kang, now confined to Bukit Timah.
Seed plants of Singapore LX 167
Pent. ridleyi King
Easily distinguished from the above species by its glabrous, often narrowly
elliptic leaves with a narrowed base. In damp forests; Bukit Timah, Bajau
(Burkill 723). According to Airy-Shaw, this is a natural hybrid, namely
x elliptica Poulsen, a cross between P. acuminata Airy-Shaw and P. horsfieldii.
128. GOODENIACEAE
Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. (= S. frutescens Krause, S. sericea Vahl)
Succulent shrub; leaves fleshy, oblong-obovate, round-tipped, 15-25 cm long,
spirally arranged; flowers in leaf-axillary branched clusters; corolla white or
tinged lilac, about 2 cm long, the tube split open along the upper side, limb
5-lobed; drupe white, the endocarp corky, 1-2 seeded. A seashore plant, all
round the coasts; Changi, Seletar, Labrador, Pulau Ubin, P. Tekong (Ridley s.n.
in 1890).
129. STYLIDIACEAE
Stylidium tenellum Swartz (?)
Slender shrub, 5-20 cm high, rarely branched; leaves obovate, alternate, 1-1.2 cm
long; flowers very small, zygomorphic, purple, usually 2-3 together. In damp
places in India and in the central and northern Malaya, recorded in Singapore by
a specimen (Furtado s.n. in 1924) bought from a local Chinese drug shop. The
identification of this specimen is highly questionable.
130. COMPOSITAE
Synoptic key to the genera*
1. Flower-heads several in a cluster, surrounded by bracts
Zo SO MEIS Ol OWel-HCaGs enanibe hel 0. Ais oh sgt fC Neri aged att Lees ec leeee Sphaeranthus
2 Gas OF Newer tenUs 2 MAMeREO 22.1). /.eTai tee .te ress caese teres Elephantopus, Sparganophorus
1. Flower-heads solitary or in branched inflorescences, not in clusters
3. Leaves (at least the lower ones) opposite or crowded at the base of the stems
4. Creeping or climbing herbs
SO 1 ee lee eel aay eae eee Acanthospermum, Tridax, Wedelia
i menerarem iin). 6 Ute treet i BO A. Eupatoria, Mikania
4. Erect herbs
6. Flower-heads in leaf-axils or at shoot-apex, sessile or nearly so, not in branched infloresc-
REN Ss, ce ate, SE trek Be Vek Pe i, Sk Es hg Syke Eleutheranthera, Enydra, Synedrella
Ana Peay oe etre Adenostemma, Ageratum, Bidens,
Eclipta, Siegesbeckia, Spilanthes
3. Leaves alternate; flower-heads usually in branched inflorescences
OR ey epee) Re ees Poe ee ee ree eer Dicrocephala
7. Flower-heads mostly cylindric, not globose
8. Shrubs or shrubby, rarely trees ......................... Blumea (p.p.), Pluchea, Vernonia (p.p.)
8. Herbs
OE a ee Centipeda, Gynura, Microglossa
Bo Breet Ob 38 Blumea (p.p.), Emilia, Erechtites, Erigeron, Vernonia (p.p.), Youngia
Acanthospermum australe O. Ktze. (= A. brasilum Schrank)
Greening herb, branched; leaves opposite, ovate, toothed, 1-2.5 cm long; flower-
heads small, axillary; flowers white, the outer ones rayed. Native to tropical
America, reported in Singapore in the last century.
* Many cultivated genera are not included.
168 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
Adenostemma lavenia (L.) O. Ktze. (= A. viscosum Forst.)
Erect shrub, to 1 m tall; leaves opposite, ovate, varying from 5 to 18 cm long,
stalked and toothed; flower-heads in terminal branched and spreading infloresc-
ences; flowers white, all tubular; achenes warty. In waste ground, often in damp
places; Chua Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin (Hullett 78), Bukit Panjang.
Ageratum conyzoildes L.
Herb, erect and hairy, to 1 m tall; leaves opposite below and alternate above,
ovate, 2-9 cm long, toothed; flower-heads usually 3-4 (each stalked) together on
a common stalk in leaf-axils and terminal; flowers white or pale blue, all tubular;
fruit black. Common in waste places throughout the Island, a garden weed.
Artemisia lactiflora Wall. ex DC.
Like the species below, also strongly aromatic, but leaves usually smaller (0.5-2.5
cm long) and not white hairy beneath. Native of China, sometimes cultivated as a
garden plant.
Art. vulgaris L.
Branched perennial, very aromatic; leaves ovate or lanceolate, 2-10 cm long,
pinnately-lobed, densely white hairy beneath; flower-heads very small, in much
branched panicles; light green, with one series of ray flowers enveloping the
tubular ones. Native of north temperate countries, formerly commonly culti-
vated for medicine in Chinese villages.
Bidens pilosa L.
A branched herb, 30-50 cm high; leaves opposite, simple or compound (with 3-5
leaflets), 1-12 cm long, toothed; flower-heads on the top of branched stalks, each
about 2 cm across, with marginal white or yellow ray-flowers; achenes long and
narrow, black, bristled. Native of America, in waste places, common in hill
stations in Malaya, occasionally recorded in Singapore.
Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC.
Shrubby herb, up to 3 meters or more high, hairy, aromatic; leaves alternate.
elliptic, toothed, 8-40 cm long, the stalk often with 2-3 pairs of narrow-lobed
appendages; flower-heads numerous, forming a very large terminal and axillary
branched inflorescence; flowers all tubular, yellow. In open places, Bajau
(Goodenough 2742). Leaves and stems with a strong smell of camphor when
crushed; used in local medicine. Vern. Sumbong, Ngai camphor.
Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC.
Erect herb, 30-50 cm tall, strongly smelling; leaves oblong, 2-5 cm long, the
lower leaves often lobed; flowers yellow. A weed on roadsides and grassland.
Centipeda minima (L.) A. Br. & Asch.
Tiny prostrate herb, much branched; leaves oblong, alternate, pinnately lobed,
0.4-2 cm long; flower-heads solitary, axillary, very small (0.2-0.4 cm across);
marginal flowers white or purplish, central disc-flowers yellow. In waste ground;
Botanic Gardens, Woodlands (Sinclair SF 39237).
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (= C. indicum Hort.)
The chrysanthemum is imported as a pot plant or a cut flower, very various in
form and colour in the flower-heads. Native of E. Asia of ancient cultivation.
3B BITE
Seed plants of Singapore LX 169
Coreopsis lanceolata L.
Perennial, 30-60 cm tall, branched; leaves tufted at base, opposite above, narrow
spoon-shaped entire or 2-3 lobed; flower-heads 5-6 cm across, long stalked, ray
and central flowers yellow. Native to N. America, sometimes cultivated.
Coreopsis tinctoria Nut.
Like the above, but leaves twice-pinnately divided; flower-heads 3-6 cm across;
ray flowers reddish brown and central flowers reddish purple. Native to N.
America.
Cosmos sulphureus Cav.
Tall herb, to 1 m high; leaves opposite, finely divided; flower-heads 4-6 cm
across, solitary or few together, on long stalks; ray flowers light to deep yellow or
orange, central ones yellow. Native to Mexico, sometimes cultivated.
Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore
Erect herb, fragrant, hairy, to 1 m high; leaves oblong or elliptic, 8-15 cm long,
pinnately lobed or pinnatifid; flower-heads cylindric, 1.5 cm long, yellow with a
reddish top, forming small branched corymbs. A weed of tropical African origin,
a fairly recent introduction.
Dahlia pinnata Cav.
Perennial herb with tuberous roots; leaves opposite, simple or pinnately divided;
flower-heads flat to globose; marginal ray flowers white, pink to puple, flat,
tubular or rolled; central tubular flowers yellow. Native to Mexico, sometimes
cultivated.
Eclipta prostrata L. (= E. alba Hassk.)
Branched creeping herb; leaves opposite, lanceolate, 2-10 cm long, almost
sessile; flower-heads stalked (the stalk 2-5 cm long), solitary or 2-3 in a leaf axil,
less than 1 cm across; ray flowers white. Common weed in waste ground.
Elephantopus scaber L.
Herb, varying from 2-3 cm to over 30 cm high, hairy; leaves often crowded at the
base of stem, lanceolate or oblong, 4-15 (or more) cm long; flower-heads
few-flowered, several heads together in a bracteate cluster at the end of branched
terminal inflorescence; flowers all tubular, pinkish white. A common weed often
found in waste places throughout the Island. Vern. Tutup Bumi.
Eleutheranthera ruderalis (Sw.) Sch.-Bip.
Annual aromatic herb, 10-60 cm high; leaves ovate, 1.5-7 cm long; flower-heads
terminal and axillary, single or in pairs, few-flowered; flowers yellow. In sandy
places; Changi, Pulau Ubin (Furtado 18629).
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.
Erect shrub, 20-30 cm tall; leaves alternate, from rounded (lower ones) to
heart-shaped (upper ones), toothed or variously lobed; the upper leaves sessile,
the lower ones stalked; flower heads narrow-tubular, 1.5-2 cm long, solitary or
few in long-stalked terminal inflorescence; flowers all tubular, upper part bright
pink. A common weed in waste ground and in gardens. Vern. Katumbi Jantan.
170 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
Enydra fluctuans Lour.
Creeping herb; leaves opposite, narrowly oblong, 2-10 cm long, entire or tooth-
ed, fleshy; flower-heads white or greenish, axillary, less than 1.5 cm across,
sessile. In wet places; Geylang (Ridley 10829). Leaves and stem are edible (called
‘Buffalo spinach’). (The generic name is often incorrectly spelled as Enhydra).
Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Rafin. ex DC.
Erect shrub, to 1 m tall; leaves alternate, narrowly oblong, 10-12 cm long,
toothed; flower-heads cylindric, 1-1.5 cm long, 2-5 together in branched terminal
(or upper axillary) inflorescence; flowers tubular, yellow, with silky-white pap-
pus hairs. In waste grounds; native to tropical America.
Erecht. valerianifolia (Wolf) DC.
Differs from the above species in the broader and often deeply lobed leaves and
in the pinkish-orange flowers with reddish violet pappus hairs. In waste grounds;
also native to tropical America.
Erigeron sumatrense Retz.
Annual, to 2 m high, branched; leaves alternate, long-spoon-shaped, 3-14 cm
long, the upper ones smaller and narrower than the lower ones; flower-heads
bell-shaped, about 0.5 cm long, greenish-white, numerous in large and much
branched inflorescence. A common weed in waste and cultivated ground. Vern.
Sumbong Jantan.
Eupatorium odoratum L. f.
Tall herb sometimes shrubby; leaves opposite, ovate, pointed, 5-10 cm long;
flower-heads pale blue to white, about 1.5 cm long, in paniculate inflorescences;
flowers all tubular. A weed originally from N. America, arrived from Thailand to
Malaya during the first World War, hence the Malay name “‘Pokok German”’;
occasionally found in Singapore since late 1970s.
Gaillardia pulchella Fong.
Annual, 15-30 cm tall; leaves alternate, narrowly spatula-shaped, 5-12 cm long,
entire or wavy-lobed; flower-heads 5-10 cm across, long-stalked; ray flowers
10-18, wedge-shaped, yellow or red; central flowers purplish. Native to N.
America, sometimes cultivated.
Gerbera jamesonii Bolus. ex Hook.
Perennial, hairy; leaves pinnately lobed, 20-30 cm long, in a basal rosette;
flower-heads solitary, arising from a long stalk; ray flowers narrow, red or
orange, in one or two rows surrounding the central white flowers. Native of
Transvaal, S. Africa, often planted.
Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. (= G. sarmentosa DC.)
Creeping or climbing herb; leaves alternate, fleshy, ovate, pointed, 5-8 cm long,
toothed; flower-heads tubulate, 1.5-2 cm long, 3-7 together in terminal branched
inflorescence; flowers all tubular, orange yellow in a purple involucre. Common
in open places or in secondary growth; Bukit Mandai, Bukit Timah (Ridley s.n.
in 1891), Tanglin. Vern. Akar Subiak.
Helianthus angustifolius L.
Herb, branched, 1 m or so high; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 4-30 cm long;
flower-heads 5-7 cm across, several to many (in short and long stalks) in a leafy
panicle; ray flowers golden yellow, surrounding a dark purple centre. Native to
N. America, sometimes growing in borders or for cut flowers.
Seed plants of Singapore 1X 171
Helianthus annuus L.
Stout annual, 1-2 m tall; leaves alternate, ovate, 7-45 cm long, serrate; flower-
heads 15-35 cm across, often nodding and turning towards the sun (thus ‘Sun
Flower’); ray flowers yellow, surrounding a brown-purple centre; achenes
(known as ‘Sunflower seeds’) large, edible. Native of N. America, sometimes
cultivated. |i #
Helianthus tuberosus L.
Erect shrub, 2-4 m high; tuberous root ellipsoid, up to 15 cm long (‘Jerusalem
artichoke’); leaves ovate oblong, 10-20 cm long; flower-heads 5-8 cm across, in
leaf panicles; ray flowers golden yellow, surrounding a bright yellow centre.
Native of N. America, sometimes cultivated for its edible tubers.
Lactuca indica L.
Herb, 1-2 cm high; leaves lanceolate, 8-25 cm long, entire or dentate; flower-
heads in large panicles; branches of the panicle with a few linear bracts only at
the base. Native to E. Asia, cultivated as vegetables. Ht) , ‘| #
Lact. sativa L.
Herb, 0.3-1 m high; leaves broadly oblong, 6-14 cm long, finely dissected;
flower-heads in large flat-topped inflorescence with many cordate bracts. Native
to Europe, sometimes cultivated.
Melapodium divaricatum (Pers.) DC.
Herb with angular stems; leaves opposite, ovate, 2-9 cm long; flower-heads
solitary, axillary, 1-1.5 cm across; ray flowers yellow. Native to Central America,
sometimes cultivated as a pot plant.
Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B. L. Robins.
Fast-growing climbing herb; leaves cordate or ovate, tip acuminate, base heart-
shaped, 3-12 cm long; petiole 1-8 cm long; flower-heads cylindric, 6-9 mm long,
in dense corymbs; corolla white or pale yellowish, all tubular; bracts enveloping
the individual florets 5-6 mm long. Formerly very common in waste lands;
Tanglin (Burkill 407); now almost completely replaced by the following slightly
smaller-flowered exotic species, M. micrantha. This species sometimes was
erroneously called M. scandens (L.) Willd., a species restricted to N. America.
Mikania micrantha HBK.
A very fast-growing climbing herb, commonly called ‘Mile-a-minute’; leaves
narrowly or broadly ovate, tip pointed, base heart-shaped, 4-8 cm long, 2-4 cm
wide; flower-heads small, white, usually hanging at the ends of a much branched
inflorescence; bracts enveloping the individual floret 3-4 mm long. In forest
edges, secondary growth and open places, common.*
Pluchea indica (L.) Less.
Shrubby herb, to 1.5 m tall; leaves spirally alternate, thick, oblong, 2-6 cm long,
toothed short-stalked; flower-heads cylindric, in much branched terminal in-
florescences; flowers all tubular, purplish or white. Common in tidal swamps and
on sea coast, rarely in inland grounds; Changi, Geylang, Jurong (Ridley s.n. in
1888). Vern. Pokok Beluntas.
* Information on this species was kindly supplied by Dr Richard Corlett.
172 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
Rudbeckia serotina Nutt.
Hairy herb, to | m high; leaves alternate, lanceolate or oblong, 5-12 cm long;
flower-heads solitary, terminal, 10-12 cm across; ray flowers golden yellow,
surrounding a dull brown or black centre (thus called ‘black-eyed Susan’). Native
to N. America, sometimes growing in gardens.
Sigesbeckia orientalis L.
Hispid herb, 0.3-1 m tall, branched; lower leaves petiolate, ovate or oblong 5-20
cm long; upper leaves narrower, smaller and sessile; flower-heads greenish, 1.5-2
cm across, in loose panicles; the ray flowers surrounded by linear glandulate
spreading bracts. In moist waste places, not common.
Solidago altissima L.
Herb, to 1 m tall; lower leaves forming a rosette at the base; the upper ones
alternate, spatulate, 3-14 cm long; flower-heads golden yellow, rather small,
usually borne on one side of the branches (hence called ‘Golden rod’) of a large
panicle. Native to N. America; this and some other related species sometimes
sold as cut flowers.
Sparganophorus vaillantii Crantz.
Fleshy herb, 30-40 cm high; leaves alternate, elliptic, 2-12 cm long; flower-heads
sessile in leaf-axils, flattend, 0.5-1.5 cm across; flowers white, all tubular. In
damp places; a tropical American weed.
Sphaeranthus africanus L.
Branched herb; stems and branches winged; leaves alternate, oblong, 2-3 cm
long; flower-heads globose, less than 1 cm across, consisting of many small
tubular florets, greenish white, solitary, terminal or in upper axillary, shortly
stalked. In muddy waste places or in ditches; Geylang (Ridley 5069).
Spilanthes acmella (L.) Murr.
Herb to 50 cm tall; leaves opposite, broadly ovate, 3-6 cm long, toothed;
flower-heads terminal, solitary, ovoid, about 1 cm across, long-stalked (12 to 15
cm long); marginal ray-flowers yellow; achenes black. In waste ground; Seletar
(Hullett 630); formerly sold in local herb shops for curing toothache (thus “the
toothache plant’’). Vern. Krabo.
Syndrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn.
Annual, with branched slender stems; leaves opposite, elliptic, 1-5 cm long;
flower-heads axillary, yellow, small and few-flowered, sessile or subsessile, fruit
black. Native of tropical America. (Similar to Eleutheranthera ruderalis but
differing from the latter in having narrower stalked flower-heads with smaller
bracts and 2-3 stiff spines on the achenes).
Tagetes erecta L.
Herb, 30-50 cm tall; leaves opposite (lower ones) or alternate (upper ones), 5-12
cm long, deeply lobed or compound; flower-heads solitary, terminal, yellow or
orange, 5-10 cm across; ray flowers many, flat or rolled. Native to Mexico, but
horticulturally known as African Marigold. Another species also from Mexico
but erroneously called French marigold, Tagetes patula L. having smaller flower-
heads (3-4 cm across), the ray flowers are marked with red colour.
Seed plants of Singapore 1X | Ae
Tithonia diversifolia Gray
Shrubby; leaves alternate, ovate, entire or 3-5 lobed, 10-25 cm long; flower-
heads 8-10 cm across; ray flowers (about 12) orange yellow, surrounding the
small yellow central tubular flowers. Native to Mexico and C. America, some-
times cultivated.
Tridax procumbens L.
Creeping herb; leaves opposite, narrowly ovate, coarsely serrate, 1-5 cm long;
flower-heads 2 cm across, on upright long-stalk (10-30 cm long); ray flowers pale
yellow to white. A weed in open dry, sandy places; native to Central America.
Vernonia arborea Buch. Ham. (incl. V. javanica DC.)
Tree, 10-20 m tall, much branched above; leaves alternate, ovate to oblong, 8-20
cm long; flower-heads 0.5 cm long, white or pink, 5-6 flowered, all tubular;
paniculate inflorescences terminal, widely branched. In mature secondary
forests; Changi, Chua Chu Kang, Jurong and Water Catchment Areas (Corner
s.n. in 1936). Vern. Merambong. (This is the only tree species of the Compositae
in this region. Two forms can be recognized: one a tall straight tree with glabrous
leaves, and the other often stunted and gnarled, with pubescent leaves. The
latter is either treated as a variety, 1.e., var. javanica Clarke, or a separate
species, V. javanica DC.).
Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.
Herb, to 1 m tall; leaves alternate, generally ovate, 1-8 cm long, but very
variable; flower-heads narrowly cylindric, 6-7 mm long, violet or pink, all tubu-
lar, many in a terminal, much branched inflorescence. Common weed, in waste
places or in gardens.
Vernonia patula (Dryand.) Merr. (= V. chinensis Less.)
Similar to V. cinerea, but stouter and with larger flower-heads and bracts.
Technically, the two aspects can be distinguished by the following characters: in
V. patula, achenes 5-angular, pappus hairs in | series; in V. cinerea, achenes
cylindric, pappus hairs in 2 series. Common in waste grounds and clearings;
Geylang (Teruya 2523).
Wedelia biflora (L.) DC.
Hairy scrambling herb, sometimes shrubby; leaves ovate, pointed, 3-nerved,
3-15 cm long; flower-heads usually solitary, bright yellow, about 1.5 cm across,
with ray-flowers surrounding the tubular ones. On sandy beaches; Pulau Ubin
(Hullett 387). Vern. Serenai Laut.
Wed. trilobata (L.) Hitch.
Creeping herb; leaves fleshy, oval-shaped, toothed or 3-lobed; flower-heads of
prominent yellow ray-flowers. A species of tropical American origin, often
planted in gardens as a ground cover.
Xanthium inequilaterum DC. (=X. strumarium Auct. non L.)
Herb, 30-60 cm tall; leaves alternate, ovate, toothed and lobed, 5-10 cm long;
flower-heads unisexual, in spikes on upper leaf-axils; achenes oblong, enclosed
in the enlarged involucre covered with hooked bristles known as ‘burs’. Formerly
recorded once at Rochore (Ridley s.n. in 1904) as a casual weed, now apparently
disappeared.
174 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
Youngia japonica (L.) DC. (= Crepis japonica (L.) Benth.)
Herb, 10-30 cm high; leaves nearly all basal, 5-10 cm long, round-topped,
toothed or lobed below; flower-heads oblong, 5 mm long, yellow tipped, in
loosely branched inflorescences. A weed commonly found in hill stations in
Malaya, occasionally reported from Singapore.
Zinnia linearis Benth.
Herb, 20-60 cm tall; leaves linear or lanceolate, 1-6 cm long; flower-heads 2-3.5
cm across; ray-flowers orange. Native of Mexico, sometimes cultivated.
Zinnia elegans Jacq.
Herb, 0.3-1 m tall, branched; leaves elliptic, ovate, 3-15 cm long; flower-heads
terminal, 3-7 cm across; ray-flowers red, pink, white or yellow. Native to Mex-
icO, sometimes cultivated.
Micropropagation of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. (Lythraceae)
LIM-HO CHEE LEN and LEE SING KonG
Botanic Gardens, Singapore
Abstract
Lagerstroemia speciosa (L) Pers., a common road-side tree of Singapore, was successfully mass-
produced using the tissue culture technique. Nodal segments were the best explants as they could
produce more multiple shoots than do shoot tips with BAP and 2ip treatments. The excised shoots were
rooted in agar medium or sterilised sand, supplemented with IBA. The former was found superior.
About 90% of the plantlets survived when transplanted to soil.
Introduction
Lagerstroemia speciosa is commonly planted along roadsides and in open spaces
throughout Singapore for its shade. These trees also produce colourful flowers in
abundance. There is some variation in the flowering characteristics of some of the
trees in the population established. Some of them consistently flower more profuse-
ly than other trees located in close proximity. As it is the intention of the Parks
and Recreation Department to introduce colours to our landscape effectively, it
would be beneficial to plant avenues and groves of those trees recognised for
their superior flowering qualities. A row of trees with uniform flowering habits is
most desirable. To achieve this objective, there is a need to clone trees having
the above characteristics. Although this could be achieved through rooted stem
cuttings, the number that can be propagated is limited. Thus, the use of the tissue
culture technique to mass propagate these trees is investigated and this paper
reports the results of in vitro propagation of Lagerstroemia speciosa.
Materials and Methods
Young shoots from the crowns of mature trees as well as from the basal sprouts
of tree stumps were collected. The leaves were removed and the axils were brushed
lightly to remove dirt. This was carefully done so as not to break or damage the
axillary buds at the nodes. The axillary buds were prominent and had an average
length of 2-3 mm. Shoot tips and nodal segments with buds were separated, washed
in tap water and used as explants. The length of the explants, i.e., shoot tips and
nodal segments used were 5 mm and 10 mm respectively. They were then surtace-
sterilised by dipping in 98% ethanol for 5-10 seconds, and then in 30% clorox
solution with Tween 80, for 45 minutes to 1 hour. The sterilised materials were
rinsed five times in sterile water.
The basal medium consisted of Murashige and Skoog (1962) salt solution at the
following concentrations: — a) macronutrient at half and, b) micronutrient at full
strength, c) 3% sucrose. To test the response of explants, the media were further
supplemented with IAA (Indole 3-acetic acid) and Kinetin (6 furfurylaminopur-
ine). The concentrations used for both IAA and Kinetin ranged from 0-10.0 ppm,
used either individually or in combination with one another. These concentrations
were tested in 7 X 7 factorial combinations. There were 49 treatments altogether
and each treatment was replicated 10 times.
176 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
For multiple shoot induction, media containing BAP (6-benzylaminopurine at 0,
1, 2, 3, 4 mg/l) or a combination of BAP at 1 mg/l and 2ip (N6 — [A° isopentyl] -
adenine at 1, 2, 3 mg/l) were used. Ten replicates of each treatment were prepared.
After eight weeks of growth, shoot proliferation was evaluated in terms of increase
in fresh weight, number of shoots formed and average length of shoots. The pH of
the media was adjusted to 5.5 before autoclaving. The culture tubes were auto-
claved at 120°C at 1.5 kg/cm ~* pressure for 20 minutes. The cultures were kept
under 1 klx lighting provided by true-lite tube on a 12 hour photoperiod. The
environment temperature was kept at 21-25°C.
Results and observations
The various explants responded differently when cultured on the various media.
The pattern of response to the various treatments by each of the explants tested,
are described below.
Growth of Nodal Segments and Shoot Tips
Table 1. Growth response of Lagerstroemia speciosa on MS salt with 49 combina-
tions of [AA and Kinetin.
Callus, shoot, root development were observed in 20-day old cultures.
C : slight callus
CC: vigorous growth of callus
CCC : abundant callus
S : shoot
— : no growth
RR: root
Micropropagation of Lagerstroemia speciosa 177
Of the 2 types of explants, nodal segments responded better and Kinetin had
little effect on the growth (Table 1). Satisfactory callus and shoot formation were
obtained with IAA at 0.5-2 mg/l. There was no significant difference in the
response among the various combinations of Kinetin & IAA used. An average of 2
shoots developed from the axils of the nodal segment (Plate 1). Growth was first
observed 7 days after inoculation, and about 20 days thereafter, shoots of 3-5 cm
length were obtained. In most of the media, an initial swelling at the basal portion
of the explant was observed. The swelling was due to cell divisions in the cortical
layers leading to an increase of the tissue volume. After about 2 weeks, masses of
friable and white callus were formed at the base of the culture shoots. Shoot tips on
the other hand, usually browned off or showed less growth and they normally grew
into single shoots (Plate 2).
Since nodal segments gave best growth, they were used as explants for all
subsequent experiments.
Shoot multiplication
Multiple shoots developed within 15 days after inoculation. An average of about
3 buds were seen at each node and these developed into shoots in about 2 to 5
weeks. The best results were obtained in BAP medium at 1 mg/l (Table 2) and
shoots reached a length of 1.8 cm. Increasing the BAP concentration promoted the
growth of callus but caused a reduction in the shoot length (Table 2). The leaf
blades were very much reduced, thus resulting in cane-like structures. There was no
significant difference in the number of shoots formed.
Table 2. Effect of BAP on the induction of multiple shoots.
Concentration of BAP Average shoot
(mg/l) Average no. of shoots length
* The shoots were counted in 30-day old cultures.
With the addition of 2ip into the medium, the multiplication of shoots improved
markedly (Table 3). The average number of shoots increased three-fold to 9
shoots per explant. The average shoot length also increased from 1.8 to 3.2 cm and
there was no significant difference at different concentrations of 2ip (1-3 mg/l). All
the cultures showed healthy growth with a high frequency of normal leaves and
shoots with long internodes (Plate 3). It was possible to mass-produce the shoots at
this stage. Shoots which had elongated to about 5-10 nodes could be excised and cut
178 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
into several nodal segments for further multiplication on the same medium. In
these segments, the axillary buds enlarged and additional young shoots appeared in
about 2 weeks (Plate 4). In about 6 weeks, they multiplied again (Plate 5) and
could be excised for rooting. This process could be repeated to produce the
required number of plantlets.
Table 3. Effect of combination of 1 mg/l BAP and 2ip (1-3 mg/l) on the induction of
multiple shoots.
*
Average fresh
weight of shoots
Average shoot
Concentration of 2ip Average no. of
length
(mg/l) shoots
* The shoots were counted in 30-day old cultures.
Rooting of excised shoots
Tests were conducted on excised shoots of 3 to 4 cm length planted onto basal
medium supplemented with IBA (Indole-3-butyric-acid at 0, 2, 3, 6 mg/l) or in
sterile sand supplemented with MS salt solution and IBA (at 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60
mg/l). In each of the treatments, there were 10 replicates.
No root was formed in the control medium but with IBA added into the medium,
healthy roots were formed (Plate 6). The average number of roots and the average
root length did not vary with different IBA concentrations (Table 4). The most
important effect of IBA was to induce roots and rooting percentage increased
proportionally with the concentration until it reached 100% at 6 mg/l. At low IBA
concentration, soft callus formed at the base of the tissues.
Table 4. Effect of different concentrations of IBA on rooting of shoots on MS agar
medium. :
*
Concentration of BAP Average length Rooting
Average no. of root Percentage
of roots
* The roots were counted in 30-day old cultures.
Micropropagation of Lagerstroemia speciosa 179
=
Table 5. Effect of different concentrations of IBA on rooting of shoots in sand
medium, supplemented with MS salt.
*
Concentration of 2ip
Average length Rooting
of root Percentage
Average no.
of roots
“ The roots were counted in 30-day old cultures.
For rooting in sand supplemented with different concentrations of IBA, the best
results were obtained at the concentrations of 10-20 mg/l (Table 5). Although more
roots were formed, they were short (Plate 7). Only about 50% of the cultures
produced roots at the optimal IBA concentrations of 10-20 mg/l.
After rooting, the small plantlets were removed from the media and potted with
either a mixture of coco-peat and sand (1:1) or a mixture of sand, coco-peat and soil
(1:1:3). The potted plantlets were covered with a plastic sheet for about 2 weeks to
maintain high humidity. Water stress is thus reduced and the development of
epicuticular wax allowed (Grant & Aston, 1977). After 2 weeks to 1 month, the
plants had hardened and the plastic sheets were removed. Ninety percent of the
plantlets which rooted from agar media survived whereas only 50% of the plantlets
rooted directly from sand survived. They all resembled plants produced by cuttings
(Plate 8) and were similar in growth habit and form. However, whether rooted in
agar media or sand, the potting-out survival rate was observed to decrease sharply
for plantlets kept in the rooting culture for longer than two months.
Discussion
Tissue culture techniques provide viable alternative methods of mass-production
of healthy plants with uniform characteristics. These techniques have been success-
fully applied to many ornamental plants such as orchids (Lim-Ho, 1982), herbs and
shrubs (George & Sherrington, 1984). Although it is known that the explants of
woody and tree species of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are difficult to grow in
vitro and to induce regeneration, methods for micropropagation of temperate and
tropical trees have been developed from a variety of explant sources during the last
few years (Bonga & Durzan, 1982; Dodds, 1983).
180 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
In this study we have demonstrated the feasibility of mass-production of L.
speciosa using nodal segment and shoot tip cultures from stump sprouts. The ability
of explants from stump sprouts to regenerate shoots in vitro is an advantage as
plantlets produced would resemble the mother plants in terms of growth character-
istics and habits. This would be especially useful when the main objective is to
clone trees identified for their profuse flowering characteristics. The results of the
present study also support the view that tissues at the basal region of a tree trunk
still remain juvenile irrespective of the age of the tree (Bonga & Durzan, 1982;
Vietiez et. al., 1983; 1985).
The most commonly used cytokinin for shoot multiplication in trees is BAP and
its effectiveness used singly has been well demonstrated in the seedling tissues of
Calophyllum, Eugenia, Fagraea (Lee & Rao 1980, 1982), Swietenia (Rao & Lee,
1982), and mature tissues of Quercus robur (Vietiz, 1985) and Eucalyptus (Gupta
et. al., 1981) from in vitro. BAP alone was not effective in promoting shoot
multiplication of L. speciosa. The addition of 2ip induced a higher multiplication
rate, showing an interaction effect of BAP and 2ip on shoot multiplication. Such
results are very rare in literature (Bonga & Durzan, 1982). Further studies could be
initiated on the interaction effects of other cytokinins with BAP to gauge the
response of shoot multiplication.
Rooting experiments in agar media were more successful than those tested on
sand. Furthermore, when the plantlets were potted out, there was 90% survival
rate. Further work would help to ascertain the best rooting media that would
encourage better survival of plantlets when potted out. The present methods also
show that it is possible to rapidly produce large numbers of plantlets of Lager-
stroemia in vitro and it is suggested that this method is available for the propagation
of other useful trees.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Mrs Quek-Phua Lek Kheng and Mrs Teo-Lee Guek
Choon for their competent assistance in the experiments.
Literature Cited
Bonga, J.M. and D.J. Durzan (1982). Tissue Culture in Forestry. Martimus Nijhoff/
Dr. W. Junk Publications. The Hague.
Dodds, J.B. (1983). Tissue Culture of Trees. The Avi Publishing Comp. Inc.
Weatport, Connecticut, USA.
George, E.F. and P.D. Sherrington (1984). Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture.
Exegetics Ltd., Eversley, Basingstoke, England.
Grout, J.M. and D.C. Anston (1977). Transplanting of cauliflower plants regener-
ated from meristem culture, water loss and water transfer related to changes in
leaf wax and xylem regeneration Hort. Res., 17: 1-7.
Gupta, P.K., A.F. Mascarenhas and V. Jajannathan (1981). Clonal propagation
of mature trees of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook, by tissue culture. Plant Sci. Letter
20: 195-201.
Micropropagation of Lagerstroemia speciosa 181
Lee, S.K. and A.N. Rao (1980). Tissue culture of certain tropical trees. In Plant
Cell Cultures: Results and perspectives (Sala. F. and other Eds.). Elsevier
North Holland Biomedical Press. Amsterdam, 305-311.
& ____. (1982). In-vitro plantlet development in tropical trees —
Calophyllum inophyllum and Eugenia grandis. Tissue Culture of Economically
Important Plants (A.N. Rao ed.) COSTED Publ. Singapore 185-190.
Lim-Ho, C.L. (1982). Tissue culture of local orchid hybrids at the Singapore
Botanic Gardens. Tissue Culture of Economically Important Plants (A.N. Rao
ed.) COSTED Publ. Singapore 295-300.
Murashige, T. and F. Skoog (1902). A revised medium for rapid growth and
bioassays with tobacco culture. Plant Physiol. 15: 473-497.
Rao. A.N. and S.K. Lee (1982). Importance of tissue culture in tree propagation —
Proc. 5th Intl. Cong. Plant Tissue & Cell Culture. (Akio Fuji Wara ed.)
Tokyo, Japan.
Vieitez, A.M., A. Ballester, M.L. Vieitez and E. Vieitez (1983). Jn vitro plantlet
regeneration of mature chestnut — Jour. Hort. Sci. 58: 457-63.
Vieitez, A.M., M. Carmen San-Jose and E. Vieitez (1985). Jn vitro plantlet
regeneration from juvenile and mature Quercus robur, L. Jour. Hort. Sci. 60:
99-106.
Plate 1. Two shoots developed from lateral bud Plate 2. Single shoot developed from shoot-tip
(20-day old culture). (20-day old culture).
Metbienhn shits
Cd 2 i ae
Plate 3. Multiple shoots on MS supplement with BAP (1 mg/l) + 2ip (1-3 mg/l) (18-day old culture).
182
:
;
Plate 4. Young shoots arising Plate 5. Multiple shoots from nodal segments (40-day old culture).
from nodal segment
(14-day old culture).
SSS
SS
SS
S
SS
SS
roots (30-day old culture).
Plate 6. Lagerstroemia rooted in agar medium showed less but longer
Plate 7. Lagerstroemia rooted in sand showed more but shorter roots (30-day old culture).
Plate 8. Well-established Lagerstroemia plantlets produced by tissue culture (60 days in planung
media).
184
A New Account of the Genus Horsfieldia (Myristicaceae), Pt 3*
W.J.J.O. de WILDE
Rijksherbarium, Leiden, The Netherlands
EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION DATE: 15 FEB. 1986
Contents
Enumeration and description of the species 46-70 .........-..seeee eee ee eee eee eect ene ee nent ees page 185-225
46. Horsfieldia sabulosa Sinclair Fig. 1B(46); 22
Horsfieldia sabulosa Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 27 (1974) 133 — Type: Sinclair & Kadim 10491 (K; iso:
BA. BL ENY, SAR, 4.0%
Tree 10-37 m. Twigs stout, terete, neither ridged nor lined but with wart-like
thickenings marking the leaf-scars, (3-)5-10(-20) mm diam., grey-brown, non-
striate, rather late glabrescent from grey-brown to rusty tomentum with hairs
Q-5-1.0(-1.5) mm long; bark lower down grey-blackish, usually longitudinally crack-
ing and often + flaking; lenticels inconspicuous. Leaves in 3-5 rows, generally
bunched towards the apex of the twigs, coriaceous, elliptic-oblong to (sub) lan-
ceolate, nearly parallel-sided or broadest + at the middle, 9-21 x 2-6 cm, base
attenuate, tip acute (to short-acuminate); upper surface glabrous, + shining or not,
olivaceous to brown, lower surface rather pale brown, early glabrescent, with
scattered dark brown to blackish dots, these roundish or sometimes elliptic or
line-shaped; midrib flat above, glabrous; nerves 12-20 pairs, flat above and below,
the lateral arches and the tertiary venation invisible; petioles long in proportion to
the blades, 25-50 x 2-4 mm, rather late glabrescent, tomentum with hairs 0.5-1.5
mm; leaf bud rather short and stout, 10-15 x (3-)4-5 mm, with dense grey-brown to
rusty tomentum with hairs 0.5-1.5 mm long. Inflorescences behind the leaves on
older twigs of 15-20 mm thick, emerging from the axils of the rough and woody
wart-like petiole-scars on the older bark, densely pubescent with hairs 1.0-1.5 mm
long; in & (submature seen on San 15146): 4-5 x 2-3 cm, c. 2-3 times ramified,
many-flowered, flowers in loose clusters of 5-10 each; common peduncle c. 15 mm
long; inflorescences + few-flowered, 3-5 cm long; bracts elliptic to lanceolate, +
boat-shaped, 4-15 mm long, densely pubescent with hairs 0.5-1.5 mm but glabrous
inside, late caducous; flowers 3-(or 4-) valved, perianth glabrous, pedicels glab-
rous, at base articulate. Male perianth (immature) globose or depressed- globose,
c. 0.7 X 1.0 mm; pedicel c. 0.8-1.0 mm long; perianth (in bud) with valve-sutures to
c. Y2-way, buds not collapsing on drying; valves c. 0.2 mm thick. Androecium
(immature) + globose c. 0.4 x 0.5-0.6 mm, = circular in transverse section; anthers
c. 12-15, + completely sessile, apical cavity small; androphore narrow, + 0.2 mm
long. Female flowers (according to Sinclair, l.c., p. 134): ovary immature, glabrous.
Fruits 1-6 per infructescence, ovoid, top and base broadly rounded, 3.0-5.0 x
2.5-4.0 cm, glabrous, drying dark brown to somewhat bluish black, not warted:
pericarp hard, 5-8(-10) mm thick; stalk 2-8 mm long; perianth not persisting.
Distribution. Borneo: Sarawak (Serian Dist., Bintulu Dist., Mulu Nat. Park),
Brunei, Sabah (Sipitang).
*Continued from Gdns’ Bull. Sing. 38 (1): 144.
186 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
BORNEO. Sarawak: Brunig 956; (Chai) S. 39647; Sinclair & Kadim 10248 — Brunei: BRUN 579,
0828; Sinclair & Kadim 10437, 10491 — Sabah: San. 15146, 17560.
Ecology. A moderate to large tree of mixed forest on sandy or peaty soil,
deep yellow sands, sandy loam, or heavy yellow clay soil; in Agathis forest, ridge
forest; 0-100 m alt. Flowers May & June, fruits May to December.
Vernacular name. Kumpang-perawan (Iban).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Tall tree, buttresses absent. Bark dark grey, bark of trunk longitu-
dinally fissured. Sap red, copious. Inner bark reddish brown, laminated, fibrous;
sapwood soft, pinkish, with a hollow centre c. 2.5 cm wide. Leaves glossy above,
very glaucous beneath, midrib greenish yeilow. Fruits yellow, inside apricot; rami-
florous with many fruits on each branch.
2. A-very characteristic species because of its thick branches with bunched
leaves, the leaves with long petioles in (3-) 5 rows, ramiflorous. Sinclair discussed
its relationship with H. wallichii, which has resembling fruits. This has also almost
similar dark brown dots on the lower leaf surface.
3. According to Koster and Baas (1981, p. 152) the leaves have the unique
feature of having an 1so-bilateral mesophyll.
47. Horsfieldia atjehensis de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(47)
Horsfieldia amygdalina auct. non (Wall.) Warb.: Merrill, Contr. Arn. Arb. 8 (1934) 61.
Folia ramulorum fertilium sparsa, subtus punctis sparsis fusco-brunneis non-traumaticis induta (ut in H.
glabra), cortice ramulorum delapso. — Type: W. & C.M. Bangham 882 (K; iso: A, NY, n.v.).
Tree c. 10 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards the top 3.5-5(-8) mm diam.,
rather pale grey-brown to yellowish brown, early glabrescent, tomentum grey-
brown with hairs less than 0.1 mm, lower down with the bark coarsely striate and
tending to flake; lenticels rather conspicuous towards the top of the twig. Leaves in
3-5 rows, thinly chartaceous, obovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, broadest slightly above the middle, 13-25 x 4.5-9 cm, base long-
attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface drying dark brown; lower surface
early glabrescent, provided with regularly scattered brown to blackish non-
traumatic larger dots (lens!); midrib flat above; nerves 10-12 pairs, flat above,
marginal arches indistinct; tertiary venation forming a lax network indistinct or
invisible on both surfaces; petioles 12-15 x 2.5-3.5 mm; leaf bud densely grey-
brown pubescent with hairs less than 0.1 mm, moderately slender, c. 15 x 3.5-4
mm. Inflorescences situated behind the leaves, very thinly pubescent to glabres-
cent, hairs less than 0.1 mm; in ©: c. 3 times ramified, rather many-flowered, 7-14
x 4-10 cm, common peduncle 10-20 mm long; @ inflorescences not seen; bracts
elliptic-oblong, finely pubescent, 2-4 mm, caducous. Flowers 3-valved, in the male
in loose clusters of 4-8 each, glabrous; pedicels glabrous, at base inarticulated.
Male perianth (slightly immature) globose, c. 1.5 mm diam., at anthesis cleft to c.
’2-way,; valves c. 0.2(-0.3) mm thick; pedicel slender, 1-1.5 mm long. Androecium
subglobose to short-ellipsoid, c. 1.2 x 1.0 mm, top broadly rounded, in transverse
section subcircular; anthers 11, almost completely sessile, free apices c. 0.1(-0.2)
mm, curved over and + into the rather narrow apical cavity c. 0.3 mm deep;
Fig. 22. Horsfieldia sabulosa Sinclair.
a. shoot apex with densely bunched leaves with dispersed phyllotaxis, tomentum of young
leaves partially fallen, x 12; b. older wood with leaf scars in dispersed phyllotaxis and
immature male inflorescences, note bracts, X %2; c. smaller bract, <x 12; d. immature male
flower, lateral view, X 12; e. ditto, longitudinally opened, showing androecium, x 12; f.
longitudinal section of androecium, schematic, x 12; g. old wood with infructescence, fruits
mature, seeds completely covered by aril, x 2. —a-f. from San. 15146; g. from BRUN 0828.
columm broad, spongy-solid; androphore narrow, c. 0.2(-0.3) mm long. Female
flowers and fruits not seen.
Distribution. Known from only one collection in N. Aceh, Sumatra.
Ecology. Mountainous forest at c. 1300 m (3500-5000 ft.); male flowers, still
immature in January.
187
188 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Leaves leathery, glabrous, flower buds green.
2. This is in many respects much related to and + intermediate between H.
amygdalina, H. glauca, H. macrothyrsa, and H. sparsa, but still markedly distinct
from all these species.
H. amygdalina, a species from continental SE. Asia and the Andaman Isls. (not
known from the Nicobar Isl. and Malaya), differs in general habit and further by
the absence of blackish dots on the lower leaf surface and by the darker colour of
the dried twigs.
H. sparsa from lowland Peninsular Thailand, Malaya, and Sumatra, has a rather
similar general habit, with a similarly pale bark on the twigs, but differs by the
absence of blackish dots on the lower leaf surface, and by the flowers which have a
rather different androecium with less anthers (7-9), and a generally longer
androphore.
H. macrothyrsa, occurring in N. and C. Sumatra, also in mountainous forest, has
punctate leaves, but differs in the distichous phyllotaxis, and the much larger male
flowers with a different androecium.
Hitherto H. glabra (var. glabra) is found on Sumatra only in the lowland in the
southern part, and all specimens from that area strongly differ in general habit and
have the leaves distichous. The present new species has in common with H. glabra
the punctate leaves but differs in various characters viz. a stouter habit, the leaves
in 3-5 rows along the twigs, the bark rather pale and coarsely striate, tending to
flake, and probably in the slightly smaller male perianths. Furthermore, it was
found rather distant from the area of H. glabra at a much higher altitude.
3. The Kew-specimen was identified by Sinclair as H. sucosa in 1959; in his
treatment of 1975 it is enumerated under H. bracteosa. In the publication on the
Bangham collections by Merrill (1934) the collection was treated under H. amygda-
lina.
48. Horsfieldia sucosa (King) Warb. Fig. 1B(48)
Myristica sucosa King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 301, pl. 172 — Horsfieldia sucosa (King)
Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 322; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 416 (p.p., incl. lectotype, excl.
fig. 45 = H. sparsa), pl. XII A; 28 (1975), 139 p.p. — Syntype: King’s Coll. 4078, 4647 (fr., lecto: K,
L; CAL, G, n.v.; see notes), 10475; Wray 467; Maingay (Kew Dist.) 1300.
H. bracteosa Henderson, Gard. Bull. Str. Settl. 7, 2 (1933) 120, pl. 30; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16
(1958) 419, fig. 46 — H. bracteosa var. bracteosa: Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 18. — Type:
Henderson SFN 24521 (SING, n.v.; iso: K; DD, n.v.).
Tree 6-20 m. Twigs terete, neither lined nor ridged, towards the apex 2-10 mm
diam., pale grey-brown or straw-coloured, contrasting with the blackish colour of
the dried petioles, (very) early glabrescent, tomentum rusty to greyish, hairs
0.1-0.3 mm long; lower down the bark rather coarsely striate or not, with a
tendency to flake, lenticels rather conspicuous only on the very young parts. Leaves
in 2 or 3 rows, membranous to thin-chartaceous, elliptic-oblong to oblong-(ob)
lanceolate, broadest at or above the middle, 14-28 x 4.5-8.5 cm, base attenuate or
long-attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface glabrous, drying greenish-
brown to blackish-brown, often with a greenish tinge, lower surface early glabres-
New account of Horsfieldia 3 189
cent, drying light brown, without larger blackish dots; midrib flat above or only
slightly raised, glabrous; nerves 13-17 pairs, slender above, flat or slightly raised,
lateral arches indistinct; tertiary venation forming a lax network indistinct or
invisible above; petioles 10-20 x 2-3 mm, early glabrescent; leaf bud c. 10-15 x 2-3
mm, with rusty to greyish brown tomentum of hairs 0.1-0.3 mm long. Inflor-
escences situated behind the leaves, thinly pubescent or late glabrescent from hairs
0.1-0.2 mm long; in CG: 3 or 4 times ramified, many-flowered, rather lax or
condensed, 7-19 x 5-16 cm, common peduncle 10-20 mm long, flowers in clusters
of 3-7 each; Q inflorescences rather few-flowered, 1-2 cm long; bracts + ovate-ellip-
tic to lanceolate, acutish, pubescent, 1.5-4 mm long, rather late caducous; flowers
either mostly 2-valved (Borneo, see further under the subspecies) or mostly 3-
valved (Malaya, Sumatra), perianth glabrous, pedicels usually glabrous (see under
subsp. sucosa), at base distinctly articulate and contrasting with the pubescent
branches of the inflorescence. Male perianth globose to depressed globose, top
flattish to broadly rounded, base rounded or broadly rounded, 1.2-1.5 x 1.5-2.0
mm; pedicel 1.0-2.0 mm long, slender; perianth at anthesis cleft from c. 3 to
(nearly) ¥2-way, on drying not or only slightly collapsed at the top, valves 0.2-0.3
mm thick. Androecium depressed globose, 0.3-0.6 X 0.8-1.2 mm, top flattish or
broadly rounded, circular or (in Borneo) broadly ellipsoid in transverse section;
anthers 7-11, almost completely sessile towards the incurved apex, column broad,
+ saucer-shaped, with a broad and flattish, rather shallow apical cavity reaching up
to nearly ¥2-way deep; androphore rather narrow, 0.1-0.3 mm long. Female
perianth (only seen in var. bifissa): broadly ellipsoid, 2.8-3.5 x 2.2-3.0 mm,
2-valved, cleft to c. %4, valves 0.3-0.4 mm thick, pedicels 1-1.5 mm long, when
young with minute hairs 0.1 mm long or less towards the base, ovary c. 1.5 mm
diam., glabrous, stigma shallowly 2-lobed, c. 0.1 mm high. Fruits 1-4 per infructesc-
ence, broadly ovoid-ellipsoid, top + narrowly rounded, 2.3-3.5 x 2.0-2.5 cm,
glabrous, drying blackish with finely granulate surface, sometimes + tuberculate;
pericarp c. 4 mm thick; stalk 1-2 mm long; perianth in Malayan specimens persis-
tent (see further under the subspecies).
Distribution. Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo.
NOTE. Divided into two geographically separated taxa, mainly based on the
differing number of valves of the perianth, a character regarded as important in the
genus and on which, grosso modo, the genus can roughly be divided into two
divisions. It is noteworthy that this character, here on a subspecific level, occurs
within the division of species with mainly 3-valved perianths.
KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES
la. Perianths predominantly 3 (or 4)-valved. Malaya, Sumatra ..................c0ceeeeeee ees a. subsp. sucosa
b. Perianths predominantly 2-valved. Borneo .................ccccceecueceeceecuecneneeeeeneeees b. subsp. bifissa
a. subsp. sucosa Fig. 1B(48)
Perianths predominantly 3-valved, rarely a few 2- or 4-valved; mature male
perianths in bud 1.2-1.5 x 1.5-2.0 mm; androecium 0.4-0.6 x 0.8-1.2 mm;
anthers 7-9 (Malaya) or 9-11 (Sumatra). Fruits 2.5-3.5 x 2.0-2.5 cm with persis-
tent 3-lobed perianth.
Distribution. Malaya, Sumatra.
MALAYA (Perak, Kelantan, Trengganu, Pahang, Selangor, Malacca, Johore): FR/J 1252, 4212,
5228, 14088, 14331, 15219, 15603; Kep. FN. 97901; King’s Coll. 4647, 10475; Phyt. survey Kuala
Lumpur (Millard) 1825; Maingay 2422; SFN (Sinclair & Kiah) 39937, 40621, 40629.
190 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
SUMATRA (Jambi, Palembang, Benkulu): b.b. 1799, 31936; Kostermans 12020; Lambach 1311;
Marsden (Hb. Hooker) s.n.; Roos & Franken 1704.
Ecology. Dry land and seasonal swamp forest; recorded from sandy soils or
sandstone; also disturbed forest; 0-500 m alt. Flowers and fruits throughout the
year.
Vernacular names. Merampat (Tamuan, Malaya); Pérédah bésar (Palembang
Sumatra). ¢
NOTES.
1. Fieldnotes. Bark smooth or shallowly fissured or thin-scaly. Slash bark lami-
nated, reddish, with sticky reddish exudate. Wood yellowish or pink. Flowers
yellow-green or yellow, scentless. Fruits shiny green, turning yellow or yellow-pink
or pink-red. Aril orange-red.
2. Dry fruits, over 3.5 cm long, have never been measured, but fresh fruits are
recorded as 5-7.5 cm long, with a thick pericarp.
3. As pointed out by Sinclair (1958, p. 418; 1975, p. 140) King’s syntype is
heterogeneous. Only King’s Coll. 4647 and Maingay 1300 (also numbered 2422)
belong to the present species. King’s Coll. 4647 (in fruit) is herewith designated as
lectotype.
4. King describes the flowers as externally pubescent; however, as explained by
Sinclair (1958, p. 418) that material was very heterogeneous, and most likely this
record is erroneous. The flowers of H. sucosa, as circumscribed presently, are
generally glabrous, but the female flowers of Kostermans 12012 (Palembang) have
pedicels somewhat pubescent towards the base.
5. In the herbarium, most specimens of our present H. sucosa subsp. sucosa
were initially identified by Sinclair as H. sucosa, a species accepted besides the
related H. bracteosa. Later on, most of these specimens were re-identified by
Sinclair as H. bracteosa; he indicated he was aware of the heterogeneity of his H.
sucosa, from which I have presently segregated the new species H. sparsa. Sinclair’s
lectotype-specimens of King’s material, King’s Coll. 4647 and 10475, however, are
clearly identical with the type of H. bracteosa.
b. subsp. bifissa de Wilde, subsp. nov.
Perianthia mascula depresso-globosa. 1.2-1.4 x 1.5-1.7 mm, praecipue 2-valvata; androecium depresso-
globosum, 0.3-0.4 x 0.8-0.9 mm, antheris 7. Fructus 2-2.5 cm longi, eius perianthium non-persistens.
— Type: Kutei, Soegeng 58 (L; iso: BO, n.v.).
Perianths predominantly 2-valved, the odd 3-valved perianth present; mature
male perianths in bud 1.2-1.4 x 1.5-1.7 mm; androecium 0.3-0.4 x 0.8-0.9 mm;
anthers 7. Fruits c. 20-25 x 20 mm, the perianth + caducous, 2-lobed.
Distribution. Borneo: E. Sabah, E. and S. Kalimantan.
BORNEO, E. Sabah: Elmer 21607; San. 68452, 73922 (NT 169). — E. & S. Kalimantan: Afriastini
195; Endert 3213; Kostermans 8081, 9973; Soegeng Reksodihardjo 59; Hubert Winkler 2373, 2695.
New account of Horsfieldia 3 19]
Ecology. Lowland forest: on sandy loam soil, sandy ridge in Shorea laevifolia
forest; 0-800 m. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Bark smooth, undulately fissured; inner bark c. 10 mm thick.
laminated, reddish-brown or yellow-brown; wood whitish or pale brown, or red-
dish. Flowers yellow, the males very fragrant.
2. Specimens ot the present new subspecies were formerly determined by Sin-
clair as H. sucosa var. microcarpa, a name later on (1975, p. 20) published as H.
bracteosa var. microcarya Sinclair. Other specimens belonging to Sinclair’s var.
microcarya, incl. the type, are presently referred to a new species H. pallidicaula.
3. H. sucosa is vegetatively very similar to H. pallidicaula and H. sterilis, the two
being markedly different in the male flowers: these have a differently built
androecium, and the pedicels are inarticulate at the base.
4. It seems as if the distributional area excludes that of the related and resemb-
ling species H. pallidicaula.
49. Horsfieldia pallidicaula de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(49)
Cortex ramulorum pallidus, cinereus. non fusco-brunneus. Folia disticho vel sparsa. subtus non-
punctata. Perianthia mascula subglobosa, 1.5-2 mm diam., 3-vel 4-valvatis: pedicelli graciles, 1-2 mm
longi, basi non-articulati. Fructus late ellipsoidei, in sicco nigrescentes, perianthio persistente. —
Type: Jacobs 5413 (L: iso: K; SAR, G. US, CANB, B.S, SING, n.v.).
Tree 7-20 m. Twigs terete, neither lined nor ridged, towards the apex 2-10 mm
diam., pale, whitish or greyish brown, contrasting with the blackish colour of the
dry petioles (or petioles often greyish in the lower half), early glabrescent, tomen-
tum with rusty or greybrown hairs 0.1-0.3 mm long; the bark lower down finely
striate or not, slightly flaking or not, lenticels generally inconspicuous or absent.
Leaves either in 2, 3 or 5 rows, membranous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
broadest at or above the middle, 10-30 x 4-9.5 cm, base long-attenuate, tip
acute-acuminate; upper surface drying brown to blackish-brown, lower surface
drying brown to grey-brown, without larger blackish dots, early glabrescent: midrib
flat or slightly raised above, glabrous; nerves 10-18 pairs, slender above, flat or
slightly raised, lateral arches not distinct; tertiary venation forming a lax network.
indistinct above; petioles 10-25 x 1.5-3 mm, early glabrescent; leaf bud rather stout
to slender, 7-10 x 2-4 mm, covered by brown-grey rusty tomentum of hairs (0.1-)
0.2(-0.3) mm long. Inflorescences situated generally behind the leaves, glabrescent,
tomentum weak, with hairs 0.1-0.2 mm; in CG: (2 or) 3 times ramified, many-
flowered, 3-9 x 2.5-7 cm, common peduncle up to 7 mm long (hence inflorescences
often also ramified from near the base), the flowers more or less in clusters of 2-4:
inflorescences rather few-flowered, 1-3 cm long; bracts lanceolate, acute, finely
pubescent, 1-3 mm long, caducous; perianths 3- or 4-valved, in Q sometimes
2-valved, glabrous, pedicel glabrous, at base inarticulate. Male perianth globose or
broadly obovoid, 1.5-2.0 (-2.2) mm diam., top (broadly) rounded, base rounded to
short-attenuate; pedicel 1-2 mm, slender; perianth at anthesis cleft to c. /3 to nearly
¥2-way deep, not or but slightly collapsing on drying, valves 0.2-0.3 mm thick.
Androecium short-ellipsoid to somewhat depressed-globose, 0.8-1.2 * 0.8-1.2 mm,
top rounded, circular in cross-section; anthers 8-10, completely sessile (i.e., free
apices 0-0.1 mm long only), incurved towards the apex of the androecium; column
192 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
broad and solid with a small and narrow apical cavity, 0.1-0.2 mm deep only;
androphore narrow, short, 0-0.2 mm long. Female perianth broadly ellipsoid or
subglobose, c. 2.5-3.0 X 2.5 mm, cleft at anthesis to ¥%4-¥3, valves (0.2-) 0.3 mm
thick, pedicels 1-1.5 mm long, ovary subglobose to broadly ovoid, 1.7-2.0 x 1.5-2.0
mm, glabrous, stigma shallowly 2-lobed, lobes 0.1-0.2 mm long. Fruits 1-5 per
infructescence, broadly ellipsoid, top and base rounded, 1.5-4.0 x 1.0-3.0 cm,
glabrous, drying blackish, finely granulate and sometimes tubercled, pericarp
various; stalk 1-3 mm long; perianth persisting under the fruit (always?) (see
further under the varieties).
Distribution. Three varieties in Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak).
KEY TO THE VARIETIES
la. Fruits 15-17 x 10-12 mm; pericarp 1-1.5 mm thick. Leaves up to 23 cm long ...... b. var. microcarya
b.) Frurts larger rk. 0 onion la sd ee SR Sa ro EA ae 2
2a. Fruits c. 20-22 x 18 mm; pericarp 2-3 mm thick. Leaves up to 25 cm long .......... a. var. pallidicaula
b. Fruits 37-40 x 27-30 mm; pericarp 6-8(-10) mm thick. Leaves 25-30 cm long ...... c. var. macrocarya
a. var. pallidicaula Fig. 1B(49)
Leaves 10-25 cm long, up to 7.5 cm wide. Fruits c. 20-22 x 18 mm; pericarp 2-3
mm thick; stalk and perianth not seen.
Distribution. Borneo: Sarawak, West Sabah, West Kalimantan (doubtful, see
notes).
BORNEO. Sarawak (1st, 3rd Div., Baram Dist.): Jacobs 5413; Hose 29, 86; S. 14971, 37692, —
Sabah (West): SAN. 15254, 76783, 80505. — West Kalimantan: Hans Winkler 1435 (doubtful).
Ecology. Primary lowland and lower mountainous forest, recorded from sand-
stone; 0-700 m alt. Flowers throughout the year, fruits in June.
Vernacular name. Kumpang balau (Iban).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Bark smooth, dark grey; sapwood white-red. Perianth yellow or
yellow-green, androecium pale pink-yellow, pollen white.
2. The three varieties presently recognized are sympatric and are very similar in
the vegetative characters. They are mainly distinguished by the remarkable differ-
ences in fruit-size, and hence I am not quite sure to which variety the male
flowering material belongs.
The only known fruiting specimen regarded as belonging to the type-variety is
San. 15254, with fruits of c. 21 * 18 mm and of which the calyx is lost.
Also, of the only two known female flowering specimens one cannot be sure to
what variety they belong for the same reasons.
3. All three varieties of the presently proposed new species are vegetatively also
very similar to the related species H. sucosa and H. sterilis, but both these differ
essentially in the male flowers.
New account of Horsfieldia 3 193
4. Most specimens of our present vars. pallidicaula and microcarya were at first
identified by Sinclair on the sheets as H. sucosa var. microcarpa, and in 1975
published as Horsfieldia bracteosa var. microcarya.
5. A noteworthy deviating specimen. The collection Hans Winkler 1435, from
West Kalimantan, Sungei Bika, 5.1.1925, with mature male flowers, keys out
together with H. pallidicaula. It deviates in general habit by its very thin membra-
nous leaves which dry greenish. The inflorescences are rather weak, the flowers
small, slightly longer than broad c. 1.5 x 1.4 mm, pedicel c. 1-1.5 mm, perianth-
valves 3, thin, splitting the bud to nearly 2-way, the androecium is subglobose, c.
0.8-0.9 x 0.7-0.8 mm, = sessile, anthers c. 9, sessile, the central-apical cavity being
narrow and c. 0.2 mm deep. The specimen was collected in a marshy forest at c. 50
m alt. Possibly it represents a separate taxon. The specimen was determined by
Sinclair as H. carnosa, which it certainly is not.
b. var. microcarya (Sinclair) de Wilde, comb. nov.
Horsfieldia bracteosa Henderson var. microcarya Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 20 — Type: Wood
& Kapis San. 1697] (K; iso: L; KEP, SAN SING, n.v.).
Leaves to 20 cm long, up to 7.5 cm wide. Fruits c. 15-17 x 10-12 mm; pericarp
1-1.5 mm thick; stalk c. 2 mm long, persistent perianth 3-lobed.
Distribution. Borneo: West Sabah, possibly E. Kalimantan.
BORNEO. West Sabah: Wood & Kapis San. 16791.
Ecology. Lowland forest at c. 100 m. Fruits in July.
NOTE. Known only from the type, a collection which vegetatively completely fits
the species generally, but distinct in its particularly small fruits with persistent
3-lobed perianths. Possibly here belongs Leigton 943 (E. Kutei; fruits not seen).
c. var. macrocarya de Wilde, var. nov.
Differt a var. pallidicaula fructibus siccis c. 4 cm longis, pericarpio sicco 6-8(-10) mm crasso. — Type:
Ding Hou 474 (L).
Leaves 23-30 x 6-9.5 cm. Fruits 35-40 x 25-30 mm; pericarp 6-8(-10) mm thick;
stalk 1-2 mm long, perisistent perianth 2- or 3-lobed.
Distribution. Borneo: Sarawak (4th and Sth. Division)
BORNEO. Sarawak: Ding Hou 474; S$ 32299.
Ecology. Lowland mixed Dipterocarp forest; yellow sandy clay soil; 30-200 m alt.
Fruits in July and October.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Bark recorded as smooth to slightly flaky, or as longitudinally
fissured. Fruit pink, aril pink.
2. Known only from the type, with mature fruits, and one collection (S$ 32299)
with immature fruit. Both have persistent perianths. These in the type are
apparently 2-lobed, the ones of S$ 32299 are 3-lobed.
194 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
50. Horsfieldia sparsa de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(50)
Horsfieldia sucosa auct. non (King) Warb.: Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 416, fig. 45, plate XII
A; 28 (1975) 139.
Cortex ramulorum pallidus, cinereus, non fusco-brunneus. Folia sparsa, subtus sine punctis brunneis
non-traumaticis. Perianthium masculum subglobosum, c. 2 mm diam, 3-5 valvatum, pedicello basi
non-articulato. Androecium depresso-globosum, 0.8-1.2 mm diam., antheris 7-9. Fructus ellipsoidei
3-5.5 cm longi, in sicco nigrescenti, perianthio non-persistenti. — Type: Malaya, Ogata Kep. 110406
(1, ISG; 35),
Tree 15-40 m. Twigs terete, neither lined nor ridged, towards apex 4-11(-15) mm
diam., pale whitish brown or grey-brown, contrasting with the brown-black colour
of the dried petioles, early glabrescent, tomentum brown or grey-brown, hairs
0.1-0.2 mm; bark lower down rather smooth or coarsely striate, sometimes with a
tendency to flake, lenticels present but conspicuous only towards the apex. Leaves
crowded or not towards the apex, arranged in 3-5 rows, thickly membranous to
chartaceous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, broadest at or above the middle, (10-)
18-24 x 3.5-7 cm, base long-attenuate, top acute-acuminate; upper surface drying
bright brown to dark brown, lower surface drying bright brown, glabrous (early
glabrescent), without larger blackish dots; midrib above flat or slightly raised,
glabrous; nerves 12-16 pairs, above slender, flat or slightly raised, lateral arches not
distinct; tertiary venation forming a lax network, not or hardly visible above;
petioles (12-)14-34 x (1.5-)2-3 mm; leaf bud rather stout, relatively short and
broad, c. 8-12 x 3-5 mm, with dense tomentum of hairs c. 0.1-0.2 mm long.
Inflorescence behind the leaves, subglabrous or early glabrescent, tomentum very
weak, of hairs c. 0.1-0.2 mm; in CG: 2 or 3 times ramified, many-flowered, 6-12 X 4-6
cm, common peduncle (2-)5-15 mm long, the flowers + fasiculate in clusters of 4-10
each; 9-inflorescences (only known in fruit) rather few-flowered, c. 1.5-3 cm long;
bracts minute, very early caducous; flowers 3 or 4(or 5)-valved, perianth glabrous,
pedicel glabrous, at base not or only in a few cases indistinctly articulate. Male
perianth globose or slightly depressed-globose, 1.5-2.0 x 2-2.5 mm, top and base
(broadly) rounded, glabrous; pedicels 2-4 mm long, slender, glabrous; perianth at
anthesis cleft to 43-2, not or but slightly collapsing on drying: valves 0.1-0.2 mm
thick. Androecium subglobose or depressed-globose, 0.8-1.0 x 1.0-1.2 mm, top
broadly rounded, circular in transverse section; anthers 7-9, almost completely
sessile, incurved at the apex; central column broad and solid without an apical
cavity Or minute, or rarely (see note) rather broad and shallow, 0-0.4 mm deep,
sometimes with a short protuberance; androphore rather slender and distinct, c.
0.3-0.4 mm long. Female perianth (only known from very young fruit) c. 3 mm
long, 3-or 4 valved, glabrous; ovary glabrous. Fruits 2-4 per infructescence, ellip-
soid, top (narrowly) rounded, base rounded, 3.0-5.5 x 2.5-4.5 cm, glabrous, drying
blackish, finely granulate and sometimes + tuberculate, pericarp (4-)5-15(-20) mm
thick; perianth not persisting under the fruit; stalk 5-7 mm long.
Distribution. Peninsular Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, Sumatra.
THAILAND. Peninsular: (Phusomsaeng 411) Fl. Thailand 40961.
MALAYA (Perak, Kelantan, Selangor, Trengganu, Pahang, Negri Sembilan, Johore): FRI 0609,
3530, 7819, 7982, 8346, 8909, 14412, 14463, 14500, 14750, 25024; KEP 76635, 80805, 94284, 94991,
108878, 110378, 110406; Shah & Noor MS. 1760; SFN (Sinclair) 4015S.
SINGAPORE. Ridley s.n.; Sinclair sen. (L)
SUMATRA. Riau: Soepadmo 186; Jambi: Roos & Franken 1936.
i Nitti ae
New account of Horsfieldia 3 195
Ecology. Primary and secondary dryland forest, also in periodically inundated
forest; mainly on sandy soil, sandy loam soil, sandstone; 0-350 m alt. Flowers in
March, August; fruits mainly May to July.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Erect tree with clear bole, bole once recorded as + tapering, once
recorded to have buttresses to | ft. Bark brown to blackish-brown, shallowly
fissured or usually thinly flaking. Inner bark fibrous, pale reddish; copious watery
or sticky pink-red juice; slash wood pale, cream to pale pink-brown, red-flecked.
Fruits recorded as large, up to 11 cm with thick fleshy pericarp; seeds relatively
small, up to 5 cm long; fresh pericarp yellow to orange red, often flushed pink,
smooth, waxy, shining.
2. Sinclair recognized the present species as a distinct species under the name H.
sucosa. Unfortunately, the lectotype-specimens, chosen by Sinclair, belong to the
species treated by Sinclair under the name H. bracteosa, the latter thus being a later
synonym of H. sucosa. The other specimens of King’s syntype of H. sucosa belong
to yet other species, as pointed out by Sinclair (1958, p. 418). Our present species,
hence, has to be given a new name, with a new type-specimen.
3. Dry fruits reach c. 5.5 cm; according to the field labels the fruits may reach up
to 11 cm, with thick fleshy-juicy pericarps, which obviously shrink a lot on drying.
4. H. sparsa is well characterized from resembling species like H. sucosa and H.
pallidicaula by its stout whitish twigs, dispersed leaves with a rather chartaceous
consistency, the leaves sometimes being crowded towards the thickish and short
terminal leaf bud, the relatively long petioles; the inflorescences are nearly glab-
rous, the flowers 3- or 4-merous, the pedicels at base not or only indistinctly
articulate, the androecium is rather distinctly stalked (androphore) and generally
without an apical cavity. Only in Phusomsaeng 411, from Peninsular Thailand, is
the apical cavity in the androecium rather large, reminiscent of H. sucosa. The
fruits are large, with a particularly thick and fleshy pericarp; the perianth is not
persistent. H. sucosa has articulate pedicels; H. pallidicaula differs with its sessile
-androecium.
5. The epithet ‘sparsa’ alludes to the dispersed leaves, an uncommon feature in
Horsfieldia.
51. Horsfieldia triandra de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(51); 23
Folia elliptica ad oblonga, 5-9 cm longa. Flores masculi pubescentes. perianthio crasse-carnoso, 3-
valvato, in anthesi usque ad c. % diviso, androecio + turbinato, c. 1.5 mm longo, antheris 3, pro
majore parte sessilibus, c. 0.6 mm longis. — Type: Sumatra, Forbes 2465 (L).
Tree-height unknown. Twigs terete or subterete, not or only faintly ridged,
towards the top 1.5-3(-4) mm diam., dark brown, early glabrescent, tomentum
rusty, with hairs c. 0.3-0.7 mm long, bark finely and lower down coarsely striate,
not flaking, lenticels small but conspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous to
thinly chartaceous, elliptic-oblong to oblong, broadest at or slightly below the
middle, 5-9 x 2-3.5 cm, base (short-) attenuate, top acute-acuminate with conspi-
cuous acumen 8-12 mm long; upper surface glabrous, drying dark olivaceous to
dark brown, lower surface brown, glabrous (early glabrescent), without blackish
~>
ea ee
em eS
eR ah
my r
te nh png Se My OTIS ee swt
BU ELE ee re a So ne
Ps
tune a teene ces
Sr Sawer
Fig. 23. Horsfieldia triandra de Wilde.
a. habit of leafy twig with male inflorescences, note leaf-like bracts, x 2; b. mature male
flower, X 6; c. ditto, longitudinally opened, showing thick-walled perianth, and androecium,
x 6; d. androecium, longitudinal section, schematic, x 6. — a-d from Forbes 2465.
dots; midrib raised above, glabrous; nerves 6-10 pairs, above flat or + sunken;
tertiary venation forming a lax network not or scarcely visible on both surfaces;
petioles 7-13 x 1.0-1.5 mm, early glabrescent; leaf bud c. 6-8 x 2 mm, densely rusty
pubescent with hairs 0.3-0.7 mm long. Inflorescences densely rusty pubescent with
hairs c. 0.3-0.4 mm, in C’: 1 or 2 times ramified; flowers not many (10-20 flowers
per inflorescence and in different stages of development) 3-5 x 1-2 cm, common
peduncle 3-10 mm long, flowers solitary or in loose clusters of 2-4 each; bracts
ellipsoid-oblong, pubescent, 2-3 mm long, caducous, and usually with one (rarely 2)
persistent subterminal bract, enlarged and resembling a small foliage leaf, 5-12 mm
long (see notes). Flowers 3-valved, perianth towards the apex glabrous, lower
down finely pubescent, pedicel pubescent with hairs 0.2-0.4 mm, inarticulate at
base. Male perianth + obconical-obovoid, the top broadly rounded or with a blunt
tip, base tapering, c. 2.5 x 2.5 mm, glabrous in the upper half, pubescent with hairs
0.2-0.4 mm long towards the base; pedicel 3-4 mm long, slender; perianth at
anthesis cleft for only c. %-%, not collapsing on drying, valves at apex c. 0.2,
towards the base c. 0.4 mm thick, + clasping the anthers, at anthesis hardly
196
New account of Horsfieldia 3 197
opening, the basal part of perianth thick-walled, 0.8-1.0 mm thick. Androecium
incl. androphore + turbinate, 1.5-1.7 x 0.6-0.8 mm, subcircular in transverse
section; anthers 3 (6 thecae), acutish, suberect, subsessile, 0.6-0.7 mm long, the
apical c. 0.3 mm mutually free; androphore + obconical, tapering, c. 1.0 xX
0.6-0.7(-0.8) mm, above continuing into the column. Female flowers and fruits not
seen.
Distribution. C. and S. Sumatra.
SUMATRA. Central (West Coast): b.b. 6479 — South (exact locality not known): Forbes 2465.
Ecology. Not known; the sterile collection b.b. 6479 collected at c. 1000 m alt.
NOTES
I. Forbes 2465, from Sumatra and without field data, is the only one which is
fertile. Sinclair identified it at first as Pygeum (now Prunus), others as possibly
Platea and finally as a Horsfieldia species.
The mature male perianths deviate from most Horsfieldias by the obconical
shape and the thick-leathery texture, the perianth opening only slightly at the very
top, and the turbinate androecium with only 3 anthers at the top, which are clasped
by the perianth-valves before anthesis.
These flowers look as if they might be diseased, but on opening I found flowers
and androecia normal. The rather few-flowered inflorescences, which bear one or
two leaf-like enlarged bracts in the apical portion also look aberrant, but no trace of
disease can be found. Enlarged leaf-like bracts in the inflorescences are occasional-
ly found in the inflorescences of other species, e.g., in H. irya.
2. H. sterilis from Borneo, H. pulverulenta from new Guina, H. crux-melitensis
(to a lesser extent) and related species from new Guinea have a 2-valved perianth
and the following combination of characters, i.e., flowers with a perianth equally
thick-leathery, similarly the opening limited to the top of the perianth, and the
androecium having a “reduced number”’ of stamens.
3. A second specimen, b.b. 6279, from W. Central Sumatra, at c. 1000 m, is
sterile. Sinclair determined it as H. ridleyana.
52. Horsfieldia tristis de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1B(52)
Folia membranacea ad chartacea, in sicco tristia, gemmis tomento minus quam 0.1 mm longis. Cortex
ramulorum pallide brunneus, striati, + delapsus. Perianthium masculum late ellipsoideum, c. 3 mm
longum, 3-valvatum, in anthesi usque ad 5-4 diviso; androecio longiore quam latiore, antheris 12-20.
— Type: Sarawak, Lai Shak Teck S. 37470 (L; iso: K; KEP, MO, SAN, S, n.v.).
Tree 10-15 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards the top 3-5(-7) mm diam., early
glabrescent, tomentum greyish to rusty, with hairs c. 0.1 mm long or less, bark
lower down rather bright brown to yellowish, coarsely striate with a tendency of
cracking longitudinally or flaking; lenticels smallish, conspicuous or not. Leaves in
2 rows, membranous to thinly chartaceous, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, broadest
at or slightly above the middle, or + parallel-sided, 14-32 x 4-8.5 cm, base
198 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; above drying dull and to a finely wrinkled or
granulate structure, dark olivaceous or olivaceous-brown, lower surface glabrous,
olivaceous-brown, without blackish-brown dots; midrib flat or slightly raised
above, glabrous; nerves 11-17 pairs, above flat or slightly raised or sunken, the
marginal arches indistinct or invisible; tertiary venation forming a + lax network,
inconspicuous or invisible; petioles 6-12 x 2.0-5 mm, glabrous; leaf bud slender,
10-15 x 1.5-2.5 mm, densely greyish to dull-brown pubescent with hairs up toc. 0.1
mm long. Inflorescences glabrous or with a few scattered minute hairs up to c. 0.1
mm, in CO: c. 3 times ramified, rather many-flowered, 5-12 X 3.5-7 cm, common
peduncle 7-25 mm long; @ inflorescences (in fruit): c. 2-3 cm long, once or twice
ramified. Flowers (C’) in loose clusters 2-5 each, 3- (or 4-)valved, perianth glabrous;
pedicel glabrous, at base not articulate; bracts not seen, caducous. Male perianth
obovoid-ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 2.8-3.7 « 2.0-3.0 mm, top broadly rounded,
based rounded to short-tapering; pedicel 1.5-5 mm long, slender and well marked
off from the perianth; perianth at anthesis cleft to “5-4 (to nearly 3); valves
0.2-0.4 mm thick. Androecium obovoid-ellipsoid, top broadly rounded or + de-
pressed, in transverse section subcircular or bluntly 3- or 4-angular, 2.0-2.7 x
1.5-2.0 mm; anthers 12-20, mutually appressed, almost completely sessile with free
apices O0-0.1(-0.2) mm long, column broad and solid with a rather broad apical
cavity, 0.5-0.8 mm deep, sometimes with a broad and flat base, almost completely
concealed by the overcurved anthers; androphore narrow, 0.2-0.3 mm long, largely
hidden by the anther-bases. Female flowers not seen. Fruits 4-8 per infructescence,
ellipsoid, top subacute, base rounded, c. 1.5 X 1.2 cm, glabrous, drying blackish,
without lenticels or tubercles, pericarp c. 1.5 mm thick; stalk 1-2 mm long; perianth
not persisting.
Distribution. Sumatra (E. Coast of Tapanuli), Lingga Arch. (Singkep Isl.),
Borneo (Sarawak, S. Kalimantan).
SUMATRA: Rahmat si Toroes 5486 — Lingga (Sinkep Isl.): Biinnemeyer 7100.
BORNEO. Sarawak (lst. Div.): (Haviland) Kalong 1949; (Lai Shak Teck) S 37470 — §. Kalimantan
(Sampit): Kostermans 8043.
Ecology. Forest on flat land; 0-100 m alt. Flowers in August and November,
fruits in September.
Vernacular names. Kajoe penara (Singkep Isl.); Kajoe darodong lomba (Tapa-
null).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Flowers yellowish, fragrant.
2. It seems closely related to H. fulva and allies of that on account of the similar,
elongate, male flowers, but in H. fulva the leaves dry brown instead of olivaceous,
the twigs brown, neither pale nor bright brown, the bark of the twigs does not tend
to crack longitudinally, the inflorescences are pubescent, and the pedicels articu-
late.
3. The plants have rather yellowish twigs and pale, olivaceous leaves, and give a
rather pale overall impression; twigs, leaves and inflorescences are almost com-
pletely glabrous. Specimens from Borneo were identified by Sinclair as H. carnosa,
the specimen from Singkep Isl. as H. glabra (see note 4), that from Sumatra as H.
irya.
New account of Horsfieldia 3 199
4. The one from Singkep Isl., Bunnemeyer 7100, somewhat deviates by the
relatively thin leaves, their upper surface not very distinctly dull and wrinkled and
by the rather broadly ellipsoid, almost subglobose, male perianths; its androecium
has a very broad apical cavity with a broad, almost flat base.
53. Horsfieldia fulva (King) Warb. Fig. 1B(53)
Myristica fulva King. Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 297, pl. 124 — Horsfieldia fulva (King)
Warb.,. Mon. Mynist. (1897) 297: Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 396, fig. 37; 28 (1975) 33. —
Syntype: Maingay 1304 (2426) (CAL, n.v.; iso: K), Scortechini 184 a (CAL, n.v.; iso: BM, K. L: G.
n.v.).
Tree 10-20 m. Twigs terete, towards the apex 3-5(-10) mm diam., rather late-
glabrescent, tomentum dense, of short-dendroid hairs 0.2-0.3 mm long, lower down
with the bark grey or grey-brown, finely to hardly striate; lenticels usually many, not
very conspicuous; bark on older twigs not flaking. Leaves in 2 rows, chartaceous to
coriaceous, dull, elliptic-oblong to (obovate-) oblong, broadest at or somewhat
above the middle, 13-21 x 4-9.5 cm, base attenuate, top acute-acuminate to
bluntish; upper surface drying dull pale olivaceous to bright brown, glabrous, lower
surface pale brown, glabrous or with some persistent tomentum of hairs 0.2-0.3 mm
on and near the midrib and lateral nerves; without larger brown-blackish dots;
midrib above flattish or somewhat raised, early glabrescent; nerves 11-14(-18)
pairs, above flat to + sunken, the lateral arches regularly shaped, not distinct:
tertiary venation not or hardly visible on both surfaces; petioles 8-13 x 2.5-3.5 mm,
glabrous; leaf bud 10-15 x 2.5-3 mm, densely pubescent with hairs c. 0.2-0.3 mm.
Inflorescences situated generally behind the leaves, not very densely pubescent, the
hairs stellate-dendroid, 0.2-0.3 mm, in CG: c. 3 times ramified, rather many-
flowered, 3-10 x 2-6 cm, common peduncle 2-7 mm long; in 2: few-flowered, 1-2
cm long; bracts not seen, caducous. Flowers solitary or in loose clusters of up to 5
each, 3-valved, perianth and pedicel glabrous, the pedicels + articulated at base.
Male perianth ellipsoid or ellipsoid-obovoid, 3.0-4.0 x 2.0-2.5 mm, top rounded,
base + attenuate to rounded: pedicel 1-3 mm long, slender; perianth at anthesis
cleft to c. 45-44; valves 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium elongate-ellipsoid, above
truncate to rounded, sub-cylindrical to + 3-angular, 2.0-3.0 x 1.1-3 mm: anthers
10-12, almost entirely sessile, appressed, apices free up to 0.1 mm, the apex of the
column narrowly hollowed or cleft to c. 0.3 mm, androphore rather narrow, up to
0.1 mm long. Female perianth (according to Sinclair, 1959, p. 396): long-ellipsoid,
5-6 mm long, 3-valved; pedicel stout, c. 3 mm long; ovary 2.5.-3 mm long, glabrous,
stigma sessile, bi-lobed. Fruits up to 3 per infructescence, ovoid-ellipsoid, top
obtuse to acutish, base broadly rounded, 2.2-2.4(-3.0) x 1.6-2.0(-2.5) cm, glab-
rous, drying bright brown, without lenticels or warts, dry valves c. 3 mm thick; stalk
c. 3-5 mm long; perianth persisting under fruit (always?).
Distribution. Malaya (Perak, incl. Pulau Rumbia, Selangor, Negri Sembilan,
Malacca), Sumatra (Jambi Prov.).
MALAYA: FRI 16028, 16116, 25623, Kep. FN. 76031, 80627, 98837, 99334; Maingay (1304). 2426;
Scortechini 184a; (Sinclair) SING 40170.
SUMATRA: Jambi Prov. Roos & Franken T.F.B. 1510, 1526
Ecology. Lowland rain forest: undulating country, on ridges; 0-200 m. Flowers
and fruits throughout the year.
200 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Bark yellowish-brown, thin, shallowly fissured longitudinally but
not flaking; inner bark orange; wood white; sap watery, pale pink, not copious.
Flowers orange, fruits yellow.
2. Easily recognized by the dull parchment-like leaves when dry; the nerves
above are flat or somewhat sunken, and the tertiary venation is not or hardly
visible; it is one of the few species with a 3-valved perianth which is elongate and
rather large, 3 mm long or more. I agree with Sinclair that it must be closely related
to H. superba, which is larger in size in almost all aspects, and which has a generally
persistent pubescence on the lower leaf surface.
54. Horsfieldia superba (Hook. f. & Th.) Warb .....................0cc cena ee Fig. 1B(54)
Myristica superba Hook. f. & Th., Fl. Ind. (1855) 162; A. DC., Prod. 14, 1 (1856) 194; Miq., Fl. Ind.
Bat. 1 (2), 1 (1858) 62; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 (1886) 105; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3
(1891) 298, pl. 124 bis, 125 bis. — Horsfieldia superba (Hook. f. & Th.) Warb., Mon Myrist. (1897)
295; Corner, Wayside Trees Mal. 1 (ed. 1940 & 1952) 476; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 393,
fig. 36, pl. X B; 28 (1975) 141. — Type: Phillips s.n. (K; iso: LE. n.v.).
Tree 10-30 m. Twigs terete or sometimes faintly angular, stout, towards the apex
5-8(-13) mm diam., rather late-glabrescent, tomentum dense rusty, composed of
dendroid hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, lower down with the bark dark grey, finely striate,
lenticels usually many and conspicuous; bark on older twigs sometimes slightly
cracking and flaking. Leaves usually in 2, sometimes in 3 rows (see notes),
coriaceous, dull, elliptic-oblong to oblong, broadest usually at about the middle
(17-)25-40(-70) x (7.5-)10-18(-22) cm, base narrowly subcordate to short-
attenuate, top bluntish to acute-acuminate; upper surface drying dull with finely
wrinkled structures, olivaceous to grey-brown, glabrous or glabrescent (except
sometimes the midrib), lower surface with brown or bright brown rather sparse to
dense ‘“‘mealy” tomentum of dendroid hairs of mixed sizes, c. (0.3-)0.5-1.0 mm
long, usually with many or few emerged hairs to c. 1.5 mm long; no larger
brown-blackish dots present; midrib rather broad, flat above, pubescent or glabres-
cent; nerves 15-25(-30) pairs, above flat or sunken, the lateral arches fairly regular-
ly shaped, not very distinct above; tertiary venation not or hardly visible on both
surfaces, petiole 6-15 x 5-7 mm, rather late glabrescent; leaf bud 20-30 x 5-10 mm,
densely pubescent by hairs 0.5-1.5 mm long. Inflorescences behind the leaves,
moderately densely + woolly pubescent with rather long-branched yellowish-
brown dendroid hairs c. 0.5-1.0 mm long; in CG’: rather many-flowered, 2 or 3 times
ramified, 7-15 x 2.5-10 cm, common peduncle 10-15 mm; in 9: + few-flowered,
little branched, 2-5 cm long; bracts broadly ellipsoid, subacute-acuminate, up to 12
x 10 mm, densely pale brownish pubescent, caducous. Flowers (0) up toc. 5 ina
cluster, perianth 3- or 4-valved, glabrous, drying often with a grey-bluish tinge, the
pedicels slender, glabrous, at base inarticulate. Male perianth ellipsoid to obovoid-
ellipsoid, 6-7(-8) x 4-5 mm, top rounded, base rounded to short-attenuate, glab-
rous; pedicel 1.5-3.5(-5) mm; perianth at anthesis cleft to c. 4-4; valves c 0.4 mm
thick. Androecium elongate-ellipsoid, subtruncate above, the apex sterile (i.e., not
bearing anthers) for c. 0.5 mm (always?), with a shallow tri-radiate crack, base
subtruncate, subcylindrical to 3-angular in transverse section, c. (4.0-) 4.5-5 x
2.2-2.5 mm; anthers 16-20, completely sessile, mutually appressed; androphore
rather narrow, 0.1-0.4 mm long. Female perianth ellipsoid, c. 7.0-8.0 x 4.5 mm,
glabrous, cleft at anthesis to c. 5, valves rather coriaceous, c. 0.5 mm thick; pedicel
stout, 2-3.5 mm long, glabrous; ovary ovoid, slightly laterally compressed, c. 4-4.5
New account of Horsfieldia 3 201
x 3.0 mm, glabrous, stigma shallowly 2-lobed, broad, c. 0.5 X 1.5 mm. Fruits 1-3
per infructescence, broadly ovoid-ellipsoid, top and base rounded, c. 3.8-5.5 xX
2.8-4.5 cm, glabrous, drying dark brown, often + coarsely warty and wrinkled,
valves + fleshy, when dry 8-12 mm thick; stalk stout, c. 3-6 mm long; perianth-parts
persistent under the fruit.
Distribution. Malaya (all states except three), Singapore, Sumatra (Central-
West).
MALAYA. Ahmat F.M.S. 4867; Curtis 2966; FRI 0739, 4511, 5416, 10512, 16040, 17076, 25695;
Hervey s.n; Holmberg 2100; Kadim & Noor 364; Kep FN 70473, 80618, 93151, 94998, 98192, 109000;
King’s Coll. 8024; Phillips s.n.; Ridley 10526; Scortechini s.n.; Shah & Noor MS 1894; SFN. 28703,
40496, 40570; Soepadmo 758; Zainudin & Kasim 01687.
SINGAPORE. SFN (SING) 36141, 40047, 40174, 40688.
SUMATRA. b.b. 23701; Koorders 10383.
Ecology. Forest on alluvial soils, undulating country, also in swampy forest;
0-400 m alt. Flowers visited by bees (Whitmore FRI 4511). Flowers August to
October, most fruits collected May to August.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Bole straight. Bark longitudinally fissured or distantly dippled or
cracked. Bark slash brittle, gritty; slash wood soft, white to yellowish. Leaves
glossy above, becoming dull with drying. Flowers bright yellow, smell unpleasant
or of ripe pears, visited by bees. Fruits globose, greenish-yellow, yellow, or orange.
2. Sinclair suggested (l.c., p. 141) to place the present species together with the
much related H. fulva in a separate series of their own, mainly on account of the
oblong staminal column and the oblong or obovoid male perianth.
3. I have not seen the collection Koorders 10383, in BO, from Central Sumatra.
The specimen b.b. 23701, from Sumatra, West Coast, at 400 m, is sterile, and has
the leaves in 3 rows. Apparently this is the top of a robust erect-growing orthrotro-
pic sterile shoot. However, in Whitmore FRI 4511 (Malaya), fertile male-flowering,
the leaves are — possibly by way of exception — arranged in 3 rows, and evidently
not distichous as in the remainder of the material.
4. Sterile specimens of Gymnacranthera bancana, also with a stout habit and
tomentum remaining on the twig apex and the lower leaf surface, may be confused
with the present species. However, in the former the hairs of the tomentum are
much more interwoven forming a thin felty mat, whereas in H. superba the leat
undersurface is covered with harsh, stellate-dendroid hairs.
5. The fruits are recorded by Sinclair (1958, p. 395) as being as large as 7-9 X
5.5-6.8 cm, and at first covered with harsh rusty scurf, becoming glabrous. In the
material at my disposal the fruits are all smaller and glabrous, consistent with the
glabrous ovary, and I assume that Sinclair’s description was probably based on a
mixture of species.
55. Horsfieldia sessilifolia de Wilde, sp. nov
Horsfieldia species H. sylvestris similis, ab ea differt folius maioribus, c. 50 x 14 cm, dense breviter
202 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
tomentosis ad folia paginam inferiorem, petiolo brevissimo ac lato, usque ad c. 3 mm longo,
perianthio 3-valvato, usque ad diviso, ovario subglabro. — Type: Turkey bin Tran S 27808 (L; iso:
K, SING, Silvic. Sibu, n.v.).
Tree c. 30 m. Twigs terete, stout, towards the apex c. 8-10(-20) mm diam.; twig
apex (and leaf bud) not seen; bark lower down glabrous, finely striate and rather
densely set with conspicuous lenticels. Leaves arranged in 2 rows, chartaceous,
oblong-lanceolate, + parallel-sided, c. 50 x 14 cm, base broadly rounded to
subcordate, top acute-acuminate; upper surface drying dark brown, glabrous,
lower surface finely bright-brown pubescent with densely interwoven hairs c.
0.1(-0.3) mm; without dark brown dots; midrib above flattish; nerves c. 30(-35)
pairs, above flat or slightly sunken, beneath with distinct submarginal arches;
tertiary venation forming a coarse network, indistinct, on the lower leaf surface and
largely hidden by the tomentum; petiole short, c. 2-3 X 8 mm, or leaves sessile; leaf
bud not seen. Inflorescences only known in Q: c. 3 times ramified, c. 4-5 X 3.5 cm,
rather many-flowered; branches rather densely rusty woolly-pubescent with hairs c.
0.3-0.5 mm; common peduncle c. | X 0.8 cm; bracts oblong-lanceolate, c. 1 cm
long, inside subglabrous, outside pubescent as the inflorescence, caducous. Flowers
in Q in clusters of 2-5 each; perianths 3-valved, minutely pubescent in the lower
half. Male perianth not seen. Female perianth obovoid-ellipsoid, stout, c. 4.5-5.0 x
4.0-4.5 mm, coriaceous, pubescent with hairs c. 0.1 mm in the lower half, cleft at
anthesis to c. ¥s-Y10 only, valves c. 0.5 mm thick; pedicel stout, c. 1 mm long,
minutely pubescent; ovary ovoid, c. 2.5 X 2.5 mm, subglabrous, with a few minute
hairs, only on and near the base of the suture, whitish, less than 0.1 mm long;
stigma broadly 2-lipped, c. 0.2-0.3 x 1.5 mm, not or only faintly lobed. Fruits not
seen.
Distribution. Borneo. Sarawak: Sibu district (3rd Div.), known only from the
type from Sg. Tutus, Loba Kabang (S) P.F., Batang Igan.
Ecology. Lowland mixed swamp forest, apparently under 100 m alt. Flowers in
June.
Vernacular name. Kumpang tembaga.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Recorded as a tree 100 ft. tall, 42 ins. girth, with stilt roots.
2. The specimen on which the new species is based is reminiscent of some other
stout-leaved Horsfieldias, viz. H. sylvestris from SE. Malesia, and to a lesser extent
of H. splendida (Borneo), H. superba (Malaya, Sumatra), or H. pulcherrima
(Sumatra), but the present new species is distinct in its almost sessile leaves and the
densely short-pubescent lower leaf surface. H. sylvestris is generally less stout; it
has similarly subsessile (but narrower) leaves and 2-valved perianths. The other
mentioned stout-leaved species all have the leaves distinctly petioled.
3. The specimen was collected in June, 1971, i.e., after Sinclair’s work was
published. In the absence of male flowers, Mr. J. Koster (Koster & Baas, 1981)
investigated the leaf anatomy and confirmed the identity of the specimen as being a
Horsfieldia.
New account of Horsfieldia 3 203
56. Horsfieldia grandis (Hook. f.) Warb. Fig. 1C(56)
Myristica grandis Hook. f., Trans. Linn. Soc. 23 (1860) 157 — Horsfieldia grandis (Hook. f.) Warb.,
Mon. Myrist. (1897) 301; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 400, f. 39; 28 (1975) 48. — Type:
Sabah, Low s.n. (K).
Myristica rubiginosa King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 302, pl. 130 — Type: Singapore, King’s
Goll 1233 (CAL, nwi31s0:-K;.L),
Tree 6-25 m. Twigs stoutish, terete, towards the top (3-)4-10 mm diam., late-
glabrescent, tomentum dense, harsh, with hairs c. 1.0-1.5 mm long; bark of twigs
lower down rather coarsely striate, when older longitudinally and sometimes slight-
ly transversely cracking, hence slightly flaking; lenticels often present, somewhat
elongate, not conspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous or chartaceous, some-
what bullate, elliptic-oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, broadest usually somewhat
above the middle, 12-40 x 5.20 cm, base + attenuate to subcordate, top acute or
acute-acuminate; upper surface drying olivaceous to dark brown, minutely paler
pustulate, largely with harsh, persistent tomentum of rather distant hairs, some-
times glabrescent, but always scabrous from harsh, persistent hair-bases, lower
surface with persistent tomentum of dense to rather distant hairs c. 1.0-2.0 mm
long, harsh-woolly to the touch; without brown dots; midrib above usually densely
pubescent, somewhat raised; nerves (8-)10-16(-19) pairs, above flattish or usually
sunk, the marginal arches distinct; tertiary venation forming a lax network, well
visible on both surfaces especially the lower; petiole 6-15 x 2.5-6 mm, densely
pubescent; leaf bud short-conical, densely pubescent, 7-15 mm long. Inflorescences
densely pubescent, hairs yellow-rusty, 1.5-3.0 mm long, in C’: many-flowered, 3 or
4 times ramified, usually rather lax, c. 6-25 X 2.5-10(-15) cm, common peduncle up
to 12 mm long; 9 inflorescences 1.5-5 cm long, the flowers often of different age
and size; bracts generally oblong to lanceolate-linear, (1.0) 3-12 mm long, caduous.
Flowers 3- or 4-valved, glabrous, solitary or usually in loose clusters, often aggre-
gated into compound clusters corresponding to the main ramifications of the
inflorescences; pedicels slender, glabrous, at base inarticulate. Male perianth glo-
bose or depressed-globose, 1.2-1.8(-2.0) mm diam, at apex rounded or broadly
rounded, base rounded; pedicel (0.5-)1-2 mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to c.
’2 to nearly 2-way, valves c. 0.2 mm thick. Androecium depressed globose, not
laterally compressed, apex broadly rounded to depressed, c. 0.5-1.0 x 0.8-1.5 mm;
anthers 8-10, almost completely sessile, incurved towards the top, column broad,
solid, hollow c. 0.2 mm deep; androphore rather narrow, 0.2-0.4 mm long. Female
perianth subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 2.0-3.2 x 2.0-2.8 mm, cleft at anthesis to
c. 44-3, valves 0.2-0.3 mm thick; pedicel 0.3-0.5 mm long, glabrous except some-
times with a few hairs at the base; ovary globose to broadly ellipsoid, c. 1.5-2.0 x
1.5-1.8 mm, glabrous, stigma sessile, faintly 2-lobed, c. 0.2 mm high. Fruits 2-10
per infructescence, + clustered, obovoid-ellipsoid, top rounded 1.0-1.4 x 0.8-1.1
cm, glabrous, valves c. 1.5 mm thick, drying dark brown or reddish brown, without
distinct lenticels, not warted; seed almost globose, 8-10 mm diam.; stalk c. 1 mm
long; perianth persistent.
Distribution. Sumatra (Palembang; Riouw, n.v.), Malaya (Pahang, Johore),
Singapore, Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, E. Kalimantan).
MALAYA. Pahang: Chew Wee-lek & Noor, CWL 261 — Johore: FRI 8699, 17135; Holttum 9304;
Ridley 4827; SFN 36831; Shah, Noor & Shukor MS 2060; Sinclair 10602.
SINGAPORE. King’s Coll. 1233; Ridley 4133; Sinclair 9363.
SUMATRA. Palembang: Endert 44 — Riouw Arch.: Teysmann s.n. (not seen).
204 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
BORNEO. Sarawak: Hose 655; S 15006, 18940, 23057, 25486, 26257, 28966, 29189, 37731, 37952 —
Brunei: Ashton BRUN 64, 752, 3011; Fuchs & Muller 21160; Wyatt-Smith KFN. 80106: Sinclair &
Kadim 10455 — Sabah: Castro A 83; SAN A 1741, 3691, 17497, 36338, 36914, 44361, 44713, 48857
69297, 72199, 77512, 80921, 84636, 93684; Sinclair, Kadim, & Kapis 9249; Wood 9; Wood 1226 — E.
Kalimantan: Endert 5081; Jaheri 727; Korthals 92; Kostermans 7035, 7044.
Ecology. Primary and secondary forest, ridge forest; on sand and clay soil,
sandstone; 0-600 m alt. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.
Vernacular names. Kumpung (Malay, Iban name; Sarawak); Penarahan
(Brunei); Tjemanding (Sumatra, Palembang).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Slender tree, without buttresses; monopodial branches, branchlets
few, horizontal. Bark sometimes recorded as smooth, non-flaking, usually as
longitudinally fissured, or scaly, or flaky, or cracked; strips c. 1 mm thick, c. 1 cm
wide, hard and thin; inner bark c. 2-3 mm thick, slash rich red-brown, with reddish
watery exudate. Sapwood soft, whitish to yellowish pink, wood pale brown. Flow-
ers yellow, with faint odour. Fruits yellow-green, yellow or + orange, pericarp
inside pink; aril orange; seed pale grey.
2. Perianths are usually 4-, less frequently 3-valved. I think there are 8-10
anthers, but Sinclair says 13-15, the discrepancy is probably caused by the thecae
being tightly appressed and difficult to count.
3. The fruits are small, rather contrasting with the stout habit of twigs and
leaves. The perianth remains persistent under the maturing fruit.
4. The circumscription of the present species is the same as that by Sinclair. It
belongs apparently to the group of West-Malesian species with pubescent lower
leaf-surface, and is probably most closely related to H. flocculosa. H. grandis is
well-marked in many details and readily recognizable by the scabrous upper leat
surface which is caused by the harsh hair-bases.
57. Horsfieldia wallichii (Hook. f. & Th.) Warb. Fig; 1CCST)
Myristica wallichii Hook. f. & Th., Fl. Inc. (1855) 161 (p.p., Wall. Cat. 6806 being a mixture, see note
by Sinclair, loc. cit., p. 158); A. DC., Prod. 14, 1 (1856) 230; Miq., Fl. Ind Bat, 1 (2), 1 (1858) 67;
Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5 (1886) 105; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 303, pl. 132 & 133,
excl. syn. M. crassifolia Hook. f. & Th. — M. horsfieldia auct. non BI1.: Wall. Cat. (1832) 6806, p.p. —
Horsfieldia wallichii (Hook. f. & Th.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 305; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16
(1958) 405, fig. 41, pl, XI A; 28 (1975) 156 (p.p. excl., part of the Bornean material = H. borneensis)
— Syntype: Malacca, Griffith s.n. (K); Singapore, Wallich Cat, 6806, p.p. (CAL n.v.; K); Lobb s.n.
(K, n.v.).
Tree, 10-30 m. Twigs terete or drying somewhat flattened, usually conspicuously
hollow, towards apex 3-6(-9) mm diam., early to late-glabrescent from tomentum
of hairs c. 0.3-0.6 mm, bark lower down usually dark brown or blackish, coarsely
striate, with or without inconspicuous lenticels; bark on older twigs often longitudi-
nally fissured, sometimes flaking. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous to coriaceous,
ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, broadest usually at about the middle or some-
what parallel-sided, (14-)19-40 x (4-)4.5-12 cm, base rounded to short-attenuate,
New account of Horsfieldia 3 205
top subobtuse to acute-acuminate; upper surface drying olivaceous to blackish-
brown, glabrous (with minute tomentum remaining on the midrib or not); lower
surface late-glabrescent or tomentum locally persisting, of rather spaced to dense
dendroid hairs (0.3-)0.5-0.8 mm long, always provided with typical scattered
brown-black dots and stripes of irregular sizes; midrib above flat or slightly raised,
late glabrescent: nerves (12-1) 15-28 pairs, above very slender, flat or sunken;
tertiary venation forming a lax network, usually indistinct or invisible, petioles
relatively long, 15-35 x 2.5-4.5 mm, glabrescent; leaf bud c. 20-30 x 4-6 mm,
densely pubescent, hairs c. 0.3-0.6 mm. Inflorescences usually behind the leaves,
moderately to densely pubescent with stellate-dendroid hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, in
CO: large, many-flowered, 3 or 4 times ramified, 10-33 x 6-22 cm, common
peduncle 30-70 mm, in Q: stoutish, fewer-flowered, c. 3-7 cm long; bracts broadly
ovate, 3-10 mm long, densely woolly-pubescent, caducous. Flowers in CO’ in clusters
of 5-12, perianth 3-(or 4)-valved, glabrous, or in 9 glabrescent, pedicel short,
pubescent, at base inarticulate. Male perianth broadly obovoid, 2-2.5(-3.0) x
2.4-2.5 (-3.0) mm, top broadly rounded, base + attenuate, glabrous; pedicel short,
0.3-0.6 (-1.0) mm, pubescent with hairs 0.2-0.3 mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to
c. 43-*4; valves c. 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium broadly obovoid to subglobose,
above + depressed with a tri-radiate crack, based rounded to attenuate, faintly
3-angular in cross-section, 1.3-2.0 xX 1.5-2.0 mm; anthers (12?-)15-23, completely
connate, sessile and closely appressed, at apex rather deeply incurved into the
broad hollow c. 2-way deep in the column; androphore short and narrow, up to 0.3
mm long. Female perianth ovoid-ellipsoid, 2.5-4.0 x 2.0-3.5 mm, glabrescent from
hairs 0.1 mm, cleft at anthesis to c. ¥%, valves c. U.S mm thick; ovary ovoid to
subglobose, 2.0 x 2.0-2.5 mm, glabrous, stigma rather broad, faintly 2-lobed, c. 0.3
x 0.8 mm; pedicel stout, 0.5-1.5 mm long, densely pubescent by hairs 0.2-0.3 mm.
Fruits 2-9 per infructescence, ovoid-ellipsoid, top and base rounded, 4.0-6.0 x
3.0-4.5 cm, glabrous, drying dark brown, smooth or wrinkled, not or only faintly
warted, valves 10-15 mm thick; stalk stout, 4-6 mm long; perianth generally
persistent under the fruit.
Distribution. Malaya (all provinces except Perlis and Negri Sembilan), Singa-
pore, Sumatra (Aceh, Tapanuli, W. & E. Coast, Indragiri, Djambi, Palembang;
Simalur (Simeulué), Morsala, Mentawai Isl., Bangka), Borneo.
MALAYA. FRIO514, 2135, 4565, 6703, 13252, 14675, 14771, 17076; Kep. FN. 94671, 99010; Kunstler
(King’s Coll.) 4827; Maingay 2665; Scortechini 246a; SFN 40484; Sinclair 9984.
SINGAPORE. Maingay 1001, 1001A, 1283, 1284; SFN. 33556, 34439, 39486, 39487, 40216; Wallich
Cat. 6806.
SUMATRA. Achmad 251, 514, 675, 1219; b.b. T 944, 16382, 17452, 19346, 24049, 30033, 31758,
32146; Forbes 3048, 3078; Kostermans 205 (b.b. 34139), b.b. 34063, b.b. 34194; Kostermans & Anta 795,
845, 1068, 1194; Krukoff 4114; Mochtar 62A, 82A, 91A 97A; de Wilde & de Wilde-Duyfjes 18931.
BORNEO. psarawak: Haviland 2182 — Sabah: BNB For. Dept. 1682 — Kalimantan, West: b.b.
25505; E. and SE.: b.b. 16139, 21179; Forman 484; Kostermans 5651; Leighton 844; Hubert Winkler
2419.
Ecology. Lowland forest, on ‘red’ soil, granitic sand soil, loam soil with coral
limestone; ridge-top forest; 0-470m. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.
Vernacular names. Asem-asem (Bangka, Malay), Piangu, Pijangu (Bangka,
Malay); Satim, Soemarallah-falah, Soemarallah-oeding, Toetoen soemarallah deé-
lok (all Simeulué Isls.).
206 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Bole straight; crown dense, monopodial. Bark shallowly or deeply
longitudinally fissured, dark grey, not flaking. Bark c 1 cm. thick, slash under bark
bright red, pink, reddish brown, or deep red; slash wood whitish, pale or dirty
yellowish, light brown, brown or red-brown. Flower buds blue-green or yellow at
anthesis. Fruits glaucous, turning green-yellow, yellow, orange, orange-yellow, or
red; aril orange.
2. This species is identical with Sinclair’s circumscription of the species for the
Malay Peninsula (Sinclair, 1958), but if compared to Sinclair’s, 1975, the majority
of the specimens from Borneo should be excluded. These specimens are presently
described as a new species H. borneensis.
3. H. wallichii is, in the sterile state, always recognizable by the blackish dots
and stripes scattered on the lower leaf surface. Similar dots are only found in a few
other species, incl. H. borneensis, but the latter differs in general habit and the
male flowers; it has almost similar fruits.
H. wallichii in the sterile and fruiting state can also be confused with H. superba,
a large-leaved species, but this lacks the blackish markings on the lower leaf
surface. H. motleyi has also somewhat similar leaves, 1.e., drying dull above, and
with flat or sunken lateral nerves; apart from the difference in the flowers and
fruits, its lower leaf surface is not dotted.
58. Horsfieldia pulcherrima de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1C(58)
Ramuli robusti, tarde glabrescentes, pilis 1-1.5mm longis. Folia 24-36 cm longa, subtus pubescentia
atque munita punctis sordide brunneis non-traumaticis. Perianthium masculum depresso-globosum,
1-1.3 mm diam., 3-valvatum, glabrum, pedicello basi non-articulato. Androecium depresso-
globosum, 0.8-1.0 mm diam., anthers 12. — Type: Malaya, Cockburn FRI 8008 (L; iso: K).
Tree 7-27 m. Twigs stout, terete, towards apex 5-8(-14) mm diam., densely felty
to woolly pubescent with rusty or reddish brown hairs c. 1.0-1.5 mm, late glabres-
cent, bark coarsely striate, when older somewhat cracking and flaking; lenticels
only in the older wood, large, not contrasting in colour. Leaves in 2 rows, char-
taceous, elliptic-oblong to oblong, broadest usually at about the middle, (18-)24-36
x 8-14 cm, base rounded to attenuate, top acute-acuminate; upper surface drying
dull olivaceous brown to blackish brown, glabrous (glabrescent, and not scabrous),
lower surface with dense rusty or red-brown tomentum of mostly dendroid hairs
1.0-1.5 mm long and with scattered dark brown to blackish + wart-like marks (cork
warts); midrib above rather slender, late-glabrescent, flat; nerves 18-23 pairs,
above slender, flat to sunken, marginal arches not very distinct; tertiary venation
forming a rather lax network, usually faint or scarcely visible; petiole 15-25 x 5-7
mm, pubescent; leaf bud c. 25-30 x 7-9 mm, with hairs 1-1.5 mm long. Infloresc-
ences behind the leaves, densely woolly-pubescent with + shaggy hairs 0.5-1.5 mm
long, in &: 5-8 X 5 cm, many-flowered, 3 or 4 times ramified, common peduncle
2-10 mm long; in 9 a short, irregularly shaped, woody knob (as in some Knemas),
c. 1 cm long. Flowers subsolitary or in loose clusters of up to 15 each, 3-(or
4-)valved, glabrous; pedicels glabrous, at base inarticulate; bracts ovate-oblong,
acute, densely pubescent outside, 3-7 mm long, caduous. Male perianth somewhat
depressed-globose, c. 1.0 x 1.2-1.3(-1.4) mm, top + depressed or broadly rounded,
base rounded, pedicel 1-1.5 mm long, slender, not tapered; perianth at anthesis
New account of Horsfieldia 3 207
cleft to c. ¥% to nearly ¥2-way, valves c. 0.2 mm thick. Androecium depressed-
globose, above + depressed and with a 3-(or 4-)radiate crack, 0.5-0.6 x 0.8-1.0
mm; anthers 12 or 13 (c. 24 thecae), mutually closely pressed, completely sessile,
the apical parts overarching the apical hollow to c. ¥2-way deep; column broadly
saucer-shaped, androphore narrow, 0.1-0.2(-0.3) mm long, largely hidden by the
anthers. Female perianth (as known from caducous remnants under fruit): c. 3 mm
long, sparingly pubescent with hairs c. 0.3 mm long, at anthesis cleft to nearly
Ya-way, valves c. 0.3 mm thick. Ovary pubescent. Fruits in clusters of 1-3 per
infructescence, broadly ellipsoid to globose, c. 1.6-1.8 x 1.5-1.7 cm, densely shaggy
rusty pubescent with hairs c. 2 mm long, valves + woody, c. 1.5 mm thick, seed
broadly ellipsoid, c. 10 mm long, aril entire, completely enveloping the seed; stalk
0-1 mm; perianth not persistent.
Distribution. Malaya (Pahang, Johore), Sumatra (Jambi).
MALAYA: FRI 8008, 19881, 31807; Kep. 104997, 110369.
SUMATRA: Roos & Franken TFB 1983 (sterile).
Ecology. Lowland primary forest, swamp forest; 50-600 m alt.; apparently a rare
species. Flowers in March, fruits in June and September.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Slender tree, crown monopodial. Bole straight; bark grey-brown
to blackish, shallowly fissured, occasionally flaking. Inner bark red, laminated,
with some red exudate. Slash wood whitish to pale yellow, wood brown. Immature
flowers green. Fruits yellowish-brown hairy.
2. All the specimens of this remarkable and beautiful new species known to me
were collected after Sinclair’s revision of Horsfieldia. In sterile state the species
may be confused with H. superba, H. flocculosa, or H. wallichii, but its CO flowers
are quite different, rather resembling those of H. grandis. The species is peculiar
because of its smallish, subglobose, densely tomentose fruits. In all related species
the fruits (and ovary) are glabrous.
3. If sterile, H. pulcherrina may superficially resemble and be confused with the
stout-leaved Gymnacranthera bancana, but the latter has a different tomentum,
and lacks the blackish dots on the lower leaf surface.
59. Horsfieldia flocculosa (King) Warb. Fig. 1C(59)
Myristica flocculosa King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 302, pl. 131 — Horsfieldia flocculosa
(king) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 297; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 398, f. 38. — Type:
Malaya, Selangor, King’s Coll. 8618 (CAL, n.v.: iso: BM, K, L, P; B+, Fl, G, KEP. Z, n.v.).
Tree 10-28 m. Twigs stout, terete, towards the apex 6-10(-12) mm diam., densely
felty-woolly pubescent with yellow brown or pale brown hairs (1.0-) 1.5-2 mm, late
glabrescent, bark coarsely striate, soon longitudinally cracking, in older wood also
transversely cracking and + flaking; lenticels absent or indistinct. Leaves in 2 rows,
chartaceous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, broadest at about the middle, 18-40(-45)
x 6-13(-18) cm, base broadly to narrowly rounded or subcordate, tip acute-
acuminate; upper surface drying usually olivaceous to (light) brown, finely pustu-
208 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
late and wrinkled, glabrous, not scabrous, lower surface with dense perisistent
woolly tomentum of hairs 1.5-2 mm long, without blackish dots; midrib flat above;
nerves 15-20 pairs, above sunken, marginal arches rather distinct and regularly
shaped; tertiary venation forming a lax network, + faint above, on lower surface
much obscured by the tomentum; petiole 7-14(-20) x 5-7 mm, densely pubescent;
leaf bud stout, 10-15 mm long. Inflorescences behind the leaves, densely woolly-
pubescent, in CO’: rather stout, many-flowered, 3 or 4 times ramified, (8-) 12-20 x
5-14 cm, common peduncle stout, 3-5 mm diam., 1-10 mm long; in Q: little
ramified, 1.5-3 cm long, rather few-flowered. Flowers solitary or 2-3(-4) together,
generally not clustered, glabrous, (3- or) 4-valved in CO’, (2- or) 3-valved in Q;
pedicels at base inarticulate, glabrous; bracts ovate to lanceolate, densely pubes-
cent, 5-20 mm long, caducous. Male perianths broadly ellipsoid to obovoid, or
sometimes subglobose, not or slightly laterally compressed, (2.0-) 2.2-3.0 X 2.0-2.7
mm, top broadly rounded, base rounded, pedicel slender, not tapered, (1.5-)3.0-
4.0 mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to “%-%4, valves c. 0.2 mm thick.
Androecium + ellipsoid or broadly obovoid, subtruncate, c. 1.2-1.5(-2.0) x 1.0-
1.3(-1.5) mm, not or only little laterally compressed, base broadly rounded, often
faintly 4-angular in transverse section; anthers 10-13 entirely sessile, (not? septate),
the apices slightly curved into the shallow hollow, c. 0.2-0.3 mm deep in the apex of
the broad and solid column; androphore short, c. 0.1 X 0.4 mm, usually hidden by
the slightly sagged anthers. Female perianth broadly ellipsoid, c. 3.5 x 3.0 mm,
cleft at anthesis to c. %-'5, valves c. 0.4-0.5 mm thick; pedicel stoutish, c. 2 mm
long, glabrous; ovary broadly ovoid, c. 1.8 X 2.0 mm, glabrous except for a few
minute hairs (always?) on the suture below the stigma, stigma minute, faintly
2-lobed, c. 0.3 mm long. Fruits (almost mature, according to Sinclair) subglobose
to slightly ellipsoid, glabrous, c. 3.0 x 2.5 cm, pericarp c. 5 mm thick; stalk 5 mm
long; perianth (at first) persistent.
Distribution. Malaya: Only seen from Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Pahang and
Johore.
MALAYA. (Whitmore) FRI 0048; Hassan & Kadim H. 98; Kep. 104653, 110225, 77746; King’s Coll.
8618; SFN 16394, 32314.
Ecology. Lowland rain forest, also swampy forest, regenerated forest; 0-300 m
alt. Flowers mainly February-June.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Buttresses absent. Bark distantly superficially fissured, blackish
brown; inner bark pinkish brown, laminated; sapwood whitish. Exudate watery,
red. Young leaves flocculose. Margins of leaves slightly revolute when dry. Leaves
somewhat bullate, thickish, shiny medium green above, golden below. Flowers
yellow, or waxy light yellow. The perianths are described by Sinclair (1958, p. 400)
as ‘covered with circles which are hyaline in the centre and brown round the
circumference’.
2. Apparently much related to H. superba, H. fulva (the flowers + similarly
shaped as the ©’), and also to the group of H. grandis, and others but is disting-
uished by many characters. The species is presently accepted in the same sense as
by Sinclair and earlier authors.
New account of Horsfieldia 3 209
60. Horsfieldia motleyi Warb. Fig. 1C(60)
Horsfieldia motleyi Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 304; Merr., En. Born. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. spec.
number (1921) 268; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 81 — Myristica motleyi (Warb.) Boerl.,
Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1900) 85. — Type: SE. Borneo, Banjermasin, Motley 355 (K, iso. CGE, n.v.).
Horsfieldia macrobotrys Merr., Pl. Elm. Born. in Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 76 — Type: Sabah,
Tawau, Elmer 21882 (PNH, 7; iso: BM, K, L; BO, SING, and others not seen).
Tree 12-35 m. Twigs terete, towards the apex (2.5-)3-5(-10) mm diam., late-
glabrescent from dense rusty tomentum of hairs c. 0.5(-1.0) mm, bark lower down
finely striate; lenticels not conspicuous; bark of older twigs not flaking. Leaves in 2
rows, membranous, not bullate, elliptic to oblong, broadest usually at about the
middle, 9-27 x 4-12 cm, base rounded to attenuate, top obtusish to acute-
acuminate; upper surface drying dull dark-olivaceous to greenish brown, glabrous,
lower surface with persistent rather dense tomentum of stellate-dendroid hairs of
mixed size, c. 0.3-1.0 mm long, without larger blackish dots; midrib flattish above,
sometimes late-glabrescent; nerves 9-21 pairs, slender above, often late-
glabrescent, flat or usually sunken, the lateral arches not very distinct; tertiary
venation forming a lax network, faint above; petioles 13-22 x 1.5-4 mm, rather
late-glabrescent; leaf bud c. 15-20 x 3-4 mm, densely pubescent by hairs c. 0.5 mm
long. Inflorescences densely pubescent with stellate-dendroid yellow-brown to
rusty hairs c. 0.5-1.0 mm long, in C&’: 4 or 5 times ramified, many-flowered, 12-20 x
10-14 cm, common peduncle 20-40 mm, the flowers before maturity often densely
clustered and in submature buds often + angular; in 2: much ramified, rather
many-flowered, 3-6(-10) cm long; bracts densely pubescent, broadly ellipsoid,
acutish, 2-5 mm long. Flowers in clusters of 5-20, 3-valved, perianth and pedicel
pubescent by hairs 0.1-0.3 mm, the pedicels slender, at base inarticulate. Male
perianth subglobose or broadly obovoid, 0.8-1.0 x 0.7-1.0(-1.1) mm, top broadly
rounded, base rounded, pubescent or late-glabrescent; pedicel slender, 1-1.5 mm
long; perianth at anthesis cleft to c. half-way; valves c. 0.1 mm thick. Androecium
(incl. androphore) broadly obovoid, above somewhat flattish and depressed in the
centre, sub-circular in transverse section, 0.5-0.7 x (0.3-)0.5-0..6 mm; anthers 5,
almost completely sessile, towards the top not or hardly incurved, 0.25-0.4 mm
long; column broad, solid except for the shallow, broad, apical hollow to c. “10;
androphore conspicuous, about as long as the anthers, broad, tapering, c. 0.2-0.3
mm long, continuous with the anthers. Female perianth ellipsoid, c. 2.4 x 1.8-2.0
mm, pubescent, cleft at anthesis to c.%4-%, valves c. 0.2 mm thick; pedicel c. 1.5
mm long; ovary broadly ellipsoid, 1.5 x 1.2 mm, top and base broadly rounded,
conspicuously grooved at one side, glabrous, stigma broad, shallowly 2-lobed, c.
0.2 mm high. Fruits 5-15 per infructescence, broadly ellipsoid, top and base
rounded, 1.9-2.3 x 1.6-1.8 cm, glabrous, drying brown, without lenticel-like wart-
lets, dry valves c. 2 mm thick; stalk 2-4 mm long; perianth not persistent under
mature fruit.
Distribution. Whole of Borneo: Sarawak, Sabah, W., S., SE. and E. Kali-
mantan.
BORNEO. Sarawak: S (Chai) 36774, (Martin) 37945 — Sabah: Elmer 12882; San. 19007, 27443,
29966, 77428 — Kalimantan, West: Hallier 347 — South: Kostermans 8117 — SE.: b.b. 18449, 26178;
Korthals (39); Motley 355 — East: Kostermans 4864, 6859, 10428.
Ecology. Primary forest, disturbed forest, poor forest, Dryobalanops forest, or
hill Dipterocarp forest, usually on dry sandy soils, sandy clay, also loam with lime;
often on ridge tops; 0-600 m alt. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.
210 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Bole sometimes with steep buttresses to 5 m high, c. 30 cm out, c.
9 cm thick, merging into the stem. Bark usually distinctly fissured, often scaly,
strips 3-4 cm wide, to c. 10 mm thick, dark brown, black-brown, chocolate, or
red-brown; living bark 10-12 mm thick, undulate in cross section, dark brown, or
brown-red, inner bark red-laminated; cambium pinkish. Sapwood whitish, reddish
white, heartwood reddish or pinkish or brown; exudate of bark a red watery
latex, sometimes recorded as sticky, appearing fast. Flowers (dark) yellow. Fruits
orange-red, with sticky exudate; aril reddish.
2. In Sinclair’s conception this species contains a number of specimens which are
in the present revision regarded as a different species, H. affinis. The latter differs
in many characters, such as the pedicel being articulate at base, a differently shaped
androecium, a larger glabrous perianth, a different tomentum on the lower leaf
surface, the perianth being persistent under the fruit, etc.
3. H. motleyi, especially in a young stage, may be confused with Endocomia
rufirachis, formerly Horsfieldia macrocoma var. rufirachis, a species also with
pubescent flowers.
61. Horsfieldia tomentosa Warb. Fig. 1C(61)
Horsfieldia tomentosa Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 302; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 403, fig. 40;
28 (1975) 149 — Myristica tomentosa Hook. f. & Th., Fl. Ind. (1855) 161, nom. illeg., not of Thunberg
(1782); A. DC., Prod. 14, 1 (1856) 204; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 (2), 1 (1858) 68; Hook. f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5
(1886) 105; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 301, pl. 129 — Type: Wallich Cat. 9025
(‘“‘Myristicea?’’) (K-Wall.; iso: K, BM; CAL, G, SING, n.v.).
Tree 5-20(-40) m. Twigs terete, towards apex 2-5(-10)) mm diam., late-
grabescent from dense, rusty tomentum of woolly hairs c. 1.0-1.5 mm, bark of older
twigs striate, not flaking; lenticels usually abundant, rather conspicuous. Leaves in
2 rows, membranous, elliptic or obovate to oblong-lanceolate, broadest at + or
slightly above the middle, 9-27 x 4-10(-12) cm, base nearly rounded to attenuate,
tip acute-acuminate; upper surface drying brown, faintly minutely pustulate or not,
glabrous or glabrescent, lower surface with persistent tomentum of dense dendroid
hairs all of about the same size, c. 0.1-0.8 mm long, without blackish larger dots;
midrib above flattish, glabrescent; nerves 7-15 pairs, flattish or sunk above, the
marginal arches on lower surface rather distinct, rather regular of shape; tertiary
venation forming a lax network usually indistinct or invisible above; petiole 10-18 x
1.5-3 mm, densely pubescent; leaf bud narrowly ovoid-ellipsoid, c. 1-1.5 cm long,
densely pubescent with hairs c. 1.5 mm. Inflorescences densely pubescent with
woolly hairs 1.5-2.0 mm long, in CG’: rather many-flowered, 3 or 4 times ramified,
3-12 x 1.5-7 cm, common peduncle 3-23 mm; in 9: + few-flowered, 2-6 cm long;
bracts elliptic, densely woolly pubescent, 2-4 mm long, caducous. Flowers in small
fascicles, 3-(or 4- or 5-) valved, glabrous; pedicels slender, at base not articulated,
in O glabrous, in Q late-glabrescent, hairs c. 0.2 mm. Male perianth globose,
1.4-2.5 mm diam., base and apex rounded; pedicels 1-3 mm long; perianth at
anthesis cleft to nearly ’2-way, valves c. 0.1 mm thick. Androecium much-
depressed globose, above flattish or usually impressed in the centre, circular to
blunt-triangular in transverse section, 0.6-0.9 x 1.2-1.7 mm; anthers 9-12(-157),
almost completely sessile, incurved towards the top; column broad, solid except for
apical hollow c. 0.2 mm deep; androphore rather narrow, c. 0.4-0.5 mm long.
Female perianths broadly ellipsoid, c. 2.5 x 2.3 mm , cleft at anthesis to c. %,
I
New account of Horsfieldia 3 211
valves c. 0.2 mm thick: pedicel 1-2 mm long, late-glabrescent; ovary subglobose. c.
1.5 mm diam., appressed-pubescent by hairs 0.1-0.2 mm, stigma minute, faintly
2-lobed, c. 0.1 mm long. Fruits 1-5 per infructescence, ellipsoid, top and base
rounded, 1.5-2.0 x 1.3-1.6cm, glabrescent, usually with minute tomentum remain-
ing towards the base. drying dark brown, without lenticels but usually minutely
pustulate, dry valves c. 1.5 mm thick; stalk 2-6 mm; perianth not persisting.
Distribution. S. Peninsular Thailand, Malaya (Kedah, Penang, Perak, Treng-
ganu, Pahang, Selangor, Malacca, Johore. Kelantan), Singapore (doubtful. see
Sinclair, l.c. p. 150), Sumatra (E. Coast, fide Sinclair; no specimens seen).
THAILAND. S. Peninsular: Geesink 7229, A.F.G. Kerr 17252, 17482; Phusomsaeng 142, 424 (BKF
51976); Smitinand 10378.
MALAYA. Cantley 30; Cuming 1846; Curtis 1197, 1748; Derry 967; FRI 0880, 3408, 15957, 16300.
25099; Gaudichaud s.n., 44; Hb. Hooker s.n.; KEP 94965, 98507, 99205, 99403, 104304; King’s Coll.
4165, 5671, 6102, 8532, 8642, 10557; Shah (& Noor) MS. 1319, 1536, 1864; Phillips s.n.; Ridley s.n., 44.
7205, 10240; SFN 1082, 21751, 35134; Sinclair 9878, 10158; Unesco Limestone Exp. 159; Wall. Cat. 9025.
Ecology. Lowland and foot hill forest, in S. Thailand in evergreen forest, old
secondary forest; 0-300 m alt. Flowers mostly in March, fruits mostly in July.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Small or moderate, sometimes big tree to c. 40 m. alt. Bark
recorded as fissured, not flaky or scaly, brown to blackish, soft. Inner bark pale
reddish or pale yellowish, laminated, fibrous; exudate pink-red: sapwood whitish
or pink. Flowers yellow, with a fine perfume. Fruits yellow to orange, aril red:
perianth persistent in fruit.
2. The lobes of the male perianths in fully mature flowers are often slightly
outward recurved.
3. H. tomentosa is in the present revision accepted in the same sense as by
Sinclair and earlier authors. It belongs in the alliance with H. grandis, H. flocculo-
sa, H. motleyi.
4. The name tomentosa should be attributed to Warburg because Myristica
tomentosa Hook. f. and Thoms. is illegitimate; being a later homonym.
62. Horsfieldia gracilis de Wilde, sp. nov.
Horsfieldia paucinervis Warburg differt habitu gracili, foliis tenuiter membranaceis, tomento persist-
ente, nervis paribus 14-17, fructibus ellipsoideis, c. 1.5 cm longis, glabris, perianthio persistente. —
Type: Sarawak, Ilias Pai’e S 16604 (L: iso: K; S, n.v.).
Tree c. 5 m. Twigs terete, towards the apex 1.5-2.5 mm diam., rather late
glabrescent, tomentum light brown with stellate-dendroid hairs 0.3-0.5 mm, bark of
older twigs striate, neither cracking nor flaking; lenticels minute and inconspicuous
or absent. Leaves in 2 rows, thinly membranous, oblong-lanceolate, broadest at
about or slightly above the middle, 12-21 x 4-6(-6.5) cm, base (rounded-)
attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface drying dull olivaceous, glabrous,
lower surface pale olivaceous-brownish, with subpersistent tomentum consisting of
scattered pale dendroid-stellate hairs 0.3(-0.5) mm; without larger brownish or
blackish dots or marks: midrib raised above, beneath with persistent tomentum;
212 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
nerves 14-17 pairs, slightly raised to flat above, the marginal arches regularly
shaped, slightly impressed and obvious; tertiary venation forming a lax network,
indistinct; petiole 8-14 x 1.5(-2) mm, late glabrescent; leaf bud c. 6-7 X 1.5 mm,
densely pale-brown pubescent, with hairs 0.3-0.5 mm long. Male flowers not seen.
Female inflorescences not or only once ramified, 2-5-flowered, 1-1.5 cm long,
pubescent with hairs 0.3-0.5 mm long; bracts not seen. Female flowers 3-valved,
glabrous, pedicel at base apparently inarticulate (male flowers not seen); perianth —
(persistent as judged from the fruit) c. 2.0 x 1.5 mm, at anthesis cleft to c. 2-way,
valves c. 0.3 mm thick, glabrous; pedicel c. 1 mm long, glabrous; pistil not seen.
Fruits 1-3 per infructescence, ellipsoid, top and base subobtuse, 1.4-1.5 x 1.0-1.1
cm, glabrous, drying dark brown, with a finely granulate structure, lenticel-like
tubercles absent, dry valves 0.5-1.0 mm thick; stalk 1-1.5 mm; perianth persistent.
under the fruit.
Distribution. Borneo: Sarawak, Miri Dist., only known from the type.
Ecology. Primary lowland forest.
NOTES
1. This species is known only from the type collection, in fruit. It was recorded as
a small tree, 15 feet high and 4 inches in girth, and identified by Sinclair as
Horsfieldia sp. Although only the fruits are known, it is obvious from its general
habit that the present new species belongs to the group of H. paucinervis, beside
which it keys out. It is inferred that the male flowers have the following characteris-
tics: inflorescences rather tiny, c. 6 cm long, pubescent with hairs c. 0.4 mm long;.
perianth subglobose (likely c. 1-1.5 mm diam.), 3-(or 4-)valved, splitting in bud to
c. 2-way, glabrous; pedicel glabrous, at base inarticulate; androecium globose or
depressed-globose, sessile or with a short androphore, in transverse section +
circular, anthers largely sessile, the column at the apex with a shallow hollow.
Horsfieldia gracilis is readily recognized by its slender habit, thin membranous
leaves and (sub)persistent though not very conspicuous, rough tomentum on the
leaf bud, twig apex and lower leaf surface, especially on the midrib and nerves, and
by the small fruits with a persistent perianth. Superficially the species may be taken
for H. tenuifolia or H. macilenta.
63. Horsfieldia paucinervis Warb. Fig. 1C(63)
Horsfieldia paucinervis Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 345, t. 22; Merr., En. Born., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.,
spec. number (1921) 268; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 93 — Myristica paucinervis (Warb.)
Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3.1(1900) 87 — Type: Sarawak, Beccari 3279 (Q fl.) (FI, n.v.).
Tree 3-8 m. Twigs terete, 2-3 mm diam., late glabresent, tomentum reddish to
yellow-rusty, of shaggy hairs 1.5-2 mm long, bark of older twigs dark grey, striate,
not cracking; lenticels not conspicuous. Leaves in 2 rows, thinly chartaceous, not
bullate, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, broadest at about the middle, 7-15 x 3-6.5 cm,
base rounded to attenuate, tip acute to acute-acuminate; upper surface drying
olivaceous to brown, glabrous, lower surface dull brown with persistent, thin
tomentum of dendroid hairs of mixed sizes, c. 0.5-0.1 mm long; larger blackish dots
or stripes present (always?); midrib flat above, indistinct, with persistent tomentum
or late glabrescent; nerves 5-9 pairs, flat or sunken, the marginal arches indistinct;
, oe —
-e
New account of Horsfieldia 3 213
tertiary venation very indistinct or invisible; petioles 6-12 X 1.5-2.5 mm, pubescent;
leaf bud c. 8-10 x 3-4 mm, long pubescent. Inflorescences densely woolly pubes-
cent with hairs (0.7-) 1.0-2.0 mm long, in CG’: many-flowered, 3 or 4 times ramified,
5-9 x 3-5 cm, common peduncle up to 15 mm long; in 9: 4-6 cm long; bracts not
seen, caducous. Flowers in © in loose clusters, 3-valved, perianth glabrous,
pedicels glabrous, at base inarticulate. Male perianth subglobose, 0.8-1.0 x 1.0-1.4
mm, top and base broadly rounded; pedicels slender, 0.5-1.0 mm long; perianth at
anthesis cleft to c. 4 to nearly '12-way, valves c. 0.1 mm thick. Androecium small,
+ depressed-globose, c. 0.3-0.5 x 0.4-0.8 mm, + circular in transverse section (not
3-angled); anthers 4 or 5 (thecae 8 or 10), almost completely sessile, the tips
incurved; column broad, solid except for a minute hollow at the top c. % deep,
androphore narrow, somewhat tapering, c. 0.1-0.2 mm long. Female perianth
(according to Warburg, Sinclair) ovoid-globose, c. 2.0 mm diam., cleft at anthesis
to somewhat over '2-way; pedicel c. 2 mm long, glabrous; ovary subglobose,
glabrous, stigma minute. Fruits (immature) with persistent perianth, oblong, glab-
rous, obtuse at both ends, c. 1.0 x 0.7 cm; stalk c. 2 mm long.
Distribution. Borneo: Sarawak (1st, 2nd, 4th Divisions).
BORNEO. Sarawak: Beccari 3279, n.v.; Haviland 1735, 3075; Purseglove P 4403.
Ecology. Coastal kerangas and secondary forest on eroded white sand; 0-50 m.
Flowers throughout the year.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Shrub or slender tree to c. 8 m tall. Sap pale pink, watery. Flowers
yellow.
2. Apparently a member of the group of which leaves are pubescent and to
which also belong H. splendida, H. reticulata, H. rufo-lanata and H. tomentosa, and
somewhat more remotely, H. grandis. H. paucinervis is readily recognized by its
few nerves, almost invisible reticulation and small male flowers, with few anthers.
3. I have seen only a few male flowering specimens, incl. Haviland 3075 and
Purseglove P 4403 but not the type which is Beccari 3279, a female flowering
one. This last is described and depicted by Warburg; Sinclair apparently also saw a
specimen with immature fruits. It is odd that ovaries and fruits are reported as
glabrous as they are pubescent in most related species though glabrous in H.
motleyi.
64. Horsfieldia splendida de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1C(64); 24
Ramuli validi, tarde glabrescentes, pilis 1-1.5 mm longis obtecti, foliis + oblongis, 18-45 cm longis,
subtus tomento persistente. Perianthium masculum subglobosum, 1.5-2 mm diam., 3- vel 4- valvatum,
androecio depresso-globoso, apice moderate excavato, antheris 8-10, sessilibus, androphoro angusto,
0.3-0.5 mm longo, pedicello gracili, basi non-articulato, fructibus late ellipsoideis, c. 2 cm longis,
pubescenti, perianthio persistente. — Type: Sarawak, Othman Ismawi S 33723 (L; iso: NO, SAN,
n.v..
Tree 10-20(-30) m. Twigs stout, terete, towards apex 4-7(-13) mm diam., late
glabrescent, tomentum densely woolly, yellow-brown to rusty, with hairs 1.0-1.5
mm, bark of older twigs usually dark brown or blackish, coarsely longitudinally
striate and fissured, later on cracking and + flaking; lenticels few, indistinct.
Sais ae:
i :
Y
Ys
fi
SE SAAS
\
FARSI SSF ENS. tteme an StS,
q \
Fig. 24. Horsfieldia splendida de Wilde.
a. apical part of leafy twig, x 2; b. portion of twig with immature male inflorescence axillary
to leaf scar, note bracts, x 42: c. mature male inflorescence, x 2; d. mature male flower,
lateral view, x 12; e. ditto, longitudinally opened, showing androecium, x 12; f. androecium,
longitudinal section, schematic, x 12; g. portion of twig with infructescence, fruits immature,
x 2; h. mature fruit, note persistent perianth, x /2.—a, b from Anderson 12916; c-f. from
B.N.B. For. Dept. 4782; g. from San. 16927; h. from SFN 35606.
214
New account of Horsfieldia 3 25
Leaves in 2 rows, membranous to chartaceous, elliptic-oblong to oblong-
oblanceolate, broadest usually above the middle, 18-45 x 6.5-17 cm, base almost
rounded to attenuate, tip acute-acuminate; upper surface drying dull olivaceous to
brown, not minutely pustulate, glabrous (early glabrescent), lower surface with
conspicuous rather dense tomentum of loosely branched, stalked dendroid hairs, +
evenly spaced and of about the same size, hairs 0.5-1.5 mm long; without larger
blackish dots; midrib above late glabrescent, flat or slightly raised; nerves 18-25
pairs, above sunken, early glabrescent, the marginal arches usually distinct and
regularly shaped; tertiary venation forming a lax network, generally distinct above;
petioles 12-17 x 3.5-5 mm, pubescent; leaf bud c. 15(-20) x 5 mm, with hairs 1-1.5
mm long. Inflorescences densely woolly pubescent with dendroid hairs 1-1.5 mm,
in ©: many-flowered, 4(or 5) tumes ramified, 6-16 x 3-12(-16) cm, common
peduncle 5-20 mm; Q inflorescences rather few-flowered, 3-5 cm long; bracts +
ovate-triangular, acuminate, 0).4-1 cm long, densely pubescent, caducous. Flowers
in © in loose clusters, 3-(or 4)-valved, glabrous or thinly pubescent, pedicels
slender, glabrous or subglabrescent, hairs 0.3-0.5 mm long, at base inarticulate.
Male perianths subglobose, usually somewhat depressed, 1.4-2 x 1.6-2 mm, top
broadly rounded, pedicels 1-1.5 mm long, slender; perianth at anthesis cleft to to
nearly '/2-way, valves c. 0.2 mm thick. Androecium depressed-subglobose, usually
+ impressed in the centre, circular or faintly 3-angular as seen from above, 0.5-0.6
x 1-1.3 mm; anthers 8-10, completely sessile, incurved towards the top; column
broad, solid, leaving a small apical hollow of c. ¥%3-(2-way) deep; androphore
rather slender, 0.3(-0.5) mm long. Female perianth not seen, according to the
persistent remnants under the fruit c. 3.0 x 2.5 mm, 3- or 4-valved, outside
pubescent; pedicel 0.5-1.0 mm long, pubescent; ovary ovoid-ellipsoid, pubescent;
stigma minutely 2-lobed, c. 0.1 mm high. Fruits 2-7 per infructescence, broadly
ellipsoid, obtuse at apex, base rounded, 2.0-2.2 x 1.5-1.8 cm, pubescent (hairs c.
0.5 mm), drying brown, without lenticels or tubercles, dry valves c. 3 mm thick;
stalk c. 1 mm long; perianth persistent.
Distribution. Borneo. Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, E. Kalimantan; probably W.
Kalimantan (see notes).
BORNEO. Sarawak: Anderson 12916, 15526; Galau (tree nr Semengo For. Res) 3500; Motley in Hb.
Hooker 178; Zen Osman 5140; S§ 33723; Seal 547; SFN 35606; Sinclair & Kadim 10227 —Sabah: B.N.B.
For. Dept. 4782; SAN 15390, 15487, 16656, 16927, 23739, 36333, 36592, 36660, 44688, 73393, 74992,
78355; Sinclair (Kapis & Kadim) 9292 — E. Kalimantan (W. Kutai): Endert 5010.
Ecology. Lowland mixed Dipterocarp forest, edges of swamp forest, kerangas
forest (with Dryobalanops fusca dominant), also montane forest; brown soil,
yellowish soil, tuff-plateau; 0-600(-1500) m alt. Flowers and fruits throughout the
year.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Bark of trunk usually recorded as blackish, brown, or red-brown
and fissured or flaking. Inner bark soft, light brown or reddish, laminated, exudate
reddish. Wood yellowish or whitish, recorded as soft or medium hard. Flowers
yellow, fragrant (like the odour of Peru-balsam). Fruits recorded as red or orange.
2. The present new species contains the majority of the specimens which were
determined as H. reticulata by Sinclair. However, the type of H. reticulata, Beccari
3475 (FI, n.v.; iso: K) clearly represents a different species, one with the male
216 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
pedicels articulate at base, much smaller, more coriaceous, more distinctly reticu-
late leaves, and a much less pronounced indumentum on the lower surface. Its
flowers, however, are almost similar, only a trifle larger. See further under that
species.
3. I have not seen Hans Winkler 388 (HBG), from West Kalimantan, deter-
mined by Sinclair as H. reticulata; may be it is our present new species H.
splendida.
4. H. splendida is closely related to H. reticulata, H. rufolanata, H. tomentosa,
and also H. grandis and less so to H. flocculosa; all these having similarly shaped
and constructed male flowers. The perianth remains persistent under the fruit in
these species except in H. tomentosa and H. rufolanata.
65. Horsfieldia rufo-lanata Airy-Shaw Fig. 1C(65)
Horsfieldia rufo-lanata Airy-Shaw, Kew Bull. 10, 1939 (1940) 440; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975)
111 — Type: Richards 1667 (K).
Tree 8-17 m. Twigs terete, towards the apex 3.5-5(-7) mm diam., late glabres-
cent, tomentum dark rusty to reddish-brown, of hairs 1-1.5 mm long, coarsely
striate, bark of older twigs dark brown, + longitudinally cracking, not flaking;
lenticels present but indistinct. Leaves in 2 rows, chartaceous, slightly or not
bullate, elliptic to oblong, broadest at the middle, 10-23 x 5-10(-12) cm, base
nearly rounded to subattenuate, tip acute to acute-acuminate; upper surface drying
olivaceous to brown, glabrous except the nerves, lower surface with dense to sparse
tomentum of rather harsh hairs of mixed sizes ranging from sessile-stellate, c. 0.3
mm, to short-armed, dendroid emerging hairs up to c. 1.5 mm long; without larger
blackish dots; midrib above + raised, late glabrescent; nerves 11-16 pairs, raised,
pubescent or late glabrescent, the marginal arches distinct and regularly shaped;
tertiary venation forming a lax network, sunken, distinct or not; petioles 10-16 x
3-4.5 mm, pubescent; leaf bud 15-20 x 3-5 mm with hairs 1-1.5 mm. Inflorescences
densely woolly-shaggy pubescent, hairs 2.0-3.0 mm long, in C’: many-flowered, 3
or 4 times ramified, 8-12 x 5-7 cm, common peduncle 15-30 mm; in Q: few-
flowered, c. 3 cm long; bracts densely shaggy pubescent, oblong-triangular to
lanceolate, 3-8 mm long. Flowers in OC in loose clusters, 3- or 4-valved, perianth
glabrous, pedicel glabrous, at base indistinctly articulate. Male perianths subglo-
bose, hardly or not depressed, c. 2 x 2.3 mm, rather firm; pedicels not very
slender, c. 0.5 mm thick, 0.5-1 mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to nearly ¥2-way,
valves 0.2(-0.3) mm thick. Androecium globose (not depressed-globose), c 1.2 mm
diam., not or only slightly apically impressed, circular in transverse section; anthers
c. 15 (c. 28-30 thecae, very closely appressed), completely sessile, incurved towards
apex; column broad, solid except for the small apical hollow to c. %, deep;
androphore slender, c. 0.2 mm long. Female perianth not known. Fruits 2-4 per
infructescence, broadly ovoid-ellipsoid, top and base rounded, 2.0-2.2 x 1.5-1.6
cm, glabrescent, remnants of minute hairs c. 0.1 mm at the base, drying brown,
without distinct lenticels or tubercles, dry valves c. 2 mm thick; stalk 1-3 mm long;
perianth not persisting in mature fruit.
Distribution. Borneo: Sarawak (4th & Sth Div.), Sabah.
BORNEO. Sarawak: (Briinig) S 10599, n.v.; Richards 1667 — Sabah: (Wood) SAN 16295; (Meijer)
26423.
New account of Horsfieldia 3 217
Ecology. Montane forest, upper Dipterocarp forest on sandstone; 900-1400 m
alt. Flowers in June and September, fruits in September.
NoTES. A montane species closely related to H. splendida and especially H.
reticulata. Differs by the longer woolly tomentum of the inflorescences, the almost
globose, hence not depressed-globose, male perianth, the near-globose
androecium, more anthers, 13-15(-20) as against 8-10 and 10-12 in H. splendida and
H. reticulata respectively. The nerves on the upper leaf surface apparently remain
pubescent for a much longer time, and are generally raised. In contrast with H.
splendida, the blades are generally smaller and more elliptic and have a tomentum
of stiffer hairs on the lower surface; H. reticulata has a much less conspicuous
tomentum on the lower leaf surface.
66. Horsfieldia affinis de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1C(66)
Folia membranacea, in sicco fusco-brunnea, subtus pilis persistentibus 0.5-1 mm longis obtecta. Flores
masculi glabri, perianthio depresso-globoso, 1.2-1.5 Xx 1.5-2.0 mm, 3 vel 4 -valvato, androecio
subgloboso, c. 1 mm diam., apice excavato usque ad 2, antheris 11, sessilibus, pedicello tenere, basi
articulato, fructibus ellipsoideis, c. 2.5 cm longis, glabris, perianthio persistente. — Type: Sarawak,
E. Wright S 24718 (L; iso: K).
Tree 7-15 m. Twigs terete, towards the apex 3-6(-9) mm diam., late-glabrescent,
tomentum of rusty hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, lower down with the bark finely striate,
when older not flaking; lenticels absent or small and inconspicuous. Leaves in 2
rows, membranous, not bullate, elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, broadest at or below
the middle, 18-35 x 5-11 cm, base rounded to attenuate, top acute-acuminate;
upper surface drying bright to dark or blackish brown, glabrous, lower surface with
persistent, rather sparse tomentum of dendroid hairs or mixed with sessile stellate,
dendroid hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long; scattered larger blackish dots absent; midrib
flattish or slightly raised above, often late glabrescent; nerves 17-20 pairs, slender,
raised, glabrous above, the lateral arches usually regularly shaped and distinct;
tertiary venation forming a lax network, rather faint to distinct above; petioles
12-20 x 2-4 mm, pubescent; leaf bud rather slender, 10-15 x 3-4 mm, densely
pubescent with hairs 0.5-1 mm. Inflorescences densely pubescent with rather
shaggy hairs 0.5-2.0 mm long, in CO’: many-flowered, c. 4 or 5 times ramified, 12-25
x 8-14 cm, common peduncle 15-60 mm long; @ inflorescences 5-6 cm long,
fewer-flowered than the males; bracts broad-triangular to elliptic-oblong, acute,
3-9 mm long, densely pubescent, caducous. Flowers in C in loose clusters of 2-6
each, 3- or 4-valved; perianth glabrous, pedicel slender, glabrous, at base inarticu-
late. Male perianth depressed-globose, 1.2-1.5 x 1.5-2.0(-2.2) mm, top and base
broadly rounded; pedicel slender, 1.5-2 mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to c.
Y4-¥3; valves c. 0.1 mm thick. Androecium subglobose or depressed globose,
slightly impressed at the centre, + circular in transverse section, c. 0.7-0.8 x
1.0-1.2 mm; anthers 11, completely sessile, incurved towards the apex; column
broad, solid except the apical hollow up to c. ’2-way deep; androphore slender or
rather broad, 0.2-0.3 mm long, hidden or not by the anthers. Female flowers not
seen; perianth as judged from remnants under the fruit 2.5-3.0 < 2-2.5 mm, valves
3, splitting the bud to over 2-way, glabrous or probably with very weak tomentum.
Fruits 4-7 per infructescence, ellipsoid, top and base rounded, 2.3-2.7 x 1.7 X 2.1
cm, glabrous, drying brown, without lenticels but paler, wart-like tubercles pre-
sent, dry valves 1.5-2.0 mm thick; stalk 3-4 mm long; perianth persistent under the
fruit.
Distribution. Borneo: Sarawak; Brunei; Central, East and SE. Kalimantan.
218 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
BORNEO. Sarawak (Kapit, 3rd Div.): Wright S 24718; (Chai) S 36018 — Brunei: (Abdul Latip)
BRUN 5654 — Kalimantan, East & SE.: Endert 2595; Kostermans 9535, 21760; Leighton 700, 737 930;
Sauveur I 14, 126; Central: Nooteboom 4847.
Ecology. Forest on alluvial soils, riverbanks: sandy clay soil, sandy ridges,
sandstone; 0-600 m alt. Flowers May to November, fruits in July.
Vernacular name. Kumpang balau (Iban name, Kapit area, Sarawak).
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Small tree, crown pyramidal, no buttresses. Bark rough, dark
brown, lenticellate; outer bark 1-2 mm thick, brown-red, inside red. Flowers dark
or golden yellow, fragrant or with strong sweet smell of Peru-balsam. Fruits
ramiflorous, in bunches behind the leaves, pinkish-orange.
2. Most specimens of the present new species were included by Sinclair in H.
motleyi, which differs by the inarticulate pedicels, the much smaller pubescent
flowers with a quite different androecium, the leaves drying to a dull olivaceous
brown colour, and the sunken lateral nerves.
3. H. affinis is among its closest relatives characterized by the distinctly articu-
late, glabrous, male pedicels, the male flowers being arranged in small clusters at
the end of the slightly thickened hairy inflorescence-ramifications. A second re-
lated species with articulate pedicels is H. reticulata, and possibly H. rufo-lanata the
position of which is unconfirmable because there are not enough flowers available.
67. Horsfieldia reticulata Warb. Fig. 1C(67)
Horsfieldia reticulata Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 304, t. 22 fig. 1-3; Merr., En. Born. J. Str. Br. R. As.
Soc. special number (1921) 268; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 107 — Myristica reticulata
(Warb.) Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 85 — Type: Sarawak, Beccari 3475 (FI, n.v.; iso: K).
Tree to c. 20 m. Twigs terete, towards the apex 2.5-4(-8) mm diam., late
glabrescent, tomentum rusty, of rather coarse hairs c. 1.0 mm long, bark of older
twigs dark grey, coarsely striate, later on finely longitudinally and transversely
cracked; no lenticels seen. Leaves in 2 rows, chartaceous, + bullate, elliptic to
oblong-oblanceolate, broadest at or above the middle, 8-24 x 4-6.5 cm, base
rounded, top acute-acuminate; upper surface drying blackish brown, glabrous,
lower surface bright dark brown, with persistent tomentum composed of rather
spaced hairs of various sizes, 1.e., stellate sessile hairs, and long-emergent short-
armed dendroid hairs up to c. 0.7 mm long as well as intermediate forms; larger
blackish dots absent; midrib raised above, glabrous; nerves 9-19 pairs, sunken,
glabrous, the marginal arches distinct and regular; tertiary venation forming a lax
network, very distinct on both surfaces; petioles 7-15 x 2-3 mm, pubescent; leaf
bud not seen. Inflorescences in CG’: on the older wood, densely pubescent with hairs
0.5-1.0 mm, many-flowered, c. 4 times ramified, c. 18 x 12 cm, common peduncle
20-25 mm; bracts not seen, caducous. Flowers 3(-5)-valved in small loose clusters;
perianth glabrous; pedicels glabrous, at base articulate. Male perianth somewhat
depressed-globose, 1.5-2.0 x 2.0-2.5 mm, top and base broadly rounded; pedicel
slender, 0.5-1.5 mm long; perianth at anthesis cleft to c. “4 to nearly 2-way; valves
0.1-0.2 mm thick. Androecium much depressed-globose, impressed in the centre,
c. 0.6-0.7 x 1.2-1.5 mm, in transverse section + ellipsoid or faintly 3-angular;
anthers c. 10-12 or c. 15 (see notes), + completely sessile, incurved towards the
~~ Dee
New account of Horsfieldia 3 219
top; column broad, solid except for an apical hollow with flattish bottom reaching
to depth of c. % to nearly '’2-way; androphore rather slender, 0.3-0.4 mm long,
largely hidden by the anthers. Female flowers and fruits not seen.
Distribution. Borneo: Sarawak (2nd. Div.), East & West Kalimantan.
BORNEO. Sarawak (2nd Div.): Beccari 3475 — Kalimantan: West, Hans Winkler 388; East,
Leighton 655 (possibly, material incomplete).
Ecology. Forest at c. 100 m. alt. Flowers in November.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Flowers yellow. Fruits sourish, eaten by the Dajaks.
2. This species appears to be represented only by the type and two collections
from West-Central and East Kalimantan. Most specimens considered by Sinclair as
conspecific (Sinclair, p. 107, 108) belong to a presently described new species, H.
splendida. Sinclair observed that the Beccari specimen looked somewhat different,
but regarded it as a relatively glabrous specimen from which most tomentum had
dropped off. H. splendida differs, in addition to the inarticulate pedicels, by the
much less bullate and larger leaves, by the tomentum (of the lower leaf surface) of a
different structure; the dendroid hairs being more widely branched, all + evenly
long-stalked, and by its somewhat smaller male perianth. It should be noted,
however, that the male flower including the androecium, is much the same in all
species of the group of obviously related species to which H. grandis, H. tomentosa,
H. flocculosa also belong. Because of the articulate pedicels, H. reticulata seems
most related to H. affinis.
3. The general habit of the leaves and inflorescences of the few collections seen
by me is very much the same, the leaves being brittle-chartaceous, drying dark
brown, with a tomentum rather harsh and a very pronounced reticulation which is
impressed above. The last gives the leaves a distinct bullate appearance, more so
because the leaf-margin is revolute. The androecia of the two male flowering
specimens seen, however, are rather different. In Beccari 3475 I counted (9 or)
10-12 anthers, in Winkler 388 there are apparently c. 15 anthers (c. 30 thecae), and
the apical hollow of the column in the collection is generally broader, and has a
wide, flattish bottom.
68. Horsfieldia crassifolia (Hook. f. & Th.) Warb. Fig. 1C(68); 25
Myristica crassifolia Hook. f. & Th., Fl. Ind. (1855) 160; A. DC., Prod. 14, 1 (1856) 204; Miq., Fl. Ind.
Bat. 1 (2), 1 (1858) 68; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 (1886) 108; King., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3
(1891) 308, pl. 140 — Horsfieldia crassifolia (Hook. f. & Th.) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 323 (p.p);
Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 16 (1958) 386, fig. 34, Pl. X A: 28 (1975) 23; Anderson, Gard. Bull. Sing.
20 (1963) 195 — M. irya var. crassifolia Miq. ex Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 (1886) 108, pro syn. — Type
Griffith 4350 (K; iso: CAL, n.v.) (see notes by Sinclair, l.c. pag. 25).
M. horsfieldia auct. non. Bl.: Wall. Cat. (1832) No 6806, p.p. (other parts are H. polyspherula and H.
wallichii).
M. subglobosa Migq., Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 1, 3 (1861) p.p. (other part is H. irya).
M. paludicola King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 3 (1891) 328, pl. 169 — H. fulva (King) Warb. var.
paludicola (King) Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 299 — Type: King’s Coll. 4267 (CAL, n.v.; iso: L,
BM), 4706 (CAL, n.v.; iso: L, K, BM), 6688 (CAL, n.v.; iso: K); Wray 3071 (CAL, n.v.; iso: K, L).
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Horsfieldia crassifolia (Hook.f. & Th.) Warb.
a. branch with leafy twig and infructescence with mature fruits, note persistent perianth and
aril completely closed, x 2; b. portion of twig with male inflorescence, x 12; c. mature male
flower, lateral view, x 12; d? ditto, longitudinally opened, showing androecium, X 12; e.
portion of older twig with female inflorescence axillary to leaf scar, x 2; f. mature female
flower, opened, showing glabrous ovary and 2-lipped stigma, note flower considerably larger
than male flower, X 12; g. portion of lower leaf surface with persistent tomentum and
irregularly shaped dark-coloured dots, X 25. —a. from Mondi 51; b-d. from S 9226; e-g. from
San. 27183.
New account of Horsfieldia 3 221
Tree 10-25 m. Twigs terete, not ridged, towards apex 2-6(-8) mm diam., rather
early glabrescent, tomentum yellow-brown to rusty woolly, with hairs 0.2-0.5 mm;
bark coarsely striate, when older not flaking, lenticels sparse to dense, distinct or
not. Leaves in 2 rows, coriaceous, elliptic to oblong, 10-20(-28) x 3.5-7(-10) cm,
base rounded to attenuate, top rounded to subacute or rarely emarginate; upper
surface drying dull greenish brown to dark brown, not finely pustulate, lower
surface either largely or partly covered with subpersistent tomentum consisting of
interwoven stellate scales c. 0.1 mm high (when very young with dendroid emer-
gents), or glabrescent and then showing distinct hair scars and usually scattered
blackish dots or dashes; midrib above flattish; nerves 11-16 pairs, above thin and
flattish or sunken; tertiary veins indistinct or invisible on both surfaces; petiole
9-20(-30) x 1.5-4.5 mm, leaf bud 7-12 2-3 mm with hairs 0.2-0.5 mm. Infloresc-
ences situated in between or usually behind the leaves, late glabrescent or with a
persistent, rather dense, woolly tomentum of dendroid hairs 0.2-0.5 mm; in CG: 3-5
times ramified, broadly paniculate, many-flowered, 6-20 x 4-15 cm, common
peduncle 5-20 mm; in Q: 3-14 cm long; bracts elliptic-lanceolate, 2-5(-7) mm long,
pubescent, caducous. Flowers in loose clusters of 2-7, glabrous; perianths 2-valved;
pedicels slender, glabrous, at base inarticulate. Male perianth globose or slightly
transversely ellipsoid, (0.8-)1.0-1.3 x 1-1.5 mm, the upper part broadly rounded,
the base broadly rounded to flattish, pedicel c. 0.3-1 mm long; perianth at anthesis
cleft to c. Y3-2(-*%), valves 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium globose or + transverse-
ly ellipsoid, not or only faintly laterally compressed, c. 0.4-0.5 x 0.5-0.8 mm;
anthers 4-6(thecae 8-12), + septate before maturity, widely spaced, and with broad
connectives (giving the androecium an angular appearance), the anthers free for
almost the upper half or more; androphore c. 0.2(-0.3) mm long, slender. Female
perianth broadly obovoid, 2-3 xX 2-2.5 mm, split at anthesis for “5-3 only, valves
0.6-1 mm thick; pedicel 1.5-2.5 mm long; ovary obovoid, glabrous, 1.5 x 1.2-1.5
mm, stigma minute, consisting of 2 small lobes c. 0.1-0.2 mm high, running out into
a faint ridge at one side of the ovary. Fruits (1-)2-10 per infructescence, ovoid to
obovoid, base and top rounded, 1.5-2.2 x 1.2-1.8 cm, glabrous, drying dark brown,
with few or no lenticel-like tubercles; dry valves 1.5-2 mm thick; stalk 2-5(-7) mm
long; perianth persisting under the fruit.
Distribution. Malaya (Perak, Trengganu, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca,
Johore), Singapore, Sumatra (incl. Indragiri, Riau, Bangka & Belitung), Borneo;
absent in S. Thailand.
MALAYA. Anderson 9; Derry 1163; FRI 0021 7727, 17634; Hb. Griffith 4350; KEP 70486; King’s
Coll. 4267, 4706, 6688; K.C. Liew 166; SFN 32105, 40567, 40898; Wray 3071.
SINGAPORE. Ridley 1819, 1828, 3831, 5826, 6126, 6909, 10695; SFN 34542, 34905, 37710, 39533,
40256.
SUMATRA. Tapanuli: b.b. 28/69, 28399, 29545; Rahmat si Toroes 4829; Theunissen 59, 60 — W.
Coast: b.b. 5952; Korthals s.n. — E. Coast: b.b. 21290 — Riau: b.b. 20375 — Bangka: Grashoff 117.
BORNEO. Sarawak: Anderson 9028; Haviland & Hose 1941; § 9226, 12325, 32021; Sanusi bin Tahir
5204, 9279; SFN 36078 — Brunei: Brun. 375, 838; Sinclair & Kadim 10473 — Sabah: B.N.B. For. Dept.
10604; Kokawa & Hotta 326; SAN A 4562, 4598, 24313, 27131, 27183, 27826, 78031, 84511 —
Kalimantan: West, Mondi 5] — East & SE.: b.b. 9937, 32404, Kostermans 4189, 9857A, 10097; de
Vriese s.n.
Ecology. Mostly in marshy forest, freshwater and peat swamp-forest; on sandy
soils, c. 0-200 m alt. Flowers and fruits throughout the year.
Vernacular names. Jangkang paya (Malay); Kajoe haroeja (Batak), Kumpang
ensuliue, Kumpang sadara, Terada’a, Ta’dara (Sarawak, fide Anderson).
$9 3, Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. A few stilt roots or low buttresses occasionally recorded. Flowers
often recorded as yellow, strongly scented. Bark greyish, fissured, flaking in small
rectangular scales.
2. The lower surface of the leaves of Bornean material tend to become some-
what earlier glabrescent as compared wtih those in Sumatra and Malaya.
3. May be confused with H. fulva, a species also with + coriaceous leaves and a
persistent perianth on the fruit, but this has a 3-merous perianth. Sterile specimens
of the present species may be recognized by the coriaceous leaves, and on the lower
surface by the usually pesistent ‘scaly’ tomentum, and the usually present sparse to
rather dense irregularly-shaped dark-brown dots and streaks. Sinclair (1975, p. 26)
remarks that the species can easily be recognized from a distance by its rusty or
cinnamon-brown colour of the lower leaf surface. The species is very constant in
habit, characters, and habitat.
It has few (only c. 4-6) well separated anthers, the androecium being typically
narrowly attached to the base of the perianth.
It is one of the few West Malesian species with a 2-valved perianth.
69. Horsfieldia carnosa Warb. Fig. 1C(69); 26
Horsfieldia carnosa Warb., Mon. Myrist. (1897) 348, 619; Merr., En. Born. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. spec.
number (1921) 268; Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 21. — Myristica carnosa (Warb.) Boerl.,
Hand. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3, 1 (1900) 87 — Type: Beccari 344 (FI Acc. 7624), young male fl. (FI, n.v.);
1242 (FI Acc. 7625), fr. (FI, n.v.; iso: K, P).
Tree 4-10 m. Twigs terete, stoutish, towards apex 3-10(-16) mm diam., early
glabrescent from a grey-brown tomentum composed of hairs c. 0.1 mm, bark of
older twigs coarsely or finely striate, with a tendency to flake, drying somewhat
pale, yellow-brown or light grey-brown, generally rather contrasting with the
blackish brown colour of the dry petioles, lenticles usually not conspicuous. Leaves
in 2 rows, chartaceous-coriaceous, rarely + membranous, elliptic-oblong to
oblong, broadest at or slightly above the middle, 13-35 x 5-11 cm, base long- or
sometimes short-attenuate, top acute-acuminate; upper surface drying bright dark
brown, with a finely wrinkled-granulate structure, glabrous, lower surface early
glabrescent (glabrous), without blackish dots; midrib above flat; nerves 13-18 pairs,
flat above, the marginal arches indistinct; tertiary venation forming a lax network,
faint or invisible on both surfaces; petioles 10-16 x 2-4 mm, glabrous or early
glabrescent; leaf bud 9-13 x 2-3 mm, with grey-brown tomentum of hairs c. 0.1 mm
long. Inflorescences densely to rather sparsely set with hairs c. 0.1 mm or less, in
CO’: many-flowered, 3 or 4 times ramified, 6-17 x 5-14 cm, common peduncle 10-30
mm; in 9: ramiflorous, rather many-flowered, c. 1-2 cm long, the flowers rather
clustered; bracts elliptic to oblong, 4-10 mm long, pubescent, caducous. Flowers
3-valved, glabrous, in CO in loose clusters of 3-9 each, pedicels 1-1.5 mm long,
rather slender, glabrous, at base inarticulate. Male perianths globose or subglo-
bose, 1.9-2.1 x 1.8-2.0 mm, top and base (broadly) rounded; pedicels 1.0-1.5 mm
long; perianth at anthesis cleft to ¥3-/2, valves c. 0.2 mm thick, perianth not
collapsing on drying. Androecium (sub)globose, 1.0-1.2 x 1.0-1.3 mm, circular in
transverse section; anthers 9-11 (thecae 18-22), completely sessile (free apices + 0),
Fig. 26.
Horsfieldia carnosa Warb.
a. portion of twig with leaf and male infloresces, x 1%; b. apical part of leafy twig, note pale
colour of stem contrasting with dark drying colour of the petioles, x 2; c. mature male
flower, lateral view, X 12; d. ditto, opened, showing androecium, x 12; e. androecium,
longitudinal section, schematic, x 12; f. portion of twig with female inflorescence axillary to
leaf scar, X 2; g. female flower in anthesis, lateral view, x 12; h. ditto, longitudinally
opened, showing glabrous ovary with broadly 2-lipped stigmas, x 12; i. portion of older twig
with infructescences, fruits mature, aril complete but torn by drying, x 2. —a. from van Niel
5419; b-e. from S. 18011; f-h. from San. 63191; i. from San. 17438.
223
224 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
curved, at apex concealing a small apical cavity 0.2-0.4 mm deep; column broad, +
spongy, androphore rather narrow, distinct, 0.2-0.5 mm long, completely hidden
by the anthers. Female perianth ellipsoid, c. 3.5 x 2.5 mm, glabrous, cleft toc. 4,
valves c. 0.3-0.4 mm thick, pedicels c. 1-1.5 mm long, ovary ellipsoid, c. 2.0 x 1.5
mm, glabrous, stigma consisting of two broad lips c. 0.2 mm high. Fruits 2-11 per
infructescence, ellipsoid, top and base rounded, 1.6-2.0 x 1.2-1.5 cm, glabrous,
drying brown with a finely granulated surface; pericarp c. 1.5 mm thick; stalk 1-2
mm long; perianth not persisting.
Distribution. Borneo: Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, West Kalimantan (G. Klam).
BORNEO. Sarawak: Beccari 1242; Clemens 22345; Haviland & Hose 2096; Native Coll. 676, 1970;
S 15456, 15955, 18011, 32713: Sinclair & Kadim 10428 — Brunei: Fuchs et al. 21193; Van Niel 4519;
Brtinig S. 1071 — Sabah: B.N.B. For Dept. 2378; SAN 17438, 63191, 73218, 80063 — West Kalimantan,
G. Klam: H. Hallier 2381.
Ecology. Heath forest, wet kerangas forest, peat swamp forest, Agathis-
Casuarina forest; on white sandy soils; 0-100m alt; flowers mainly in July to
November, fruits collected throughout the year. An extensive note on the ecology
is given by Sinclair on p. 22.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. A low tree with slender trunk to 10 m high. Bark often flaking or
shallowly fissured. Twigs light brown. Inner bark yellowish, thin, Sap watery, clear,
not red or reddish. Sapwood whitish. Flowers greenish-yellow, anthers whitish.
Fruits (immature) greenish-yellow, aril orange.
2. This is a well-characterized species of low trees of the Kerangas or peat
swamp forest, on white sand soils. It is distantly related to H. glabra, but easily
distinguished by its usually stout habit, pale twigs with the bark tending to flake,
the large and usually chartaceous-coriaceous (possibly somewhat fleshy) leaves,
globose male flowers, the pedicels inarticulate at the base, the globose androecium
with distinct but hidden androphore, and the small often + clustered fruits of c.
1.6-2 cm length.
70. Horsfieldia sterilis de Wilde, sp. nov. Fig. 1C(70)
Folia membranacea, in sicco nigrescentia. Perianthium masculum late obovoideum. + carnosum, c. 1.7
mm longum, 2-valvatum, alabastro in anthesi usque ad 14 fisso, androecio late obovoideo, c. 0.8 mm
longo, apice non-excavato, antheris 3, c. 0.4 mm longis, sessilibus. — Type: Sabah, Aban Gibot SAN
30597 (L; iso: K; SING, n.v.).
Tree or shrub, 3-12 m. Twigs terete, not lined or winged, towards the apex
2.5-4(-8) mm diam., dark brown or greyish brown, sometimes rather contrasting
with the blackish colour of the dry petioles, bark early glabrescent, tomentum rusty
to grey-brown, with hairs 0.1-0.2 mm; bark lower down finely striate, not tending
to crack or flake; lenticels conspicuous or not. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous,
elliptic-oblong to oblong(-lanceolate), broadest at or slightly above the middle,
13-33 x 4.5-9 cm, base attenuate, top acute-acuminate; upper surface glabrous,
drying rather dark brown to blackish, lower surface glabrous, drying brownish,
without scattered larger dark-coloured dots; midrib flat above, glabrous; nerves
11-17 pairs, flattish or slightly raised above, lateral arches not particularly distinct;
tertiary venation forming a lax network, faint or invisible on both surfaces; petioles
7-20 X 2-3.5 mm, glabrous (early glabrescent); leaf bud slender, 7-12 x 2-2.5 mm,
New account of Horsfieldia 3 225
densely (pale) rusty pubescent with hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long. Inflorescences sub-
glabrescent, tomentum rather weak, of hairs 0.1-0.2 mm long, in CG: rather lax,
10-20 x 5-8 cm with rather few side-branches, 2 or 3 times ramified, moderately
densely flowered, common peduncle long, with several bract-scars, 30-90 mm long,
flowers in loose clusters of 2-6 each; 9 inflorescences elongate, slightly-branched,
almost spike-like, 5-10 cm long; perianths glabrous, 2-valved, pedicel glabrous, at
base inarticulate; bracts ablong-lanceolate, 3-8 mm long, acute, pubescent with
hairs 0.1-0.3 mm especially at the margins, caducous. Male perianth broadly
obovoid-subglobose, 1.5-1.7 mm diam., top broadly rounded or somewhat depress-
ed, base sub-attenuate, glabrous; pedicel 1-1.5 mm long, slender; perianth at
anthesis cleft to c. ¥4, valves rather thick-fleshy, 0.3-0.4 mm thick, the perianth
shrinking, not collapsing on drying. Androecium broadly obovoid, c. 0.8 X 0.6-0.7.
mm, top + rounded, subcircular in transverse section; anthers 3 or (6?) (i.e. with
5-6 thecae), completely sessile, c. 0.4 mm long, occupying only the apical part of
the androecium, connectives broad, + triangular, with narrow thecae; column
broad and solid, apical cavity absent or very inconspicuous; androphore conspi-
cuous, broad, tapering to below, c. 0.4 mm long. Female flowers not seen; accord-
ing to persistent perianths under immature fruits: perianth c. 2.5 mm long, 2-
valved, glabrous. Fruits (immature ones, B.N.B. For. Dept. 27) 4-10 per spike-like
infructescence, ellipsoid, top and base rounded, c. 2.2 X 1.8 cm, glabrous, drying
blackish, not tubercled, pericarp c. 2 mm thick; perianth persisting under immature
fruit; stalk 3-4 mm long.
Distribution. Borneo: Sabah, a local endemic of SE. Sabah.
BORNEO. Sabah, Tawau Dist.: (Orolfo) B.N.B. For. Dept. 27; (Aban Gibot) SAN 30597; (Shea)
SAN 75748, 95959.
Ecology. Smal! trees or shrubs in foresi on hiilsides and riverbanks; at. 80-500 m
alt. Flowers April to July.
Vernacular name. Duria (Sabah, Tawau Dist.}.
NOTES
1. Fieldnotes. Small trees or shrubs; bark greybrown, non-fissured. Inner bark
with orange-red sap. Sapwood pale yellow.
2. A species notable by its 2-valved perianth and the subconical broadly obovoid
androecium of which only the apical half bears 3 or 6 rather much-reduced anthers;
the basal part of the androecium or androphore is sterile, broad and tapering.
Whether there are actually 6 anthers or only 3 anthers each with 2 thecae requires
further confirmation.
The structure of the androecium is reminiscent of that of species like H. crux-
melitensis and H. clavata from New Guinea, but in these species the androecium Is
much more elongate. In general habit the new species resembles e.g. H. pallidi-
caula or H. sucosa, because of its rather pale twigs and blackish drying leaves, but
our present species differs by much more elongated inflorescences.
3. The type specimen was not treated under Horsfieldia by Sinclair. A second
specimen (Orolfo, B.N.B. For. Dept. 27) was identified by him as H. bracteosa var.
muicrocarya.
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Comparative Anatomy of the Stipe of the Fern Genus
Adiantum L. (Adiantaceae)
'Aziz BIDIN & TREVOR WALKER
‘Botany Department, Faculty of Life Sciences
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
° Department of Plant Biology
The University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NEI 7RU England
Abstract
The investigations carried out covering approximately half the species from virtually the entire
geographical range of the genus Adiantum L. showed that there was a range of shape of the xylem
strands proceeding by small steps from the simple (deep-crescent type) to the intricate form (tong-
shaped). Eight types of xylem configurations were observed and the genus was subdivided accordingly.
Introduction
The fern genus Adiantum comprises about 150-200 species (Abraham et al.,
1962; Holttum, 1954; Tryon & Tryon, 1981) and has a nearly cosmopolitan dis-
tribution except in regions with extremely dry or cold climates. The genus was
subdivided into a number of groups based on its diverse morphological forms by
early taxonomists such as Hooker & Baker (1874), Smith (1896), Christ (1897) and
Diels (1902). Meanwhile Wylie (1948) investigated the role of leaf epidermis in 18
species of Adiantum from America and Bidin (1980, 1984a, 1984b) looked at the
cytology, leaf forms and leaf blade anatomy of the genus respectively.
Anatomical and morphological studies of the stipe have also been regarded as
useful methods in solving taxonomic problems of ferns. Pres! (1847) and Thomas
(1886) investigated the structure and arrangement of vascular bundles in the stipes
of a wide range of ferns and drew attention to the great variation found. Later
authors used these characters in investigating particular taxonomic problems, e.g.,
Milde (1866) in distinguishing between Athyrium and Asplenium, whilst Ching
(1940) used them in the subdivision of Polypodiaceae s.l. More recently Keating
(1968) studied the stipe anatomy of the Dennstaedtioid genera, while Lucansky &
White (1974) made comparative studies of the nodal and vascular anatomy of
neotropical members of Cyatheaceae. In Taiwan, Lin & DeVol (1977) prepared a
multiple choice key based on the study of stipe characters to the species, genera and
families of local ferns.
Materials and Methods
Plant material for the study were gathered from various geographical areas by
the authors. Live plants were grown at the Moorbank Experimental Garden,
Newcastle University, whilst dried specimens were kept at the Herbarium of the
Plant Biology Department of the same University.
Segments were cut from three positions along the stipe; i.e., at the base, in the
middle region and the upper portion just below the first rachis or pinnule. The
segments were each about | cm long. Fresh material was fixed in 70% alcohol.
Extremely hard stipes and those obtained from the herbarium specimens were
227
228 Gard. Bull. Sing. 38(2) (1985)
softened by boiling in water for two hours prior to fixation. Various methods of
sectioning were employed. In most cases sections were obtained by free hand or by
use of the sliding microtome but for hard materials it was necessary to embed in
paraffin wax before microtoming. Staining in all cases was in Safranin 0 and
Light/Fast Green.
Results and Discussion
The stipe of Adiantum is usually dark brown to black, slender and has a
polished-glossy appearance. Some species are however sparsely hairy or scaly
especially towards the base.
The anatomical structure of the stipe is fundamentally similar to that of the
rhizome. It possesses a layer of longitudinally elongated epidermal cells, a cortex,
an endodermis and a stele. In all cases the endodermis surrounds each vascular
bundle and in certain species the stele is clearly visible in a cross-section even with
the unaided eye. The stelar system in the stipe of Adiantum consists of one or two
traces which are usually arranged in an adaxially curved arc and shows a wide range
of variation. The stele in cross-section may have a terete or undulate outline or
sometimes an intermediate form. In some species the outlines of the endodermis
bear no specific relation to the cross-sectional shape of the stipe (Table 1). The
arrangement of strands may change gradually from base to apex, and all the
changes however minor should be noted, particularly those affecting the xylem.
Two bundles enter the base of the stipe, and later join upwards to form a
four-angled strand. This can be clearly seen in the majority of the species. In some
cases the double nature of the bundle is not just confined to the basal region but
many extend upward to the middle or even the upper region of the stipe. Observa-
tions show that even the double nature of the bundle is not uniform throughout the
genus. In the Reniforme and Caudatum groups there is only one bundle present
even at the extreme base of the stipe and it persists up the entire length.
Except for the species showing an arc-shaped xylem throughout the entire length
of the stipe, all members of Adiantum show two Onoclea-type strands in the basal
region. Each of these strands contains a hippocampus-shaped xylem mass with
hooked or blunt or even sharp ends towards the groove of the stipe. The protox-
ylem occurs on the inner surface, and a phloem layer surrounds the xylem mass. In
some cases the two bundles are more widely separated towards the groove (adaxial)
side of the stipe than at the opposite rounded (abaxial) side. Further up the stipe
their abaxial ends come in contact and fuse to form a V-shaped, basin-shaped or
tongs-shaped bundle with ends which differ in detail from one to another.
A more detailed examination of a large number of taxa (5Q) reveals that it 1s not
only basin-shaped or V-shaped xylem strands which can be found in Onoclea-type
meristeles in the upper region o the stipe (Plate 1). The shape develops gradually
from a simple crescent configuration in the Caudatum and Reniforme groups (Fig.
1) to a more complex one in the shape of tongs as in A. /ucidum and A. tetraphyl-
lum (Fig. 8). The first sign of change is that the crescent-shaped strand begins to
show a weak constriction in the middle which finally divides the strand into two
halves. The tips of the halves curve downwards and are blunt with no hooks present
(Fig. 3). This is a transitional shape between the simple crescent-like and the more
complex, tongs-like configuration and is found in A. /unulatum.
FP,
Fig. 1: Deep crescent Fig. 2: Light crescent Fig. 3: Bird-shaped
ww wy’ \/
Fig. 4: Slightly curved- Fig. 5: Saucer-shaped
upward Fig. 6: V-shaped
Fig. 7: Basin-shaped Fig. 8: Tongs-shaped
Plate 1. Shape of xylem strands in the stipe of Adiantum. The types are arranged in order of increasing
complexity, which is believed to coincide with the direction of evolutionary change. The
numbers in this figure correspond to the number of the groups in Table | of the types of supe
in Adiantum.
9979
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The next type of xylem strand is still simple in form but in this case the tips of the
two halves point upwards and are blunt and not hooked (Fig. 4). This shape is
found in A. formosum and all members of the Capillus-Veneris group. The strands
in A. patens is a modification of this; here the tips of the two halves are sharp and
curve upwards, whilst the centre of the strand makes a shallow curve downwards
forming a saucer-shaped strand (Fig. 5). A further development may be seen in A.
hispidulum, A. cunninghamii, A. affine,- A. whitianum, A. silvaticum and A.
pedatum. In these examples the xylem strand has a very characteristic V-shaped
configuration and the tips of the two halves are sharp and a little curved (Fig. 6).
In some species such as A. macrophyllum and A. serratocristatum where the
fluting of the stipe is very deep the abaxial arms of xylem join to form a basin-
shaped strand with a nearly flat base. The arms are very slender and well separated
from each other in the central region (Fig. 7). In other cases the metaxylem
portions although fusing with each other fail to develop fully in the central region of
the abaxial part of the strand resulting in a shape similar to a pair of tongs with long
curving handles (Fig. 8). This type is found in almost all members of the Polysorus
group.
Conclusion
From the observations, it will be seen that there 1s a sequence of shapes of the
xylem strands ranging by small steps from the deep-crescent type seen in A.
reniforme to the rather intricate tongs-shaped type seen in A. tetraphyllum. This
sequence is illustrated in Plate 1. Part of the sequence was described by Ogura
(1972) but with important gaps present.
Lin & De Vol (1977) in their investigation of the ferns of Taiwan stated in the key
to the identification of genera that Adiantum had a V-shaped type of xylem
configuration. There is no indication of whether or not more than one species was
examined and indeed no direct indication of what species it was. However Tsai
(1972 and 1973) lists 53 ferns of Taiwan which he has cytologically examined and
the only species figuring in the list is A. capillus-veneris. This species has indeed a
shallowly V-shaped xylem configuration. It is evident that a key of this nature
based on inadequate samplings would not necessarily work in other regions and
such information may be misleading if indiscriminately applied.
Acknowledgements
This work is partially supported by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Research
Grant No. 18/82 for which we are very grateful.
References
Abraham, A., C.A. Ninan and P.M. Mathew, (1962). Studies on the cytology and
phylogeny of the pteridophytes. J. Ind. Bot. Soc., XLI (3): 339-421.
Bidin, A. (1980). Studies in the fern genus Adiantum L. Ph.D. Thesis, University
of Newcastle upon Tyne. (Unpublished).
Bidin, A. (1984a). The importance of leaf forms in the subdivision of the genus
Adiantum L. Sains Malaysiana, 13(3): 279-289.
EE
Comparative stipe anatomy of Adiantum 233
Bidin, A. (1984b). Leaf blade anatomy of some species of Adiantum L. Sains
Malaysiana, 13(3): 291-301.
Ching, R.C. (1940). On natural classification of the family Polypodiaceae. Sunyat-
senia, 5(4): 201-268.
Christ, H. (1897). Die Farnkrauter der Erde. Jena.
Diels, L. (1902), in Engler, A. and K. Prantl, Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien,
Leipzig.
Holts R.E. (1954). Flora of Malaya, Vol. II. Ferns of Malaya, Singapore.
Hooker, W.J. and J.G. Baker (1874). Synopsis Filicum 2nd Ed., London.
Keating, R.C. (1968). Trends of specialisation in the stipe anatomy of Dennstaedtia
and related genera. Am. Fern J., 58: 126-139.
Lucansky, T.W., and R.A. White (1974). Comparative studies of the nodal and
vascular anatomy in the neotropical Cyatheaceae, III. Nodal and petiole pat-
terns; summary and conclusions. Am. J. Bot., 61(8): 818-828.
Lin, B.L., and C.E. DeVol (1977). The use of stipe characters in fern taxonomy, I.
Taiwania, 22: 91-99.
Milde, J. (1866), Das Genus Athyrium. Bot. Zeito, 24: 373-376.
Ogura, Y. (1972). Comparative anatomy of vegetative organs of the pteridophytes.
2nd. Ed. Gebruder Borntraeger. Berlin, Stuttgart.
Presl, K.B. (1847). Die Gefassbiindel in Stipes der Farn. Abh. Konigl. Bohm.
Gesell. Wissen.: 1-48.
Smith, J. (1896). Ferns: British and foreign. London.
Thomae, K. (1886). Die Blattstiele der Farne. Ein Beitrag zur bergleichenden
Anatomie. Jb. Wiss. Bot. 17: 99-161.
Tryon, R.M. and A.F. Tryon (1981). Ferns and allied plants. Springer Verlag, New
York, Heidelberg. Berlin.
Tsai, J.L. (1972). Chromosome numbers of some Formosan ferns (1). Jour. Science
and Engineering, 9: 125-132.
Tsai, J.L. (1973). Chromosome numbers of some Formosan ferns (2). Jour. Science
and Engineering 10: 261-275.
Wylie, R.B. (1948). The dominant role of the epidermis in leaves of Adiantum.
Am. J. Bot. 35: 465-472.
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25(1): $9, 25(2): $12 34(1): $21.50, 34(2) with Index for 34: $11.50
26(1): $18, 26(2): $18 35(1): $17.50, 35(2) with Index for 35: $21.50
27(1): $18, 27(2): $18.50 36(1): $21.50, 36(2): $14.00
28(1): $18, 28(2): $15 37(1) with Index for 36: $18.50
29: $30 37(2) with Index for 37: $16.50
30: $48 38(1): $20.00
31(1): $10, 31(2): $12.50 38(2): $13.00
322. 515.50
. Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula, Monocotyledons.
Parts 1, 2 and 3 remain available.
Price: $10 per set, $5 per part.
. Selected Plants & Planting for a Garden City - Forty Shrubs, $1.20.
. Selected Plants & Planting for a Garden City - Forty Climbers, $3.00.
. A Guide to Tree Planting, $4.00.
. Malayan Orchid Hybrids by M.R. Henderson and G.H. Addison, $15 (1969).
. A Revised Flora of Malaya.
(a) Vok. 1, Orchids, by R.E. Holttum, $50 (3rd ed. 1980 Impr.).
(b) Vol. 2, Ferns, by R.E. Holttum, $20 (2nd ed. 1968).
(c) Vol. 3, Grasses, by H.B. Gilliland, $30 (1971).
Boletus in Malaysia by E.J.H. Corner, $50 (1972).
Items 1-5 can be purchased from the Commissioner, Parks & Recreation Department,
Botanic Gardens, Cluny Road, Singapore 1025; tel. nos. 4741165, 4741134.
For overseas orders, payment should be by bank draft or International Money Order and
made payable to the Commissioner of Parks & Recreation, Singapore.
Items 6-8 can be purchased from Singapore National Printers (Pte) Ltd, Upper Serangoon
Road, Singapore 1334, tel. no. 2820611 and their Sales Division, #01-29 International Plaza,
10 Anson Road, Singapore 0207, tel. no. 2230834.
All prices quoted are in Singapore Dollars
Overseas postage is extra
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